Chapter 21 Gunboat Diplomacy
After the First Northern Expedition of the Imperial Royal Army, Lin Hong began to divide the existing national territory into defense areas, and the country was divided into seven main defense areas, with Lieutenant General Wu Mengfei sitting in Sichuan and six divisions under the jurisdiction of Sichuan, garrisoning Sichuan and Yunnan-Guizhou, called the Southwest Military Region. Major General Ni Zhong sits in Xizàng and governs a division and a mixed brigade, which is called the Xizàng Military Region. Lieutenant General Wu Qing commanded 10 divisions, which sat in Hubei and were called the Jingchu Military Region. Lieutenant General Bai Tangzheng sat in Jiangning, controlled the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and had seven divisions to cooperate with the Yangtze River Inland River Fleet to assist in the defense, which was called the Southeast Military Region. Under the direct command of Lieutenant General Zhang Ding, it guarded Guangzhou, Guangxi, and Fujian, with six divisions, and was assisted by the South China Sea Fleet and Navy, which was called the Lingnan Military Region. There is a division in Hawaii under the command of Rear Admiral Shao Wen called the Pacific Military Region, but the military region is basically dominated by the navy. The above is a total of 30 army divisions in China. In addition, there are three divisions under the jurisdiction of Xu Jibing in the Lanfang ** District, a colonial division under the jurisdiction of Qian Jie, the governor of the South Island (New Guinea), and a total of five colonial divisions in North America, namely the San Francisco division under the jurisdiction of Major General Shen Zichao, which is composed of two colonial divisions and is stationed in the California region; Major General Fan Li's Guangyang Division consisted of two colonial divisions stationed in the Guangyang area (present-day Seattle, USA); Finally, the 39th Alaska Colonial Division under the command of Major General Lan Zheng was stationed in the Alaska region.
The headquarters of the Beiyang Navy was established in Zhoushan, Zhejiang, and the Beiyang Fleet and the Beiyang Jingbei Fleet of the Royal Navy of the Chinese Empire were established, with the defense area of the northern part of the East China Sea, the Yellow Bohai Sea, and the Beihai Sea (now the Benhai Sea), the commander-in-chief of the fleet was Zhu Ying, and the fleet bases were Keelung, Wusong, Zhoushan, etc. The headquarters of the Nanyang Navy is located in Zhanjiang, and has jurisdiction over the Nanyang Fleet, the Malacca Fleet, the Southeast Asian Fleet, and the Nanyang Jingbei Fleet, and the fleet bases are Zhanjiang, Hong Kong, Xiamen, Pontianak and other ports. The Pacific Navy was based in Hawaii (by the end of 1833, the empire had largely conquered all of Hawaii, established an administrative system, and immigrated. Oahu, divided into the Pacific Fleet, the North American Fleet, the New Guinea Fleet, and the Jing Reserve Fleet, the fleet bases are Hawaii, Midway, Guam, and the port of Gold Mountain (now San Francisco, so named after the abundance of gold in this place. ), the South Island Port of the New Guinea Colony (which is now Morby Harbor, after the Chinese Empire established a colony in New Guinea, the domestic people called it the South Island and therefore the South Island Port. and the Pacific islands—
The present-day Brunei Darussalam covers an area of 5,765 square kilometers. Located in the northern part of Kalimantan, it is embedded in the Malaysian state of Sarawak and is divided into two parts to form a w-shape. It is bordered by the South China Sea to the north. The coast is plain, and the interior is mountainous. The eastern part is more elevated, and the western part is mostly swampy.
In ancient times, it was called Bo Ni, and it was ruled by chiefs since ancient times. At the beginning of the 15th century, Islam was introduced and the Sultanate was established. At the beginning of the 16th century, he reached his peak and made expeditions to the east coast of Kalimantan, Java, Malacca, Luzon, etc. Since the middle of the 16th century, it has been invaded by Portugal, Spain, the Netherlands, and England. It gradually weakened at the end of the 16th century. Historically, it became a British protectorate in 1888.
Brunei has been settled since the 8th century, and is called Boli in the historical books of the Tang Dynasty in China, Brunei in the historical books of the Ming Dynasty, and also called Bo Ni or Bo Ni in ancient books. Brunei has long been influenced by Chinese culture and Islamized after the 13th century. Contemporary Brunei was formed by a coalition of Chinese forces led by Sultan Muhammadshah, a Sultan of the Bo Mud, and Huang Senping, an immigrant from Fujian. During the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty, the mud king Mana Jagana had personally led his envoys to China to visit Ming Chengzu, unfortunately died of illness and was buried in Nanjing, which is now the tomb of the king of mud.
In the 70s of the 18th century, British forces invaded, and now Britain has been operating here for nearly half a century, with the establishment of Lan Fang Kingdom, Brunei is Lin Hong's next target, the Sultan of Brunei at this time is Omar Ali Saifudin II, just a mediocre monarch satisfied with his own life, he does not pay attention to the operation of Britain and China in his own country, but now it is different, the Chinese came to his country with a warship, but apparently he also thought that China would be as good to talk as Britain.
The envoy of the Chinese Empire was very clear about the words of Omar Ali Saifudin II, demanding that Brunei grant the Imperial customs privileges, most-favored-nation status, concessions and garrison rights. Umar Ali Saiftin II gave a categorical refusal. Then the imperial envoy returned to the warship with an indifferent face and ordered the warship to shell the coastal areas of Brunei, this time the shelling deliberately avoided the distribution centers of foreign merchants and imperial merchants, and carried out a focused attack on the residential areas of Brunei. For a time, the sound of artillery shook the sky, a large number of houses were destroyed, and the fire was full of devastation.
The following day, the imperial envoy went ashore again to meet with Omar Ali Saifudin II, and finally reached the "Chinese Empire's Protection Agreement on Brunei Darussalam", in which Brunei agreed to become a protectorate of the Chinese Empire, cede the eastern region to the Kingdom of Lanfang, and grant the emperor political and economic privileges. In addition, the Chinese Empire made financial reparations for the shelling. The British ran for half a century, and as a result, they were picked up by the empire in advance.
Brunei became the first protectorate under the Imperial Gunboat Policy.
On January 1, 1834, on New Year's Day, Zeng Guofan, the special envoy of the Chinese Empire to North America, led a delegation from Wusong Wharf in Shanghai to pay a state visit to the American countries.
With the firecrackers of the Chun Festival, the mission continued on its way to the Americas.
In mid-March, the group arrived in Beijinshan City (San Francisco), the largest city in the empire's North American colonies, and watched the merchant ships of various countries coming and going at the wharf, Zeng Guofan, who was only 23 years old, was born in a landlord family in Xiangxiang, Hunan, and was diligent and studious since childhood, and entered the school at the age of 6. At the age of 8, he was able to read Bagu Wen and recite the Five Classics, and at the age of 14, he was able to read the anthologies of "Zhou Li" and "Historical Records". When Zeng Guofan was 20 years old, he also planned to organize Xiangyong to go south to suppress thieves in his hometown, but was stopped by his father Zeng Linshu (in fact, Lin Hong sent spies to contact his father, Zeng Linshu was obsessed with fame, but he failed to do 17 times in the Tong test, so he set up a museum to teach apprentices, at that time the empire was fierce, the overall situation was in sight, Zeng Linshu did not have a plan in the new dynasty, so he took refuge in advance. )
In addition to his state visit, Zeng Guofan's other mission was to inspect the development of the North American colonies on behalf of the Son of Heaven.
In fact, the goal of the Empire's mission was to resolve the territorial problem between the Empire and Mexico in North America. Because of the Empire's colonization of the California province in the northwestern part of the Mexican Republic two years earlier, which angered Mexico, which had only just obtained the Duli at that time, the local Hispanic Mexicans clashed with the Empire's colonists in the province of California, but at that time, Mexico's internal political situation was alternating and the population in the northwest was small, so only verbal protests were lodged with the Imperial ambassador to Mexico.
The United Mexican States is located in the southwestern part of North America. It has an area of 1,972,500 square kilometers and a population of 76,790,000 (1984). About 90 percent of the Indo-European race is mixed, 9 percent is Indian, 0.5 percent is white, and there are a handful of blacks and Asian immigrants. Most of the inhabitants are Catholics. The official language is Spanish. The capital is Mexico City. The name of Mexico is derived from the ancient Mexican Indians, meaning the country of the Mexican people.
In 1810, Father Miguel Hidalgo, the leader of the Duli War in Mexico, launched an uprising against Spanish colonial rule, marking the beginning of the Duli War in Mexico. In 1821, Mexico acquired Duli, turning a new page in history. In 1822 Iturbide became emperor, but was opposed by the republicans and the masses at large, and was overthrown the following year. In October 1824, Mexico promulgated its constitution and established itself as a federal republic. After 1825, the Mexican ruling circles were divided into conservative and ziyou factions. The former represented the interests of large landowners and the upper class of Catholicism, and advocated the centralization of power, the establishment of a monarchy, and the protection of the interests of the church; The latter, representing the interests of the ziyou faction landlords and the bourgeoisie, advocated the introduction of a representative minzhu, the establishment of a decentralized federal system, the obedience of the church to the leadership of the state, the development of education, and the ziyou to do business. The two factions colluded with the army, the struggle was fierce, and coups d'état continued year after year. In 1833, a.l.de General Santa Anna seized power and imposed Ducái rule with the Conservative Party. The power of the large landowners and the church strengthened, the land became more concentrated, and the economy stagnated.