1. Central bureaucracy

The composition of the central government of the Eastern Han Dynasty followed the official system of the Western Han Dynasty, with the three princes leading the nine secretaries as the basic structure. But the actual political power has been completely transferred to Shang Shutai. When the emperor of the Eastern Han Dynasty ascended the throne, he often used Taifu or Taiwei to record Shangshu and lead government affairs. The system of the Imperial Historical Observatory was derogated and he became a subordinate official of the Shaofu. Shizhong was transferred from the official of the Western Han Dynasty to a formal position, and the Shizhong Temple was set up as the official office of the Shizhong, which was subordinate to the Shaofu.

Taifu

In the Eastern Han Dynasty, due to the emphasis on scripture, Taifu was the leader of the Tai** ministers. The prince used this to instill his own political ideas in the prince. After the crown prince ascended the throne, he often used Taifu to record Shangshu and became the de facto prime minister. Historically, Zhao Xi, Deng Biao, Zhang Yu, Feng Shi, Feng Yi, Huan Yan, and Zhao Jun all used Taifu to record Shangshu. When the Taifu died, the official was removed (no longer appointed) as a sign of respect. During the reign of Emperor Ling of the Han Dynasty, Chen Fan was appointed as the Taifu Lu Shang Shushi, and later Chen Fan was executed and succeeded by Hu Guang, which was the only exception.

Unlike the Western Han Dynasty, where Taishi, Taifu, and Taibao were the upper dukes, the Eastern Han Dynasty only took Taifu as the upper duke, and there were no Taishi and Taibao officials. When Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty, Dong Zhuo moved the capital to Chang'an, appointed himself as the Taishi, and was on the Taifu. This is the act of the powerful minister, and it will be abolished after death.

According to the records of "Han Officials", the officials under Taifu are: one Changshi, one rank Qianshi, 24 Peng, 22 Lingshi and 22 Yu. The long history is the chief of the officials of the Taifu Mansion, and he is a consultant. Peng's subordinates are relatively high-level subordinate officials, and they are divided into Cao's affairs. Lingshi and royal subordinates are relatively low-level officials, handling clerical matters, chariots and horses.

Three Publics

In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Taiwei, Situ, and Sikong were the three dukes, and they were ranked as the upper dukes. The three princes are chiefs and hundreds of bureaucrats, nominally the highest official position, but in fact have no actual power.

The Eastern Han Dynasty appointed the Three Princes to be well-known scripture teachers to promote the concept of governing the country through economics. In fact, it is nothing more than a political vase. The emperor participated in government affairs with Shangshu, and did not pay the three dukes with real power. Because the three dukes are masters of Confucianism and live in the office, they often have to bear very serious responsibility for small mistakes to show their high integrity. For example: Song Hong is the chief secretary, who has been in office for five years, and was dismissed because the party has no basis in the assessment. Fu Zhan did the great Situ thing, and sacrificed the high temple (the temple of Liu Bang, the ancestor of the Han Dynasty), because Henan Yin and Si Li's captain argued in the temple about the loss of etiquette, and Fu Zhan did not play the matter, and was dismissed. Emperor Guangwu of the Han Dynasty was very strict and harsh to his ministers, and Han Xin was the Situ, who was dismissed from the official position and returned to the township with his son. After that, Ouyang She and Dai She, who successively served as the Great Situ, were all imprisoned and executed for their crimes.

Captain

Emperor Guangwu of the Han Dynasty ascended the throne, placed the Great Sima Official, responsible for the assessment of the whole ** official, at the end of each year, the assessment rank, played the emperor, as the basis for the promotion and demotion of officers, there was a Great Sima Wu Han at that time.

Reference: The original note of the Taiwei article of the "Book of the Later Han Dynasty and the Hundred Officials": "In charge of the military affairs of the Quartet, at the end of the year, he will play the most rewards and punishments in his palace." ”

In the twenty-seventh year of Jianwu (51 years), Da Sima was changed to Tai Lieutenant.

According to the Eastern Han Dynasty system, the three princes were in charge of the major policies of the country. The main way for Taiwei to participate in politics is to discuss the state affairs handed over by the emperor with Situ and Sikong, and the title will be played after the decision is made. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, only Mu Rong and Xu Fang were seen recording Shangshu with Taiwei, and they participated in political affairs with Taifu. This shows that the Taiwei did not have the authority to decide on government affairs unless he was appointed as a secretary of the Lu Shang Dynasty.

According to the Eastern Han Dynasty's system of three princes leading nine qing, Taiwei led Taichang, Weiwei, and Guangluxun. The subordinate officials of the Taiwei Mansion are: one person with a long history, a thousand stones, and the chief is in charge of the affairs of Cao. There are a total of 24 people from Cao Peng, Shi and Genus. Among the Zhu Cao, Xi Cao was responsible for the appointment and dismissal of officials in the Taiwei Mansion; Dong Cao was responsible for the relocation of 2,000 stones; Hu Cao is responsible for household registration, sacrifices, and farming; Socao is in charge of the recital; Ci Cao is responsible for hearing cases and accepting appeals; Facao was in charge of post affairs; Wei Cao was responsible for the recruitment and transportation of non-commissioned officers and prisoners; The thief Cao is responsible for apprehending the thief; Jucao is responsible for adjudicating criminal law; Bingcao was in charge of military affairs; Jin Cao was in charge of currency and salt and iron affairs; Kura Cao is in charge of the affairs of the state warehouse. In addition, there is the Yellow Pavilion, the chief bookkeeper, who is the chief of your lordship's officials. In addition, there are 23 people and royal subordinates, and your Excellency Ling Shi is in charge of the honor guard deacon of the Taiwei; The secretary of the office is responsible for the management of various documents such as the recital of the Taiwei Mansion; The door commander Shi is in charge of the guards of the Taiwei Mansion. Other orders are subordinate to Cao and handle clerical affairs. Judging from the setting up and duties of the Eastern Han Dynasty Taiwei Mansion Zhu Cao, the jurisdiction of the Taiwei seems to be very wide, but it is all a nominal thing, and the affairs of the Taiwei Zhu Cao are either subject to Shangshutai, or only for the exchange of documents, and they have no right to deny it, and the Taiwei has no actual power to control the affairs of the Zhu Cao of the Prefecture.

Szeto

Emperor Guangwu of the Han Dynasty ascended the throne and placed him as a great Situ official, responsible for the education of the people, and in charge of ceremonial affairs. Discuss the state affairs handed over by the emperor with Taiwei and Sikong, and after the discussion, the title will be played.

Reference: "Han Guanyi": "When Wang Mang was in power, he agreed that there was no Situ official in the Han Dynasty, so the names of the three dukes were called Da Sima, Da Situ, and Da Sikong. Shizu (Liu Xiumiao) ascended the throne, so it did not change. "The Book of the Later Han Dynasty: One Hundred Officials" contains: "Situ, a public person. This note says: Take charge of people's affairs. Where filial piety to the people, filial piety, obedience, humility and thrift, health and death, then the system is discussed, and the degree is established. All the civil homework of the Quartet, at the end of the year, the most rewarding and punishing will be played in the palace. ”

In the twenty-seventh year of Jianwu (51 AD), he went to "big" and was called Situ.

Situ led the servants, Honglu, and Tingwei Sanqing. The subordinate officials have a long history and a thousand stones. Peng belongs to thirty-one people.

Sikong

Emperor Guangwu of the Han Dynasty ascended the throne and placed him as a chief official and was responsible for water conservancy projects, city defense buildings, palace construction and other affairs. Discuss the state affairs of the emperor with Taiwei and Situ, and after the discussion, the title will be played.

Reference: "Book of the Later Han Dynasty: Baiguan I" cloud: "Palm water and soil affairs." Where the camp city is raised, the ditch is dredged, and the grave is repaired, the benefits are discussed and the merit is built. Where the Quartet water and soil work, at the end of the year, the most rewarding and punishing will be played in the palace. ”

In the twenty-seventh year of Jianwu (51 AD), he went to "big" and called "Sikong". In the thirteenth year of Emperor Jian'an of the Han Dynasty (208 AD), he changed Sikong to the imperial historian, and his position remained unchanged, and he did not receive the imperial history platform, which was just the same name as the previous generation of imperial historians.

Sikong Lingzongzheng, Shaofu, and Sinong Sanqing. Sikong has one Changshi, 29 Peng, and 42 Lingshi and royal officials.

Da Sima

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty abolished the Taiwei and set up the Great Sima, which was added to the generals, hussar generals, chariot generals, and Wei generals. Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty abolished the Great Sima as a Tai Lieutenant, the highest official position in charge of military administration and military endowment, that is, the highest military governor in the country. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Taiwei was called the Three Princes along with Situ and Sikong. Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Liu Xiushi, weakened the rights of the Three Dukes, and later the Three Dukes had almost no real power, which was only a symbol of honor. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the three dukes (Taiwei, Situ, Sikong) have become a vacant position, and there is another big Sima in addition to the three dukes, and the big Sima and the great general are all above the three dukes, such as Liu Yu and Li Dao, the minister. During the Three Kingdoms period, each country set up a great Sima in addition to the three dukes, and he was generally promoted by the general. Such as: Wei State's great Sima Cao Ren, Cao Xiu, Cao Zhen; Jiang Wan, the great Sima of Shu Han; The state of Wu has a great Sima, a left great Sima, and a right great Sima, which are generally promoted from the great generals or the great generals, such as Ding Feng, Lu Dai, Lu Kang, Shi Ji, and Zhu Ran.

Jiuqing

The Eastern Han Dynasty followed the Western Han Dynasty system, with Taichang, Guangluxun, Weiwei, Taifu, Tingwei, Dahonglu, Zongzheng, Dasinong, and Shaofu as the nine Qings. Unlike the Western Han Dynasty, the Eastern Han Dynasty Jiuqing was subordinate to the Three Dukes. Taichang, Guangluxun, and Weiwei Sanqing belong to Taiwei; Taifu, Tingwei, and Dahonglu Sanqing belong to Situ; Zongzheng, Dasi Nong, and Shaofu Sanqing are commonplace.

The Eastern Han Dynasty Jiuqing all added the word "Qing" to the official title, such as Taichangqing, etc., with two thousand stones in the rank. In addition, the Eastern Han Dynasty Jiuqing is different from the Western Han Dynasty: 1. Guangluxun In addition to the Western Han Dynasty's Wuguan Zhonglang General, Left Zhonglang General, Right Zhonglang General, Tiger Ben Zhonglang General, Yulin Zhonglang General, Dongzhong Lang General, North Zhonglang General, Xizhong Lang General, and Nanzhong Lang General were added. Second, Shaofu Shangshu was renamed Shangshutai, and the Western Han Dynasty's Chang Shi Cao, two thousand stone Cao, Min Cao, and the main guest Cao were changed to six Cao: changed the regular service Cao to the official Cao, added three Gong Cao, and divided the main and guest Cao into the south and the north and the north. Shangshutai added two people on the left and right, six people each from Zhu Cao, three people from each of Zhu Cao, and three people from Cao Zeng Ling Shi, who had complicated affairs. The Shangshutai organization is much more important and huge than that of the Western Han Shangshu.

checkmate

Before the Qin Dynasty, the names of military generals were only great generals, front, rear, left and right generals. The generals of the Han Dynasty were not permanent, and the main expeditions were made. That's it. During the time of Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty, there were general chariot cavalry and general Wei. The generals of the Eastern Han Dynasty were also an important part of the central government, including the Great General, the Hussar General, the Che Cavalry General, the Wei General, the Former General, the Later General, the Left General, and the Right General. The general is on the three dukes, and the hussar generals, the chariot generals, and the Wei generals are listed in Jiuqing, and they are under the three dukes. The front, rear, left, and right generals are listed in Jiuqing and are not often placed. After the middle of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Empress Dowager was called the system, and her relatives were ruled by generals, and they were called the Five Mansions together with the Taifu and the Three Dukes.

The above generals all opened the government, and the government has one Changshi and Sima, two Zhonglang, 29 Peng, and 31 Lingshi Yu. The generals who lead the army with this number have their own divisions and captains.

During the Han and Wei dynasties, military merits abounded, and it was more difficult to confer official positions. Therefore, he often takes a certain name in front of the "general" as his official position, and this kind of title is not certain, and there is no superior-subordinate relationship between the names, so it is called a miscellaneous general. Set up on the spot, and withdraw when the matter is finished. Such as Xiao Cai, Lou Chuan, Cai Guan, Fu Bo, Ershi, Du Liao, Long Xiang, etc., or with the troops led (such as Xiao Cai, Cai Guan), or because of the mission pursued (such as Li Guangli attacking the Second Division City). General Weidu Liao was established after the eighth year of Yongping (65 years) due to the civil strife in the southern Xiongnu department. After the end of the Han Dynasty, heavy generals such as Sizheng, Sizhen, Siping, and Si'an began to appear.

2. Magistrateship

Compared with the Western Han Dynasty, the local government system in the Eastern Han Dynasty was basically the same at the county and county levels, but the importance and power of the county were much lower than that of the Western Han Dynasty. At the state level, there is a fundamental difference, and the state of the Eastern Han Dynasty has evolved into a first-class locality, above the county. So far, the local administrative division in ancient China was changed from the county system to the three-level system of prefecture, county and county, which continued until the Sui Dynasty "abolished the county".

State Thorn History

The Eastern Han Dynasty divided the area outside Luoyang into twelve prefectures, each of which sent an assassin as a governor. In addition, the seven counties of Jingzhao, Zuo Fengyi, Right Fufeng, Hedong, Henan, Hanoi, and Hongnong are the jurisdiction of the Sili School, which is called the Sili Department (also known as the Ministry in the Han Dynasty).

Si Li's lieutenant is a Beijing official, and his job is to supervise the illegal affairs of hundreds of officials in Beijing. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, every time the three dukes were dismissed, they were caused by the impeachment of the Sili school captain, so the Sili school captain was called "Xiongzhi". When the emperor convened the court meeting, the three of Si Lixiaowei, Yushi Zhongcheng and Shang Shuling had separate seats, called "three solitary seats". Si Lixiao's rank is more than 2,000 stones, and the subordinate officials are engaged (the official who appears in popular Korean dramas is named after this), fake Zuo (false: the meaning of agency; Zuo: The meaning of assistant. That is to say, an assistant who can perform affairs on his behalf), etc., and commanded an armed police force of 1,200 slaves, from which the official name of the lieutenant was derived.

Zhuzhou along the Western Han Dynasty Emperor system, set up a state shepherd, the rank of 2,000 stones. In the eighteenth year of Jianwu (42 AD), the history of the assassination was changed, and the rank was 600 stones. Emperor Ling of the Han Dynasty in the fifth year of Zhongping (188 AD), and then changed the state pastor, the rank of 2,000 stones. The Eastern Han Dynasty had a fixed station and official office, and the impeachment department did not have to be as tested by the three princes in the Western Han system, and it could be directly dismissed. After changing the state pastor, he also led the military government, and his position was high and powerful, which was somewhat similar to the Jiedu envoy of the Tang Dynasty, and the vastness of the jurisdiction area was not comparable to that of the Jiedu envoy.

Similar to the Western Han Dynasty, the assassin also had to travel around the county, investigate the political situation, and return to Beijing at the end of the year to repeat. However, the assassin of the Eastern Han Dynasty did not have to return to Beijing in person, but sent his subordinates to submit documents to the Situ Mansion.

Counties

The Eastern Han Dynasty had a total of 105 counties: 27 kingdoms, 7 subordinate counties, and 71 counties. In addition to the seven counties under the jurisdiction of the Division, the kingdom and the counties are divided into states, of which Yuzhou leads the county sixth, Jizhou leads nine, Yanzhou leads eight, Xuzhou leads five, and Bingzhou leads nine, Youzhou leads eleven, Qingzhou leads six, Jingzhou leads seven, Yangzhou leads six, Yizhou and Liangzhou each receive twelve, and Jiaozhou leads nine counties.

In the Eastern Han Dynasty system, the prince was crowned the king, and the county was the country. Each country has a Fu and a minister. Fu is the master of the palace, and his position is like that of the Taifu of the Han Dynasty; is like a county guard, in charge of government affairs; There is a long history, and his position is like a county. There is another lieutenant, with a rank of 2,000 stones, and his rank is like that of a county lieutenant, and he is an officer in charge of military affairs and arresting thieves.

The palace placed a person in the Lang Zhongling, with a rank of Qianshi, and the position was similar to the Lang Zhongling of the Han Dynasty, and the doctor and Lang in charge of the palace were in charge; One servant, rank Qianshi, is responsible for the training and control of chariots and horses in the palace; There are several people who govern the book, the rank is 600 stones, and the position is like a book; There were several confessors, with a rank of four hundred stones, and their position was to send envoys on the orders of the king; In addition, there are the chief of ceremonial music, the chief of the guard, the chief of the medical worker, the chief of the eternal cang, the chief of the ancestral hall, etc., all of which are ranked more than 400 stones.

The rank of the county is 2,000 stones, only Henan County is located in Beijing, and the governor is called Henan Yin, who is more than Jiuqing, and the rank is 2,000 stones. Each county has a person, the rank is too guarded, the rank is 600 stones, and he is responsible for civil affairs; The border county (that is, the county set up in the border area) has another Changshi, with a rank of 600 stones, who is responsible for military and political affairs. Under the long history, there was Sima alone, who was responsible for specific military command. There was no county commander in the interior of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and the ether guarded the troops. The border counties are led by the governors or the governors of the subject states and administer the counties, and their status is slightly similar to that of the smaller counties in the interior. For example, in the first year of Emperor Yongyuan of the Han Dynasty (89 A.D.), he was the commander of the Xihe subordinate state and the capital of the Shangjun subordinate state; In the fifteenth year of Yonghe (105 AD), he was placed as the governor of the eastern and western parts of Liao; Emperor An of the Han Dynasty placed the right Fufeng Commander, Jingzhao Huya Lieutenant and so on.

county

The county-level local system of the Eastern Han Dynasty was the same as that of the Western Han Dynasty.

If the liehou takes the county as a fief, it is called the Hou State, and the Hou State has one person, which is equivalent to the county order or county magistrate (depending on the size of the Hou State), and is not subordinate to the liehou, but is responsible for collecting taxes for the liehou. If the number of households in the feudal country is more than 1,000, there is one family and one concubine, who is a Hou government official and does not manage civil affairs; If there are less than 1,000 households, only one concubine will be placed. The marquis of the Eastern Han Dynasty has another township and pavilion, and the land of the fief is a township and a pavilion, and such a fief is under the jurisdiction of the county where it is located, which is equal to the township and the pavilion.

The fiefs of the queen, the queen mother, and the princess are called yi, and they are ordered and long. The system of the euppye is comparable to that of the Hou State.

Ethnic minority settlements are set up in provinces, subordinate to counties, mostly located in Ba, Shu and other southwestern regions, with the leaders of ethnic minority tribes as the governors of the provinces.

Counties with more than 10,000 households have one county order, and the rank is 1,000 stones; One person in the county, in charge of civil affairs, documents, and warehouses; There are two county lieutenants, who are in charge of law and order.

Counties with less than 10,000 households have one county magistrate, with a rank of 300 or 400 stones; There is one county officer and one county lieutenant.

If the counties of the Eastern Han Dynasty produce salt, the salt officials are responsible for managing salt farms and salt mines, and collecting salt taxes. The prefectural iron officer, who produces iron, is in charge of smelting and casting. In the county where the handicraft industry is developed, the construction officials are responsible for managing craftsmen and collecting industrial and commercial taxes. In the prefecture where the fishery is developed, the water officer is responsible for managing the fishing grounds and collecting taxes. These officials are not subordinate to the county, but are all subordinate to the Shaofu and belong to the dispatching organs.

The official system of the Eastern Han Dynasty below the county level is no different from that of the Western Han Dynasty, and you can see the official system of the Western Han Dynasty for details.

3 List of official positions

Rank Wanshi

That is: three hundred and fifty times a month

Shanggong: Taifu, Da Sima (in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, the Great Sima was placed outside the Three Dukes, and he was above the Three Dukes)

Three Princes: Taiwei, Situ, Sikong

General: General (the Great General is sometimes on the Three Princes, sometimes under the Three Princes), Hussar Generals

Two thousand stone in the rank

That is: one hundred and eighty times a month

Tai Lieutenant Leader: Tai Changqing, Guangluxun, Wei Wei

Situ Ling: Tingwei, Taifu, Dahonglu

Sikong Ling: Shaofu, Zongzheng, Dasi Nong,

Generals: General Che Cavalry, General Wei, Former General, Later General, Left General, Right General

Prince Taifu, Zhi Jinwu, Henan Yin, Jing Zhaoyin, Left Feng Yi, Right Fufeng

Rank really 2,000 stones

That is: one hundred and fifty times a month

The Book of the Later Han Dynasty does not record the "Zhizhen 2000 Stones" and their official positions, or the Yanzhen 2000 Stones are 2000 Stones. Doubt

Rank 2,000 stones

That is: one hundred and twenty times a month

Local governors: county guards, state pastors

Officials of the kingdoms: the ministers of state, the ministers of state, the (kingdom) imperial historians and the secretaries

Da Changqiu, the prince and the young master, the general will be a master craftsman, General Du Liao and other miscellaneous generals (Xiao Cai, Lou Chuan, Fubo, Long Xiang, etc.) rank ratio of 2,000 stone (Yuefeng Baihu)

Shaofu subordinate officials: servants, middle servants

Guanglu Xun's subordinate officials: Wuguan Zhonglang General, Left Zhonglang General, Right Zhonglang General, Tiger Ben Zhonglang General, Yulin Zhonglang General, Fengche Du Lieutenant, Horse Du Lieutenant,

Riding Lieutenant, Guanglu Doctor

The commander of the Northern Army: Tun Cavalry Captain, Infantry Captain, Yue Cavalry Captain, Changshui Captain, and Shooting Sound Captain

General's Orchestration: Captain of the Fifth Department of the Great General's Camp

Officials of the Kingdoms: Lieutenant

Si Li's lieutenant, the subject country's lieutenant, the Xiongnu lieutenant general, the Wuhuan lieutenant, the Qiang lieutenant, the city gate lieutenant, and the capital general

Rank Sengoku

That is: the month is blessed with ninety hundreds

Subordinate officials of the General's Mansion: General Changshi, General Sima

Taifu Mansion Subordinate Officer: Taifu Changshi

Three Princes: Three Princes

Shaofu subordinate officials: Yu Shi Zhongcheng, Shang Shu Ling

Tingwei's subordinate officials: Tingwei Zheng, Tingwei Left Supervisor

Guanglu Xun's subordinate officer: Doctor Taizhong

Da Changqiu's subordinate official: a servant of the middle palace

The prince's young master's subordinate officials: the prince's rate is more ordered, the prince's family order, and the prince's servant

City Gate Lieutenant Officer: City Gate Sima, Pingcheng Gate Tun Sima

Subordinate officers of the Northern Army: Tun Cavalry Captain Sima, Infantry Captain Sima, Yue Cavalry Captain Sima, Changshui Captain Sima, Hu Cavalry Sima, and Shooting Sound Captain Sima

Officials of the kingdoms: Lang Zhongling, servant

Subordinate officials of the vassal states: ministers of the vassal states

Local magistrates: county orders, Tang Muyi orders, and provincial orders

Rank than a thousand stones

That is: the month of eighty hundred

Too often subordinate officials: too often royal

Servant Officer: Servant

Subordinate Officers of Tingwei: Tingwei Cheng

Weiwei's subordinate officials: Weiwei Cheng, Gongmen Sima, Yemen Sima

Zong Zheng's subordinate official: Zong Zhengcheng

Shaofu subordinate official: Shaofu Cheng

Dasi Nong's subordinate officer: Dasi Nongcheng

Da Honglu subordinate officials: Da Honglu Cheng,

Guanglu Lord's subordinate officials: Guanglu Cheng, the servant of the confessor,

Subordinate Officer: Ruling Jinwucheng

General's Division: Jun Sima

Rank 600 stones

That is: the month is seventy

Subordinate officer of the General's Mansion: Engaged in Zhonglang

Taichang subordinate officials: Taishi Order, Taizhu Order, Doctor Sacrifice Wine, Dazai Order, Palm Story, Dayu Le Order, Gao Temple Order, Shizu Temple Order

Guanglu Xun subordinate officials: Guanglu left servant, Guanglu right servant, left Majesty, right Majesty, Yulin left supervisor, Yulin right supervisor, Zhongsan doctor, counselor doctor, councilor

Guards subordinate officers: Bus Sima Order, Nangong Guard Order, North Palace Guard Order, Left Capital Waiting, Right Capital Waiting

Subordinate officials: Examination order, Chefu order, Weiyang stable order

Tingwei's subordinate officer: Tingwei Zuoping

Da Honglu subordinate officer: Daxing order

Zongzheng's subordinate officials: princesses, master books, servants, and private governors

Dasi Agricultural Subordinate Officials: Dasi Agricultural Ministry Cheng, Taicang Order, Leveling Order, and Guide Order

Subordinate Officials of the Young Mansion:

Guarding the palace order, Shanglin Yuan order, Taiyi order, Taiguan order, Huangmen Shilang, small yellow gate, Huangmen order, Ye Ting order, Yongxiang order, Imperial Mansion order,

Ancestral Order, Hook Shield Order, Shangfang Order, Zhongzang Mansion Order, Inner Order, Fu Festival Order, Lantai Order History;

Shang Shu Ling subordinate officials: Shang Shu servant shot, six Cao Shang Shu (Cao Shang Shu, two thousand stone Cao Shang Shu, three Gong Cao Shang Shu, Min Cao Shang Shu,

Cao Shangshu in the south, Cao Shangshu in the north);

Imperial History: Governing the history of the Imperial Servant and serving the Imperial History

Subordinate Officers of the Ruling Treasury: Arsenal Order, Left Middle Candidate, Right Middle Candidate,

Da Chang Qiu subordinate officials: Da Chang Qiu Cheng, Zhong Gong Zhi Zhi Order, Zhong Gong Shangshu, Zhong Gong Private Mansion Order, Zhong Gong Yongxiang Order, Zhong Gong Decree

The prince's young master's subordinate officials: the prince's concubine, the prince's doctor, the prince's cang's order, and the prince's food official order

Will be a master craftsman's subordinate officer: will be a Cheng, a left school order, and a right school order

City Gate Lieutenant's Officer: City Gate Gate

Division's subordinate officers: Metropolitan Officials, Gong Cao, Don't Drive, Book Cao, Bing Cao, Master Book, Door Chief,

Door Gong Cao Shuzuo, Law Commander, Filial Piety Master, Moon Order, Law Order, Book Cao Shuzuo

In charge of the Northern Army: the Marquis of the Northern Army

General Duliao's subordinate officials: General Duliao Changshi Duliao General Sima

Local governors: the history of the state thorn, the county governor, the history of the border county, and the right Fufeng Jingzhao each county order

Lieutenant of Wuhuan Lieutenant Officer: Yongjie Changshi, Sima

Lieutenant of Huqiang: Yongjie Changshi, Sima

The rank ratio is six hundred stones

That is: the month is fifty hundred

Taichang subordinate official (Doctor sacrificial wine official): Doctor

Subordinate Officer of Guanglu Order:

The five senses will be subordinate to the officials: the five senses in the lang;

Left and right middle lang will be subordinate officials: left middle lang, right middle lang;

Tiger Ben Zhonglang will be subordinate officials: Tiger Ben left servant shot, Tiger Ben right servant shot, Tiger Ben left Majesty, Tiger Ben right Majesty, Tiger Ben Zhonglang;

Servant of the Confessor: Servant of the Confessor;

General's Troop: Qu Junhou

The prince's young master's subordinate officer: The prince washes the horse

Officials of the kingdoms (lieutenants): scribes, doctors

Rank 400 stones

That is: the month is forty-five hundred

Too often subordinate officials: too often Peng

Subordinate Officials of the Young Mansion:

Director of the Yellow Gate, Director of the Studio, Director of the Jade Hall, and Supervisor of the Zhili

Shang Shu Ling subordinate officials: Shang Shu Zuo Cheng, Shang Shu Right Cheng, Shang Shu Lang

Guanglu Lord's Subordinate Officer: The one who gives advice

Da Changqiu's subordinate officials: the middle palace confessor, the middle palace medicine chief

The prince's young master's subordinate officials: the prince's concubine, the prince's stableman, the prince's guard, and the prince's middle shield

Local magistrates: county magistrates, Tang Muyi chiefs, and provincial magistrates

County officials: county magistrate, county lieutenant

The rank ratio is four hundred stones

That is: the month of forty hundreds

Three dukes, the general's mansion: East Cao Peng, West Cao Peng, the main book

Guanglu Xun's subordinate officials: Wuguan Shilang, Left Shilang, Right Shilang, and Tiger Ben Shilang

Officials of the kingdoms: the chief of the courtesy, the chief of the ceremonial music, the chief of the guard, the chief of the medical worker, the chief of the Yongxiang, and the chief of the ancestral hall

Rank 300 stones

That is: the month of forty hundreds

Too often subordinate officials: Taishi Lingcheng, Taizhu Lingcheng, Dazai Lingcheng, Dayu Le Lingcheng

Guanglu Xun's subordinate officials: Yulin Left Supervisor, Yulin Right Supervisor

Subordinate officials: Examination Gongcheng, Chefu Cheng, Changle Stable

Da Honglu subordinate officials: Daxing Lingcheng, Daxing Zhililang, Di Xi Lingcheng, and Ji Yicheng

Zongzheng's subordinate official: Princess Jiacheng

Dasi Nong's subordinate officials: Taicang Lingcheng, Pingzhun Lingcheng, and Daoguan Lingcheng

Subordinate Officials of the Young Mansion:

Officials of the palace order: The palace guard

Yongxiang order subordinates: Yongxiang Cheng

Ancestral Order: Ancestral Shrine

Officials of the Imperial Doctor's Order: Tai Yao Cheng, Tai Yi Fang Cheng

Huangmen Ling's subordinate officials: Huangmen Cheng, Huangmen Congcheng

The inner order is subordinate to the officials: the inner left Cheng, the inner right Cheng

Imperial Decree Officials: Imperial Palace, Imperial Weaving Room

Hook shield order officials: hook shield Cheng, hook shield Yongan Cheng

Subordinate officials of the court order: the left of the court, the right of the court, and the violent room of the court

Taiguan order subordinate officials: Taiguan Zuocheng, Taiguan Gancheng, Taiguan Tang Guancheng, Taiguan Guocheng

Subordinate officials of the Central Tibetan Prefecture: Central Tibetan Governor

Shanglin Yuan order officials: Shanglin Yuancheng, Shanglin Yuan Lieutenant

Subordinate Officer: Arsenal Cheng

Da Changqiu's subordinate officials: Zhonggong Private Mansion Cheng, Zhonggong Yongxiang Cheng, Zhonggong Department Cheng, Zhonggong Fudao Cheng

Will be the master craftsman's subordinate officer: the left school, the right school,

State Assassin Shi Officials: Zhizhong Engaged, Don't Drive Engaged, Book Cao Engaged, Bing Cao Engaged, Master Book, Door Gong Cao Shuzuo, Book Cao Shuzuo

Officials of the Kingdoms (Ministers of State): A long history

Local magistrate: (small) county magistrate

The rank ratio is three hundred stones

That is: the month of the thirty-seven hundred

Three Princes, General's Mansion Peng: Hu Cao Peng, Song Cao Peng, Ci Cao Peng, Law Cao Peng, Wei Cao Peng, Thief Cao Peng, Decision Cao Peng, Bing Cao Peng, Jin Cao Peng,

Cang Cao Peng

The history of the county guards Cao Peng: Gong Cao History, Hu Cao History, Song Cao History, Ci Cao History, Law Cao History, Wei Cao History, Thief Cao History, Decisive Cao History, Bing Cao History,

Jin Cao History, Cang Cao History, Wuguan Peng, Wubu Postal Governor, Cao Peng, and the History of the Main Record Room

Shaofu subordinate officials: Zhonghuangmen

Guanglu Xun's subordinate officials: Wuguan Langzhong, Zuo Langzhong, Right Langzhong, Tiger Ben Langzhong, Yulin Lang, and Confessor Langzhong

Guards subordinate officials: bus Sima Cheng, bus Sima Wei, Nangong Guard, Beigong Guard, Left Du Hou Cheng, Right Du Hou Cheng

Rank 200 stones

That is: the month of the thirty hundred

Subordinate Officials of the Young Mansion:

History of Fu Jie Ling,

Shang Shu Ling Officials: Shang Shu Ling History

Taichang subordinate officials (Taishi Ling's subordinate officials): Lingtai Cheng, Mingtang Cheng, Taishi Lingshi, Taishi Zhang, and Waiting for the Edict

Shaofu subordinate officials (hook shield order subordinate officials): hook shield garden Zhongcheng, hook shield fruit Cheng, hook shield Hongchi Cheng, hook shield south garden Cheng

The prince's young master's subordinate officer: The prince is a person

Officials of the kingdoms (Lang Zhong Ling's subordinate officials): Lang Zhong

Local governors: Zhubian Lieutenant, Zhuling Captain

The county magistrate's subordinate officials: county magistrate, county lieutenant

The rank ratio is 200 stones

That is: the twenty-seventh day of the month

Officials of the Three Princes' Mansion: Imperial Subordinates

General's Trophie: Tun Chief

Guanglu Xun's subordinate officer: Jie Conghu Ben

Rank 100 stones

That is: the moon is blessed with sixteen hu

The three dukes and the subordinate officials of the General's Mansion: Your Excellency's order history room order history, door order history and other order history

County officials: the township has ranks, three elders

Fighting food (Yuefeng 11)

Sashi (Tsukibon-Hachi)

4 Han Wei generals

In the Spring and Autumn Period, the Jin Kingdom took the Qing Doctor as the general, so he had the title of general. From the Warring States period to the Qin and Han dynasties, the generals were all in charge of the expedition, and they set up the matter and stopped after the matter was over. Since the Later Han Dynasty, the general has become the permanent commander of the army, and his status has become increasingly important. At first, the generals successively had the names of the general and the hussar, the chariot, the guard, the front, the rear, the left, the right, etc., the position of power was equivalent to the minister, and the government could be opened to govern and participate in the government, so the position of the general was not lightly granted to others, only the important ministers could be appointed, and sometimes the rest of the generals were set up for the purpose or role of the conquest, such as General Duliao. From the end of the Han Dynasty to the Wei and Jin dynasties, the conquests were frequent and the wars were increasing, so a variety of general titles were established, that is, miscellaneous generals, and a series of general names were gradually formed.

General: The head of the generals, his official position is higher than the three dukes, sometimes above the three dukes, sometimes under the three dukes. Rank Wanshi. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, it was above the three dukes, when the emperor of the Han Dynasty took Cao Cao as the general, and Yuan Shao as the captain, Yuan Shao was under the general, so "the shame class is under the ancestor". The subordinate officials have a long history and a Sima.

Hussar General: Below the Great General, with the same rank as the Great General, sometimes above the Three Princes, sometimes below the Three Princes. There are two levels of median generals than the three dukes: the general and the hussar general

Che Cavalry General: Below the Hussar General, the position is higher than that of Shangqing.

General Wei: Below the general of the chariot cavalry, he is higher than the secretary.

Four generals before and after:

That is, the former general, the left general, the right general, and the rear general. Beginning on weekends, it was not often placed in the Han Dynasty, and the gold seal and purple ribbon were listed in Shangqing. The position is either the Dianjing division guard, or the garrison border. After the end of the Han Dynasty, there were many names of generals, and the names were simple before, after, left, right, etc., which were gradually abandoned. The position of senior general was established from time to time in the Three Kingdoms. He is in charge of the Beijing Division Guards and Border Guards. The rank is listed in Jiuqing, which is higher than other temporary miscellaneous generals.

Zhonglang will:

The rank of military attaché in the Han Dynasty was divided into three levels: general, lieutenant general, and lieutenant. Because the general is not often placed, and when there is a war, he is called the general who commands the army, so the highest official position that the general military attache can obtain in peacetime is the general of Zhonglang, and the rank is "more than two thousand stones", and he is in charge of the royal guard, which is under the jurisdiction of Guangluxun, such as the general of the five officials, the general of the left middle, the general of the right middle, the general of the tiger ben, and the general of the Yulin Zhonglang. During the Three Kingdoms period at the end of the Han Dynasty, there were more and more people with military merits, and many were named miscellaneous generals, and Zhonglang General became the position of middle and lower-level officers.

Captain:

The lieutenant is a military attache position slightly lower than the lieutenant general, and the rank is "more than two thousand stones". In the Han Dynasty, eight lieutenants were set up to take charge of the northern and southern armies. During the Three Kingdoms period at the end of the Han Dynasty, there were more and more people with military merits, and many were named miscellaneous generals, and school captains became the positions of low-level officers.

Eighth Lieutenant:

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty set up the eight lieutenants of the Beijing Division to take charge of the central army. They are Captain Changshui, Captain Tuncai, Captain Yuecai, Captain Infantry, Captain Shot, Captain of Middle Base, Captain Hu Cai, and Captain Huben. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the provincial lieutenant, Hu cavalry, and tiger ben captain. By the Three Kingdoms period, the authority of the Eighth Lieutenant became smaller and smaller, and finally he was reduced to a low-level official.

General of the Four Expeditions (Four Expedition Generals):

The name of the heavy general, that is, the general of the east, the south, the west, and the north. The Han and Wei dynasties were first placed, and the rank was listed in Shangqing, under General Wei. During the Three Kingdoms period at the end of the Han Dynasty, there were enlarged generals, such as the general of Zhengxi, who were listed in the three dukes

General of the Four Towns (General of the Four Towns):

The name of the heavy general, that is, General Zhendong, General Zhennan, General Zhenxi, and General Zhenbei. The Han and Wei dynasties were first placed, and the rank was listed in Shangqing, under the four generals. During the Three Kingdoms period at the end of the Han Dynasty, there were enlarged generals, such as the general of Zhenxi, who were listed in the three dukes

General Si'an:

The names of the heavy generals, namely General Anton, General Annan, General Anxi, and General Anbei. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, it had this name, and it was listed in Shangqing, under the general of the four towns.

General Siping:

The names of the heavy generals, namely General Pingdong, General Pingnan, General Pingxi, and General Pingbei. The Han and Wei dynasties were first placed, and the rank was listed in Shangqing, under General Si'an.

Grand Governor:

Originated from the end of the Han Dynasty, Cao Weizhi, the first product, not often placed, belongs to the additional official, the full name is "the governor of the Chinese and foreign military". Those who add this official are given Fu Jie, who represents the authority of the Son of Heaven, and Huang Yue is given a section to lead senior generals such as the Jiejie general. Wu Tong Wei system. Shu Han placed the central capital to protect and unify the internal and external military.

Governor:

It was established at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Because there was no subordinate relationship between the miscellaneous generals, the post of governor was set up to supervise several armies and be the military commander. Later, he was in charge of all the troops stationed in the state, and also took charge of the civil affairs of the state, and had great power.

Admiral:

It was placed in Cao Wei of the Three Kingdoms, and Emperor Wen of Wei took Cao Zhen as the general and was the highest title among the generals. Sun Quan also named Lu Xun as a general. Later, Lu Dai also held this position.

Miscellaneous Generals:

During the Han and Wei dynasties, military merit abounded, and the number of official positions awarded increased. Therefore, he often takes a certain name in front of the "general" as his official position, and this kind of title is not certain, and there is no subordinate relationship between the names, so it is called a miscellaneous general. The following are miscellaneous generals:

General of the Military Division (Military Division):

One of the miscellaneous generals. Liu Bei took Zhuge Liang as the general of the military division, and presided over internal and external military and political affairs. In addition, Cao Cao set up a military advisor to sacrifice wine, with Xun You as the military advisor, and all military elections and criminal prison legal systems were decided. Wu also used Zhu Ran as his right army division.

Leading Generals (Leader, Medium Leader):

One of the miscellaneous generals. Cao Cao once placed the position of leading the army, which was held by Shi Lian, and together with the protectors, he was in charge of the forbidden army, and later renamed the middle leader. Cao Pi was renamed as the leading general, and he was in charge of the five colonels, the middle base, and the three battalions of Wuwei. Shu and Wu Yizhi are the names of senior generals.

- Protector General (Protector, Medium Protector):

One of the miscellaneous generals. At the same time as the leader, Han Hao served as the protector and was in charge of the Praetorian Guard. Cao Pi changed his name to General Protector. Shu and Wu Yizhi are the names of senior generals.

General Fenwu:

One of the miscellaneous generals. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, when the Kwantung heroes attacked Dong Zhuo, Yuan Shao used Cao Cao as the acting general of Fenwu; Fu Zhu also served as a general of Fenwu in Yuan Shao's army; After Lu Bu killed Dong Zhuo, he also held this position.

General Fenwei:

One of the miscellaneous generals. Full Favor once held this position.

General Fubo:

One of the miscellaneous generals. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was placed, the original commander of the water army, took his boat to wade the rivers and lakes, the meaning of the waves resting, Emperor Wu when the guard Lu Bode was the first general of Fubo, and Xiahoudun in the late Han Dynasty served in this position.

General Duliao:

One of the miscellaneous generals. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty started, Fan Mingyou led the army to cross the Liaoshui to attack Wuhuan in the east, and Emperor Wu took the meaning of crossing the Liaoshui, so he worshiped him as the general of Liao, and Gao Rou served in this position at the end of the Han Dynasty.

Guerrilla General:

One of the miscellaneous generals. In the Han Dynasty, he was responsible for commanding the guerrilla mobile troops and meeting the enemy with a camera, and Lejin served in this position at the end of the Han Dynasty.

- Cavalry General:

One of the miscellaneous generals. The general who commanded the cavalry in the Han Dynasty, Xiao Cai means the brave and fierce cavalry. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty took Li Guang as the cavalry general and led the cavalry to attack the Xiongnu, and Qin Lang of Cao Wei of the Three Kingdoms served in this position.

- Metropolitan General (Metropolitan Protection):

One of the miscellaneous generals. He is the commander of the generals. Cao Hong used to hold this position.

General Yue Cai:

One of the miscellaneous generals. Cao Zhang served in this position.

General Li Feng:

One of the miscellaneous generals. Cao Hong used to hold this position.

General Folding:

One of the miscellaneous generals. Lejin used to hold this position.

- General Dangkou:

One of the miscellaneous generals. Zhang Liao once held this position.

- General Exterminator:

One of the miscellaneous generals. Ding Feng once held this position.

General Huwei:

One of the miscellaneous generals. Yu Ban used to hold this position.

General Huya:

One of the miscellaneous generals. Liu Xun once held this position.

General Pingjung:

One of the miscellaneous generals. Bu Qi once held this position.

General Pindi:

One of the miscellaneous generals. Zhang He once held this position.

- Capture General:

One of the miscellaneous generals. Li Dian once held this position.

- Broken General:

One of the miscellaneous generals. Sun Jian once held this position.

- General Poqiang:

One of the miscellaneous generals. Zhang Xiu once held this position.

General Weilu:

One of the miscellaneous generals. Zang Ba used to hold this position.

General Pingyu:

One of the miscellaneous generals. Zhou Tai once held this position.

- Captured General:

One of the miscellaneous generals. Zhang Fei used to hold this position.

- Capture General:

One of the miscellaneous generals. Huang Zhong once held this position.

- General Koukou:

One of the miscellaneous generals. Wang Ping once held this position.

- Rebel General:

One of the miscellaneous generals. Sun Ce once held this position.

General Yang Wei:

One of the miscellaneous generals. Zang Ba used to hold this position.

General Yang Wu:

One of the miscellaneous generals. Full Favor once held this position.

General Zhenwei:

One of the miscellaneous generals. Fei Guan used to hold this position.

General Zhenwu: One of the miscellaneous generals. Sun Li once held this position.

General Jianwei:

One of the miscellaneous generals. Guo Huai once held this position.

General Jianwu:

One of the miscellaneous generals. Liu Feng once held this position.

General Jiande:

One of the miscellaneous generals, Cao Cao once held this position.

General Jianxin:

One of the miscellaneous generals. Shen Yi used to hold this position.

General Jianzhong:

One of the miscellaneous generals. Meng Da used to hold this position.

General Jianyi:

One of the miscellaneous generals. Yan Yan once held this position.

General An Yuan:

One of the miscellaneous generals. Yu Ban served in this position. General Anguo:

One of the miscellaneous generals. Zhu Zhi once held this position.

General An Han:

One of the miscellaneous generals. Lu Zhu served in this position.

General Fu Han:

One of the miscellaneous generals. Li Yan served in this position.

One of the miscellaneous generals. Lu Xun once held this position.

General Fu Wu

One of the miscellaneous generals. Zhang Zhao once held this position.

General Wu Wei:

One of the miscellaneous generals. Xu Chu once held this position.

General Wu Wei:

One of the miscellaneous generals. Gongsun Du once held this position.

General Xuanwei:

One of the miscellaneous generals. Burui used to hold this position.

General Zhaowu:

One of the miscellaneous generals. Han Dang served in this position.

General Suiwu:

One of the miscellaneous generals. Jiang Bin once held this position.

- Backbone General:

One of the miscellaneous generals. Xu Chu once held this position.

General Zhongwei:

One of the miscellaneous generals. Pang Hui used to hold this position.

Champion General:

One of the miscellaneous generals. Ding Feng once held this position.

General Yijun:

One of the miscellaneous generals. Zhao Yun used to hold this position.

Leading General:

One of the miscellaneous generals. Cao Xiu served in this position.

Deputy General:

One of the miscellaneous generals. Liu Feng once held this position.

General Suijun:

One of the miscellaneous generals. Yang Yi used to hold this position.

General of the Town Army:

One of the miscellaneous generals. Zhao Yun used to hold this position.

General Zhenyuan:

One of the miscellaneous generals. Wei Yan served in this position.

General Fu Jun:

One of the miscellaneous generals. The Infantry Association served in this position.

General Fubian:

One of the miscellaneous generals. Lu Xun once held this position.

General Fu Rong:

One of the miscellaneous generals. Zhang Wei served in this position.

General Zhaode:

One of the miscellaneous generals. Jian Yong once held this position.

General Zhaowen:

One of the miscellaneous generals. Iraqi nationality served in this position.

General Bingzhong:

One of the miscellaneous generals. Sun Qian once held this position.

General Huaiji:

One of the miscellaneous generals. Shen Tan used to hold this position.

General Xingye:

One of the miscellaneous generals. Li Yan once held this position.

General Suiyuan:

One of the miscellaneous generals. Sun Yu held this position.

General Suinan:

One of the miscellaneous generals. Quan Cong once held this position.

General Chungjie:

One of the miscellaneous generals. Yang Hong used to hold this position.

General Fengyi:

One of the miscellaneous generals. Jiang Wei used to hold this position.

General Fuyi:

One of the miscellaneous generals. Zhu Zhi once held this position.

General Liyi:

One of the miscellaneous generals. Pound served in that position.

General Willie: One of the miscellaneous generals. Han Dang served in this position.

General Yokono:

One of the miscellaneous generals. Xu Huang once held this position.

General Yokoe:

One of the miscellaneous generals. Lu Su once held this position.

Supervising the Army (Central Supervision Army):

The duties of supervising and inspecting the army, and sometimes as a military advisor or military commander.

Other Sima:

Sima in the army, the subordinate officers of the general have military Sima, among which those who belong to other leaders and battalions are called other Simas. The number of soldiers under his command varies from time to time and is not fixed.

- General:

The name of the low-ranking general is slightly lower than that of the miscellaneous general, and higher than the general of Pi. In the war at the end of the Han Dynasty, there were a large number of partial generals who belonged to the general's mansion, namely partial generals, general Pi, and also Yamen generals. At that time, many generals were awarded the rank of partial generals. For example, Cao Zhen, Yu Ban, Zhang He, Guan Yu, Ma Chao, Zhao Yun, Zhou Yu, Lu Su, Lu Meng, Huang Gai, Quan Cong, Han Dang and other famous generals have served as partial generals.

Tooth Gate General (Tooth Gate General):

At the beginning, it was placed by Liu Bei, and he was a partial general, and his position was slightly lower than that of the miscellaneous general. Zhao Yun once served as the general of Yamen, and after the Chibi War, he was moved to a partial general, so the general of Yamen was lower than the partial general. Wei Yan was a general of Yamen. Cao Pi also set up a tooth keeper in the early Huang period, and his crown uniform was the same as that of the miscellaneous general. In later generations, Yiya will be a low-ranking officer.

General Pi:

The lowest rank of general is the deputy general in the army.

Door Governor, Tent Governor:

During the Han and Wei dynasties, he was a subordinate official of the county and the state. The full name of the Han Dynasty is "Men Supervisor Thief", referred to as "Door Supervisor", "Supervisor Thief", and "Supervisor Thief". Wei and Jin are also known as "Men Governors", or "Accounts Governors". The main guard, as an inspector and guide, etc.

This book was first published from 17k, the first time to see the genuine content!