Chapter 101: Archaeology of Egypt

The construction of the Suez Canal has been almost eight years since the establishment of the company in 1842 to the present in 1850, and the canal was excavated three years faster than in the previous life with the help of the fierce ** provided by China, and the work of the Egyptians digging the canal through the desert in the previous life took nearly 11 years, and the final cost of the canal was as high as 18.6 million pounds, more than twice the original budget, and the canal was opened to traffic on November 17, 1869. The construction of the Suez Canal now took only eight years and cost around £9.74 million, and in a few months the finishing touches will make the canal navigable.

Egypt was conquered by the Turks in 1517 and became a province of the Ottoman Empire. It was occupied by Napoleon in 1798~1801. With the penetration of the British, Egypt was nominally an Ottoman province but was actually controlled by Britain and France, and the start of the Suez Canal attracted the attention of the whole world and attracted a large number of expeditions. Among them is the archaeological team of the Royal Culture Company to which Lin Hong belongs.

The religious beliefs of the ancient Egyptians led them to believe that after death, the soul lives forever. The future after death is very great, but the first thing is that the body must be safeguarded so that it is safe and secure, so that the free soul and the protective soul can have a home and find a way home. They were so convinced of the afterlife that it is no wonder that it was said, "The life of the Egyptians was a journey to death." "The belief in eternal life after death led to two things: one was the making of dried corpses, i.e., mummies; The first is the construction of strong and magnificent tombs. The quest for solidity embodied in the latter reached its zenith, and the Egyptians became the world's greatest builders.

In addition to the pyramids, the Valley of the Kings was also the main target of the Chinese archaeological team. The Valley of the Kings is a place full of mysteries, and no one knows where it came from. The more reliable theory is that the Valley of the Kings began with Pharaoh Thutmose I. Thutmose felt that most of his ancestors' tombs were not immune to tomb robbers, and separated his tombs from the funeral hall, which was still unprecedented among the Egyptian pharaohs. His burial place is almost 1.6 kilometers from the auditorium. He ordered Inanny to dig a tunnel with a steep slope in the limestone wall under a hidden cliff at the western foot of Thebes and place his body (mummy) there. For 500 years, the pharaohs continued to build their cave tombs in this valley in this way. Later, when the Greeks saw the long tunnel leading to the tomb, they thought it looked like a shepherd boy playing a flute, so they called this kind of cave tomb "Flute Cave".

Historically, the translation of Egyptian hieroglyphs by the famous French historian, linguist, and Egyptologist Jean-François Champollion in the early nineteenth century promoted the study of the area around Thebes at that time.

Since Lin Hong wrote a protective ordinance in the constitution on historical and cultural relics and ancient tombs, the cabinet's annotation on this is to prohibit any department in China from excavating Chinese historical monuments in any name, including the imperial tombs of the former Qing Dynasty, except for historical relics and antiquities that have been discovered and discovered during civil construction. This led to the shrinking of the domestic tomb robbery and antique trading market, but Lin Hong did not prohibit the development of overseas monuments, under the strong operation of Jinyiwei, Lin Hong gathered a large number of domestic tomb robbery experts in 1842, these experts are often said to touch the gold school captain, the mountain movers, the Faqiu Tianguan, the Xieling force and the Guanshan Taibao. But now, under the patronage of the government, they have become archaeologists who travel around the world to carry out archaeological activities.

Zhang Yang was originally a tomb robber, is a touch of gold school captain, in 1838 he began to step on the former Qing Dynasty's imperial mausoleum area, ready to dig the Qing Dynasty's imperial tomb to make a profit, but unfortunately was discovered by the security of the Cultural Protection Bureau at the time, and was finally secretly arrested by Jinyiwei, originally in prison he did not prepare the living after all, all dynasties and dynasties were used to rob the tomb with capital punishment, in order to show warning. But then he found that he was not the only tomb robber in this prison, there were many other well-known people in the tomb robbery circle, such as Ren Weixing of the Mountain Movers faction, Lei Ren of the Faqiu faction, and even the most unknown tomb robber sect in the circle, Guanshan Taibao.

Although Zhang Yang was strange, he thought that maybe the new dynasty was going to crack down on this line, but then the warden of the prison began to teach them history, culture and foreign languages, which made the thieves feel confused, and finally under the warden's explanation, they learned that His Majesty the Great Emperor wanted them to be good people again, because in order not to make their skills useless, after training, they would be sent to North Africa, South America and Europe to conduct archaeology. The warden even told them bluntly that they were going to steal historical relics from other countries and bring them back, and the state would reward them without blaming them. This shocked Zhang Yang's group of tomb robbers, and finally after a few years of cultural education, these thieves traveled around the world in the name of Chinese archaeologists.

By 1849, Zhang Yang had been in Egypt for seven years, and he was now an archaeologist at the National Museum of the Imperial Chinese Empire and his former associates to Egypt for "scientific expeditions".

Today they were going to dig a small tomb numbered K12, and although he didn't know why the upper authorities paid so much attention to this inconspicuous little tomb, he still faithfully fulfilled his duty.

This humble tomb is actually the mausoleum of Tutankhamun II, the twelfth pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty of the New Kingdom in ancient Egypt, who was originally known as Tutankhaten (Egyptian for "image of Aten"), who was later renamed after his belief in changing from worshipping the god Aten (the Egyptian god of the sun) to worshipping Amun (the creator god of ancient Egypt, the king of the gods). Tutankhamun is known to modern people because his tomb was never stolen for three thousand years, until it was discovered in 1922 by the Englishman Howard Carter (British archaeologist and pioneer of Egyptology), who unearthed a large number of treasures that shocked the Western world. His tomb was engraved with mysterious incantations, and coincidentally, several of the first people to enter the tomb died early for various reasons, which was hyped up by the media of the time as the "curse of the pharaohs", making Tutankhamun's name even more well-known in the West. After the excavation of Tutankhamun's grave, the life and cause of his death have been the focus of debate in archaeological research, but the conclusion is still inconclusive. Currently, most of Tutankhamun's funerary goods are on display in the Cairo Museum in Egypt.

At the door of the mausoleum, Zhang Yang saw an ancient Egyptian script, and he who was familiar with the ancient Egyptian script quickly interpreted that it was a curse spell for tomb robbers, but for "archaeological experts" like Zhang Yang, it was simply weak, compared to those broken dragon stones in ancient Chinese tombs, they were simply scum. Although he despised this intimidation method of the Egyptians, for the sake of safety, he still made the safety preparations he should have made before entering the tomb, wearing a special mask and a full-body protective suit, which was specially instructed by his superiors to prevent bacterial and viral infections in the tomb.

He was shocked by the subsequent discovery that the tomb consisted of an antechamber, a burial chamber, an ear chamber, and a storeroom. Except outside the tomb, all the places are filled with furniture, utensils, boxes, and other utensils, including the treasure trove of the tomb owner. Each artifact in the tomb is decorated with gold, silver, beads and jade. Two life-size ebony-gilded statues were also found in the burial chamber, which were vivid and lifelike. He knew it was a big deal.

In the following three years of excavation, Zhang Yang and his team found more than 2,000 cultural relics, and the tomb was very rich in rare treasures. And these treasures are all collected in the Egyptian Pavilion of the National Museum of the Chinese Empire, which has become a world-famous exhibit