Warsaw in March 1863 had become a real battlefield, with gunfire, artillery and explosions constantly coming from all corners of the city. Pen × fun × Pavilion www. ｂｉｑｕｇｅ。 The old and beautiful town is often shrouded in thick smoke and beautiful buildings with a long history are reduced to ruins in the war. Countless citizens of Warsaw and Poles died in battle or massacre this spring. However, all Poles in the midst of the disaster felt a sense of excitement and pride in their hearts that their homeland, Poland, would be reborn in the midst of this war!

On the outskirts of Warsaw, in a conference room at the Red Flag Vilanov Palace, smoke is thick at the moment. A group of middle-aged men in shoddy suits gathered around the conference table and were discussing with each other intensely.

The fireplace in the conference room was filled with beads of sweat from the fireplace where the firewood was burning, and the heat emitted covered their foreheads and faces, but no one thought to wipe them, for their attention had already been occupied by the more important question of the revolutionary line.

Their leader, Padelevski, leader of the Provisional National Government of Poland and leader of the Red Party, Marx, chairman of the Central Committee of the International Workingmen's Association, and Bakunin, general secretary, were sitting side by side at the table. Their expressions were solemn and tinged with irrepressible excitement.

Especially Mikhail. Bakunin, his eyes that constantly shone with a strange light, always made people find a subtle hint of fanaticism.

He was ready to wake up the sleeping Russian people with a vigorous revolution, planting the red flag from Warsaw all the way to Petersburg and to Moscow. Plug into every corner of Russia.

"Comrades. Now that we've all come this far. I don't think you want to leave Poland in disgrace or be captured and shot by the Tsar, right? Yes, we may still fail, because the Tsarist government has the force to mobilize hundreds of thousands, if not millions, to attack Poland. "Mikhail. Bakunin said slowly, his expression becoming extremely solemn, "But we must also recognize the fact that it is not tens of millions of brave and fearless Russian people who stand behind Tsar Alexander II. Just hundreds of thousands of greedy, savage, immoral Russian aristocrats and their mercenaries. And in Poland, there are five or six million oppressed peasants! As long as they are all on our side, we will be able to organize a revolutionary army of a million people! This army will not only liberate Poland, but also overthrow the decaying Russian Empire together with the Russian people! ”

This encouraging look quickly made the temperature of the conference room even higher, and an expression of excitement appeared on everyone's faces.

Of course they know about Mikhail . Bakunin is not talking about it. Russia is not a civil state, although Alexander II has signed a decree abolishing serfdom. But the realization of this decree is a long and painful process. The Russian serfs, who were freed, had to pay a heavy price at the same time.

Moreover, freedom is not the same as becoming the master of the state - according to Bakunin, the freedom that Russian serfs can have after the so-called emancipation. It's about paying more taxes and paying more rents. Heavier military and labor ...... They were just a bunch of slaves who could starve to death free.

So it was impossible for the tsarist government to really win the support of the Russian peasantry, the tsarist government was always an oligarchy!

Next, Bakunin looked around with fanatical eyes, "But what can this Polish revolution bring to the 6 million Polish people except the freedom and independence of the country?" ”

"Land! And the land! "There was an immediate response from the scene.

"Good." Bakunin nodded with satisfaction, "The land is the key to our victory over the Tsar!" Therefore, the Polish Provisional Government had to proclaim progressive land laws, abolish serfdom unconditionally, and make all Polish sons and daughters, regardless of creed, ethnic origin, or status, free and equal citizens. The land cultivated by the peasants will also be owned by the peasants, and the landless peasants will receive 3 molg land from the state land. After a pause, he exclaimed: "Only then will the 6,000,000 Polish people who have been given the land stand with us, and we will have the support of the oppressed Russian peasants!" ”

The distribution of land without compensation while emancipating the serfs was the consistent position of Bakunin, and it was also the stand of the Russian Land and Freedom Society. It was also a condition for the formation of an alliance between the Land and Freedom Society and the Polish Red Party. However, there was no opposition within the Polish Red Party.

"But in doing so, the Polish nobility and landlords would be the victims of this revolution! Some of them will be on the side of the Tsar! ”

Gillaire of the Polish Red Party straightened his back and objected. "And the distribution of the landlord's land to the peasants without compensation is a serious violation of private property! This would make Prussia and France, which now support us, feel threatened...... What Poland needs is freedom and independence, not socialism! He turned his gaze to Marx, who was sitting beside Bakunin without saying a word, "Mr. Marx, you are the president of the International Workingmen's Association, tell me about it, can socialism be achieved in Poland as it is now?" ”

Marx frowned slightly, as a revolutionary who was well versed in the principles of economics, he certainly knew that the present Poland did not have the conditions to become a socialist country - although there was a certain amount of capitalist industry and commerce in Warsaw, Krakow, Lublin and other large cities, this industry and commerce accounted for a very small proportion of the economy of the Kingdom of Poland, and could not be compared with the situation before the division of England, France, Prussia and the United States. It's not much different from Poland 500 years ago. If socialism can be achieved in Poland today, then so can Poland under King Jagieła. This is patently unscientific!

But the question now is unprecedented: although the Kingdom of Poland does not have the economic basis for socialism, but the leadership of the Polish revolution is already in the hands of the socialists, should a group of proletarian revolutionaries help the Polish capitalists to take the capitalist road? This is obviously even more unscientific!

"We should at least try to put it into practice!" Mikhail Bakunin then exclaimed loudly, "We are now following a path that has not been taken before, and all kinds of possibilities exist, including a direct transition from the capitalist stage and from the feudal and semi-feudal manor economy to socialism!" Moreover, we now need 6 million Polish peasants to fight with us, and if we do not give them the land, why should they give us their lives? As for the Polish nobility and landlords who were unwilling to give the land to the peasants...... Suffice it to ask, what were they or their ancestors doing when Poland was partitioned and annexed? Have they fulfilled their responsibilities and obligations in relation to the land? If each and every one of them had done their duty, it would be Prussia or Russia, not Poland, that would now need to be liberated! If they did not fulfill their obligations as a noble landowner, how could they own land? And now...... We need the Polish peasants to do what the aristocracy was not able to fulfill, so why can't the Polish peasants be paid accordingly - the land? This is not an encroachment on private property, but the repossession of the land from the occupants who did not pay the 'land price'! ”

Applause, warm applause. The Poles here, whether of noble or commoner origin, were all overshadowed by Mikhail. Bakunin's speech was impressed. They all had to acknowledge the fact that Poland had always been ruled by the nobility, and that the nobility was responsible for defending the country by receiving land from the feudal lords. Land is usually not tied to money, but to corresponding obligations. And the Polish aristocracy was too useless compared to the Russian aristocracy, the Prussian aristocracy and the Austrian aristocracy! Once upon a time, a great country was in their hands, and a piece of the richest and flattest land in Eastern Europe was in their hands, but they could not save it for future generations.

Mikhail. Bakunin nodded with satisfaction and said his arrangement: "Then, let's announce the land decree and use the land to mobilize the Polish peasants!" Now that weapons are coming from Prussia and France, they need to be used, and only Polish peasants can use them! (To be continued.) )