At the end of 1881, Germany, Russia, and Austria-Hungary formed the Triple Emperor Alliance, which was in fact a defensive alliance for Germany to ensure its own strategic security. Pen | fun | pavilion www. ｂｉｑｕｇｅ。 But by 1882, Bismarck was no longer satisfied with this seemingly stable but fragile alliance, because China had always supported Germany in European affairs, which made Russia actually very wary, and Russia, from the tsar to the State Duma, knew very well that once China and Germany were interested in dealing with Russia, Russia would face a two-sided attack, and the result was obvious. Coupled with Russia's repeated provocation of Austria-Hungary and Turkey over the Balkans, Bismarck was tired of Russia, a polar bear that had been receiving aid from Britain and France, even though Russia still held a place in Europe, and was still a first-class power.

So who will be Russia's replacement? In Bismarck's opinion, there are really a few objects that can be considered in Europe, Sweden, Denmark, Belgium, the Netherlands, Italy and even Ottoman Turkey can become Russia's replacement. Belgium and the Netherlands were actually Germany's first choice because of their good geographical location, but the Netherlands and Belgium had always been close to France, and their own desire to neutralize the left and right, they obviously did not fall into the arms of Germany. But in fact, Moltke the elder tended to win over the Netherlands and Belgium, and in his strategy, the next time if Germany and France went to war, and China could not directly send troops to help, Germany wanted to attack France, and could only follow the prototype of the Dutch and Belgian Schlieffen plans.

In Bismarck's view, the Netherlands and Belgium could only co-opt to ensure the neutrality of the two countries and the German pretext in the event of war. In fact, the only countries that are really valuable to make Germany ally are Italy, Sweden and Turkey. Denmark's role has been reduced infinitely since the completion of the Kiel Canal. The Ottoman Turkish Empire was indeed a good choice, but religious contradictions made Bismarck feel that the best time to form an alliance with it was after the war, and the risk of an alliance was too great now.

Originally, Bismarck's intention was very clear that he was to promote a new triple alliance with Italy, but an accident dispelled Bismarck's thoughts, and on June 2, 1882, Garibaldi, the honorary president of Italy, the famous leader of the Italian national unity movement, and an outstanding guerrilla warfare expert, died at the age of 75. This year, Italy had no intention of talking about an alliance with the Germans, especially since the new Italian president, Christian Fran, was born in Venice and Barenti, and was still under Austrian control.

The Kingdom of Sweden, abbreviated as Sweden, is a Nordic country located in Scandinavia, with its capital in Stockholm, it is bordered by Norway to the west, Finland to the northeast, the Strait of Skagerrak and the Kattegat Strait to the southwest, and the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Bothnia to the east. Sweden is separated from Denmark, Germany, Poland, Russia, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia, Latvia and Estonia, which are still Russian territories, across the sea from Denmark via the Øresund Bridge in the southwest. The Kingdom of Sweden is located in the southeast of Scandinavia, Nordic and covers an area of about 450,000 square kilometers, making it the largest country in Northern Europe. The coastline is 7,624 km long. From 1397 it was a member of the Kalmar League, which was under Danish control. Regained in 1523**.

The formation of the state began around 1100 AD. Finland was annexed in 1157. In 1397, he formed the Kalr alliance with Denmark and Norway, which was ruled by Denmark. Secession from the League in 1523**. In the same year, Gustave Vasa was elected king.

Sweden was at its height from 1654 to 1719 and included the Baltic coast of present-day Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, as well as Russia, Poland, and Germany. In the 17th century, Sweden became a European power in the Thirty Years' War 1618~1648. After the Great Northern War in the 18th century, Tsarist Russia replaced Sweden in Europe after 1700~1721. After defeats against Russia, Denmark and Poland in 1718, it gradually declined. He participated in the Napoleonic Wars in 1805, was forced to cede Finland after his defeat at the hands of Russia in 1809, and in 1814 acquired Norway from Denmark and formed the Swiss-Norwegian Union with Norway.

This Viking nation has an absolutely glorious history, and of course it can't be compared to the Empire. The current King Oscar II of Sweden is the third son of King Oscar I of Sweden and Norway and Queen Josephine of Locktenburg, and his mother is a descendant of Gustav Vasa.

The knot is not unpopular, the enemy learns Mo Leng Nuo to seal the ghost

The industrialization of Sweden under his rule led to the rapid development of science and technology; But the Swedish-Norwegian union was also dissolved during his reign. The dissolution of the Swedish union of Norway was a fatal blow to his prestige, and the treaty of alliance thrown by the Germans was an absolutely tempting delicacy, considering that Finland was still occupied by Russia, and that the Swedes were unwilling to reclaim this once important possession, for which the Swedes burst out with greater enthusiasm than Bismarck had imagined.

On August 11, 1882, Swedish Prime Minister Alvid Posei made a secret visit to Germany to discuss the possibility of establishing a friendly alliance.

On September 2, Bismarck visited Sweden to discuss trade and tariff issues between the two countries on the surface, and secretly signed a strategic offensive and defensive pact between Sweden and Germany.

On 5 September, Austro-Hungarian Prime Minister Friedrich Ferdinand von Boist visited Germany north, and on 27 September he visited Sweden, still nominally on trade and tariffs between the two countries.

With the establishment of the German Empire, Imperial support is no longer as active as before, and many European countries have always considered Prussia and Germany to be the little brothers under the support of the Chinese, and Germany has been trying to eliminate Chinese influence on its own soil.

In fact, the imperial government also deliberately extricated itself from the situation in Europe and concentrated on the interests of Asia and Africa, and it was enough for Europe to have a representative of its interests, Italy.

The actions of Germany and Sweden are not practically secret, and Germany intends to disclose the information. In fact, this secret pact is defensive, and even after several years of rapid development, Germany does not have much strength and self-confidence to challenge the so-called world hegemony and European leadership, and the meaning of Bismarck's doing this is to obtain a safe environment for German development.

Because the current situation in Europe makes Germany and other Central European countries feel extremely insecure. To the west are France and England, even though France has been defeated, but France has never been weakened, on the contrary, with the development of its colonies, France's strength is getting stronger and stronger, not to mention Britain, even if he is now fighting against the Chinese Empire all over the world, there is no time to take care of it, but Bismarck is well aware of Britain's continental policy.

The ship is far away and the local enemy is aware of the moon and the enemy

In fact, the greatest danger to Germany at present comes from the east, which is now an ally, Tsarist Russia, where the old Three Emperors Alliance has not yet expired. Europe was so big that Russia had no way to open up to the east, and since the cross-border incident, Russia has temporarily cut off the idea of retaking the Siberian region and developing eastward. Note: The "cross-border incident" occurred in 1880, Russia under the support of Britain and France, the national strength was greatly restored, the idea of going east was rekindled, and at the end of the year, a convoy of immigrants was sent east to cross the Sino-Russian border, and then it was discovered by the Imperial Border Patrol, the Imperial Foreign Ministry asked Russia to give an explanation, and the Russian prevarication said that it was a voluntary act and had nothing to do with the official, and then the immigration team was taken to the border gate of China and Russia, and was shot by the imperial border guards in the eyes of the Russian border guards, so the border guards of the two countries clashed. The Imperial border guards crossed the border and completely annihilated a regiment of the Russian frontier, and the Russians merely made a diplomatic protest. Since it cannot go east, in fact, Russia's goals can only be to the west and south.

But whether it is to the south or west, Germany is a hurdle that Russia cannot bypass.

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