Chapter 82: The Trajectory of History and the Turbulent Times
Before the support of the Japanese military headquarters arrived, the desperate remnants of the Mukden Kwantung Army and the remnants of the 20th and 19th Divisions of the Japanese Army stationed in Korea to support the Kwantung Army were all engaged in attacking and fighting in various parts of the Northeast under the control of a gambler's crazy consciousness.
On the basis of the results of the previous few days, the Japanese army completely captured Changchun, Yingkou, Tianzhuangtai, Gaiping, Fuxian, Dashiqiao, Haicheng, Liaoyang, Anshan, Tieling, Kaiyuan, Changtu, Sipingjie, Gongzhuling, Andong, Fenghuangcheng, Benxi, Fushun, Goubangzi, and other important cities along the South Manchurian and Anfeng railways. In addition to the defection of the chief of staff of the Office of the Deputy Commander of the Northeast Frontier Army stationed in Jilin Province, the Japanese army quickly occupied more than 30 cities and 12 railway lines in Liaoning and Jilin provinces. It basically controlled the two provinces of Liaoning and Jilin. It also carried out a complete division and encirclement of the Heilongjiang region.
With the gradual deepening of the battle and the continuous expansion of the results, the Kwantung Army's plan K formulated and implemented became more and more effective. The Japanese military headquarters finally no longer hesitated, and on September 25, 1931, two horse divisions, one independent mixed brigade, one heavy bombing flight group, one army aviation group, and the re-replenishment of the 2nd Division of the Kwantung Army and the 19th Division of the Korean Army were all driven into the northeast. So far, Japan's strength in the entire northeast has reached five horse divisions, two independent mixed brigades, 150,000 formed troops, and 200 combat aircraft.
On September 28, 1931, the Japanese army, which had completed its replenishment and recuperation, quickly launched an attack on the entire territory of Heilongjiang under the guarantee of non-interference by Soviet Russia, and took advantage of the transportation convenience of the Middle East Road and Heilongjiang.
With the full force of the Japanese army, on October 1, 1931, Zhang Haipeng, the defender of Taonan Town, surrendered to the enemy, and the Japanese army adopted the policy of using China to contain China, and ordered Zhang Haipeng's three regiments to attack Qiqihar, the capital of Heilongjiang Province. Different from the history of later generations, under the order of Zhang Shaoshuai to absolutely preserve his strength and never resist the loss of troops, except for a small number of Northeast Army spontaneous resistance, most of the rest of the troops retreated to the Beijing-Tianjin area in a roundabout way.
In mid-October 1931, the Japanese puppet Zhang Haipeng successfully captured Jiangqiao, Daxing, Sanjianfang, Angxi and other places.
On November 18, 1931, although he was born with a beard, Ma Zhanshan, who was appointed by Zhang Shaoshuai as the acting chairman of the Heilongjiang Provincial Government and the military commander-in-chief, was fully responsible for the transfer of the Northeast Army in the Heilongjiang region.
On December 1, 1931, under the attack of the Japanese army in the east, west and south, Harbin fell. Although Li Du, the former commander of Yilan Town and the commander of the 24th Brigade of the Northeast Army, led his troops to fight fiercely, he was unable to resist the Japanese invasion in the end. At this point, the eastern, northern, and southern parts of the Northeast were all in the hands of the Japanese. ,
The full-scale invasion of the Japanese strengthened Zhang Shaoshuai's intentions. After the complete loss of Fengtian, Zhang Shaoshuai immediately demanded that all the generals of the Northeast Army in the three northeastern provinces give up resistance and lead his subordinates to move to the west of Jinzhou. However, the Japanese did not buy Zhang Shaoshuai's account, but instead kicked his nose in the face. On December 8, 1931, the Kwantung Army sent 12 bombers to attack Jinzhou. In this regard, the Minister of War of the Japanese Army, Minamijiro, claimed that "because of the anti-aircraft fire of the Z* team, he had no choice but to take self-defense actions." After that, the Kwantung Army issued a public statement, declaring that "Major Marshal Zhang has gathered a large number of troops in Jinzhou, and if it is ignored, it may cause damage to Japan's rights and interests." In order to resolve the Manchurian-Mongolian issue as soon as possible, it was necessary for the Kwantung Army to expel the Jinzhou regime. ”
In fact, after the fall of Hei Province, the Kuomintang Nanjing government sensed that the Japanese army might still not be satisfied with continuing to invade Jinzhou in the southwest, so in order to stabilize the domestic situation, the Kuomintang authorities immediately ordered Shi Zhaoji, the representative of country Z to the League of Nations, to propose to the League of Nations on November 25, 1931 to designate Jinzhou as a neutral zone. On 2 December, the Kuomintang government informed the envoys of Britain, France, and the United States that it had agreed to withdraw its troops from Jinzhou and Shanhaiguan, but on one condition, that is, Japan would provide a guarantee to the satisfaction of France, Britain, and the United States, that is, that it would guarantee the security of the neutral zone. After Jinzhou's neutrality bill was exposed, it was opposed by people from all walks of life and students across the country.
Zhang Shaoshuai, on the other hand, was clearly inclined to settle disputes by peaceful means, and was fond of the "Jinzhou Neutrality" plan. Major Marshal Zhang sent a telegram to the Nanjing Government: "When the Japanese attacked Jinzhou recently, our troops stationed outside the Guanzhou should have taken precautions, but if the current government's policy is not timely, it will naturally not be defended by the Jinzhou troops and will be withdrawn to the Guannei."
On December 25 and 26, 1931, Zhang Shaoshuai sent another telegram to the Nationalist Government, saying that "once the Jinxi War begins, the whole situation in North China will be affected at the same time," and that Japan will "threaten our rear with its navy and disturb Pingjin, making it difficult for us to take care of it." Not only could Jinzhou be undefended, but even the territory in North China could not be protected. As a result, the 12th and 20th Brigades of the Northeast Army and the 3rd Cavalry Brigade stationed in Jinzhou retreated to the Luandong area of Hebei Province and Rehe. The Japanese soldiers occupied Jinzhou without bloodshed. So far, the Japanese army has occupied the entire territory of the three northeastern provinces.
At the same time, in order to implement the last part of Plan K, the Japanese army diverted the attention of country Z, and Seishiro Itagaki colluded with Takayoshi Tanaka, assistant military attache of the Japanese Legation in Shanghai, to deliberately create incidents in Shanghai and Hangzhou.
On January 18, 1932, Takayoshi Tanaka and Yoshiko Kawashima plotted and instigated the Japanese monk Keisei Amazaki and five others to throw stones at the workers' volunteers at the main factory of Z Kokusanyou Industrial Co., Ltd. on Mayushan Road, and beat each other with the workers. Tanaka manipulated hooligans and traitors to take the opportunity to beat two Japanese monks to serious injuries, and it was reported that one of them died in the hospital. Immediately, under this pretext, he instructed a group of thugs from the Overseas Japanese Youth Comrades Association to burn down the Sanyou Industrial Company in the middle of the night on the 19th, hacking and slashing three police officers of Country Z. On the 20th, he instigated more than 1,000 overseas Japanese to rally and march, strongly demanding that the Japanese consul general and the Marine Corps intervene. On the 21st, Japanese Consul General Murai Aomatsu made four unreasonable demands to the mayor of Shanghai: an apology, punishment of the culprits, compensation, and dissolution of anti-Japanese organizations. On the 22nd, Koichi Shiozawa, commander of the 1st Japanese Foreign Fleet in Shanghai, issued a threatening statement to step up preparations for war on the pretext of protecting overseas Chinese and to transfer troops from Japan to Shanghai. On the 27th, Murai issued an ultimatum to the Shanghai authorities, giving a satisfactory reply by 6 p.m. on the 28th, otherwise necessary action would be taken. In order to concentrate its forces on "suppressing bandits" in Jiangxi, the Kuomintang government continued to implement a policy of non-resistance against Japan. He Yingqin, Minister of Military Affairs, sent an urgent telegram to the 19th Route Army to endure humiliation and ask for perfection, ordering Shanghai Mayor Wu Tiecheng to accept all the unreasonable demands made by the Japanese side at 13:45 on the 28th. President Chiang Da, who was temporarily in the wilderness, entrusted Zhang Jingjiang, a veteran of the Kuomintang, to persuade Cai Tingkai to avoid conflict with the Japanese army, and transferred the 16th Military Police Regiment to take over the defense of the 19th Route Army in Shanghai. The Japanese side received Wu Tiecheng's reply that he was "satisfied," but on the pretext of protecting overseas Chinese, he demanded that the squadron must withdraw from Zhabei and did not wait for a reply to make a surprise attack on Zhabei that night.
At 23:30 on January 28, 1931, 2,300 Japanese marines, under the cover of tanks, occupied the Songhu railway defense line westward along the North Sichuan Road. One. The 28th Incident broke out.
After the outbreak of the incident, the Shanghai army and civilians were filled with righteous indignation, and the three divisions of the 19th Route Army, which were responsible for the garrison task in the Shanghai-Nanjing area, totaled more than 30,000 people, the 60th and 61st divisions were stationed in Suzhou and Nanjing, and the two brigades of the 78th Division were stationed in Shanghai. The 156th Brigade defending the urban area, with the active cooperation of the 16th Regiment of the Military Police who came to take over the defense, repelled the Japanese troops attacking from Hengbang Road, Qiujiang Road, and Baoshan Road, and recaptured Tiantongan Station and Shanghai North Railway Station on the 29th. The Japanese army retreated from the concession after defeat, and through the "mediation" of the consuls of Britain, the United States and other countries, a ceasefire agreement was reached, and the troops were delayed and waiting for reinforcements. Under the leadership and promotion of the Social Democratic Party, the people of Shanghai organized ambulance teams and volunteers to actively support the 19th Route Army. On the 29th, the Japanese government issued a statement threatening the government of country Z, falsely accusing the Shanghai incident of being caused by the anti-Japanese movement of country Z. The Nanjing government hastily moved to Luoyang on the 30th. By February 2, the Japanese army had transferred 2 additional aircraft carriers, 12 warships of various types, and 7,000 marines from China to Shanghai. Jiang Guangnai hurriedly transferred the 60th and 61st divisions to participate in the battle. On the 3rd, the Japanese army broke the ceasefire agreement and attacked Zhabei again, but was repulsed by the defenders of country Z. The Japanese Cabinet then sent the 3rd Fleet and the Kurume Army to assist Shanghai, and the commander of the 3rd Fleet, Kichizaburo Nomura, succeeded Shiozawa. On the 7th, Nomura changed the point of attack and attacked Wusong with the Kurume Brigade and the Marines attacked Jiangwan in an attempt to break through from the defenders' right flank. The 19th Route Army relied on Wusong Fortress and Yunzaobang water network area to fight fiercely with the Japanese army, and the 61st Division wiped out the Japanese troops who attacked Jijiaqiao and Caojiaqiao and smuggled into Yunzaobang, and the rest of the Japanese troops retreated to the concession, and the consuls of Britain, the United States and other countries once again came forward to "mediate" to wait for reinforcements.
The Japanese army increased its troops to attack Liuhe and capture Shanghai, and the officers and soldiers in the rear asked for a war of resistance, but President Chiang refused to increase the troops. The Japanese Cabinet decided to form the Shanghai Dispatch Army, and sent former War Minister Yoshirakawa Yoshinori as commander for unified command. On 27 February, the Japanese army in Shanghai was reinforced by the 11th and 14th Divisions of the Army, and the total strength of the Japanese army increased to 90,000, 80 warships, and 300 aircraft. At that time, the total strength of the defenders of country Z was less than 50,000, and the equipment was poor, and after a month of hard fighting, the casualties were relatively serious, and the river defense in the Liuhe area on the left was weak. Drawing lessons from the failure of the frontal attack of the previous three commanders, Shirakawa decided to land on the Liuhe River on the flank, flanking the Songhu defenders on both sides. On March 1, the Japanese 9th Division and other units attacked Song and Shanghai head-on, escorted the 11th Division into the mouth of the Yangtze River with the 3rd Fleet, and suddenly landed at Liuhekou, Yanglinkou, and Qiyakou, and quickly outflanked the defenders. The defenders of Songhu suffered from the enemy on their backs and were forced to retreat to the front line of Jiading and Taicang. On the 2nd, the Japanese army captured Shanghai, and the battle ended on the 3rd. Later, under the mediation of Britain, the United States, France, Italy and other countries, the two sides formally ceased war through negotiations.
At this time, in order to avoid the international controversy and public opinion, the Japanese army in the northeast arranged a cover to show that the Kwantung Army did not occupy the northeast, but the Manchus invited them to help establish a new state. And the last emperor of the Qing Dynasty Aixin Jueluo? Pu Yi became the best candidate for the new head of state. Under the full operation of the Japanese Special High School and the Kwantung Army, Pu Yi successfully reached the northeast from the capital.
On March 1, 1932, the Japanese Kwantung Army issued a "Declaration on the Founding of Manchukuo" in the name of the "Manchukuo" government, announcing the establishment of Manchukuo. On March 9, the last emperor of the Qing Dynasty, Aixin Jueluo? Pu Yi appeared on the stage, took office as the "ruling party", the year name Datong, the capital of Changchun, and changed its name to "Xinjing". According to the military arrangements and deployment of the Japanese Kwantung Army and the next strategic objectives, the territorial scope of "Manchukuo" includes the entire territory of the four provinces of Liao, Ji, Hei, and Re in the northeast (excluding the "Kwantung Prefecture" that has been actually occupied by Japan) and the eastern part of Mongolia.
In order to achieve the ultimate goal of making Manchuria eventually become Japan's territory, Japan launched a "national policy resettlement" activity in the name of developing the puppet Manchuria, and immediately began to emigrate from Japan to the northeast, and planned to achieve 1 million households and 5 million people within 20 years. At the same time, in order to cover up people's eyes, Japan quickly arranged for Pu Yi to sign the "Japan-Manchukuo Protocol," which enabled Japan to fully control Manchukuo in the political, military, economic, and cultural fields.
In less than half a year, the invading Japanese army took the land of Northeast China, which was several times the size of Japan, and its natural resources were incomparable to that of Japan. There is a lot of ecstasy in Japan. The Japanese military department has even increased the intensity of the northeast garrison. After the founding of Manchukuo, in order to completely control the northeast and the next military deployment, it immediately dispatched 10 infantry divisions, 6 infantry and tank brigades, and 1 aviation army. So far, Japan's total military strength in Northeast China has reached more than 500,000.
In the past six months, several sets of Japanese combinations have been beaten, and Zhang Shaoshuai and President Jiang Da have all been circled, and it turns out that the purpose of Little Japan is to split the Northeast from country Z. But at this point, the Japanese occupation of Northeast China had formed an established fact, and Manchukuo had been established. Zhang and Jiang regretted it late.
However, President Chiang's foundation is not in the Northeast, and the loss of the Northeast is just the loss of a piece of land that he does not actually control at all. However, for the sake of face, the Nationalist Government immediately announced that it would not recognize the legitimacy of Manchukuo, pointing out that this was a long-planned aggression by the Japanese. At the same time, in order to completely control the domestic situation, President Chiang once again intensified the encirclement and suppression of the SPD base areas.
And Zhang Shaoshuai was also distressed enough at this time, the Northeast Army and his own family in Fengtian were all gone, which undoubtedly greatly damaged his strength. Therefore, in order to consolidate the existing territory, Zhang Shaoshuai ordered all the Northeast Army to retract the defensive line, firmly establish the Shanhaiguan Pingjin Defense Line and the North China Defense Line, and at the same time increase taxes and strengthen armaments.
In the two provinces of Gansu and Ning in the northwest, as well as the Longwei army in Baocheng and Chahar Duolun in Suiyuan, they were strictly controlled and monitored by President Jiang Da and Zhang Shaoshuai during this half year. In order not to cause a civil war and not affect his own layout, Mu Han had no choice but to order all units of the Northwest Dragon Guard Army to hold on to all fronts. All ministries were strictly ordered to tolerate for the time being, and not to clash with any forces. Except, of course, the Japanese.
However, in order to create trouble for the Japanese army in Northeast China and sabotage their unscrupulous economic and resource aggression, Mu Han immediately instructed the Xiao Ran Department of the Fengtian Longyin Group, the Xu Shengda Department of the Regiment directly under the Longjiu Division, and Huang Xiansheng, the chief of the Northeast Police Bureau, to make every effort to search for and contact the remnants of the Northeast Army who had risen up to resist, and start operations behind enemy lines. At the same time, in order to train troops, all units of the Longwei Army began to regularly go to the northeast as battalions and companies to conduct rotational training and actual combat.
For a time, the figure of the Dragon Guard was active everywhere between the white mountains and black waters in the northeast land.