There are many readers who are not familiar with the official system of the six-part system of the three provinces of the Tang Dynasty, and the third child cannot be explained in detail in the book, which will make the text seem too verbose, so I can only popularize it to everyone here! If you know it, don't pay attention to it, and if you don't know it well, you can learn about it here-

[1] Prime Minister

The official system of the Tang Dynasty was further perfected and improved on the basis of the Sui Dynasty. Nominally speaking, the governors of the three provinces are all prime ministers, but because Tang Taizong had served as Shangshu Ling before ascending the throne, no one dared to serve as this official again, so he shot as the governor of Shangshu Province with his deputy left and right servants, and was the prime minister with Zhongshu Ling and Shizhong. During the reign of Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, because of the high power of the Zhongshu Order and the Servant, he was not easy to give to people, so he often used his official titles such as "Participating in the Imperial Politics", "Participating in the Imperial Politics", "Participating in the Governor's Affairs", "Participating in the Gains and Losses of the Counselor" as the actual prime minister. Later, there were those who performed prime minister's affairs with the titles of "Tongzhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi" and "Tongzhongshu Menxia Sanpin" (changed to the second product when Daizong). In this way, if Shang Shufu does not add "Tongping Zhangshi", he will not be able to participate in the slaughter of the camera.

The governors of the three provinces have their own official offices, but they need to discuss major military affairs together. At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, the place of their meeting was in Menxia Province, which was called the Political Affairs Hall. During the reign of Emperor Gojong, the government hall was relocated in the province of Zhongshu. During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong, the political hall was renamed "Zhongshu Menxia", and set up five rooms, such as the officer's room, the machine room, the military room, the household room, and the torture room, and divided the affairs into Cao, so that the political affairs hall that was only the prime minister's meeting place developed into a prime minister's office, and handled daily administrative affairs with five rooms. After Suzong, "Zhongshu Menxia" is also referred to as "Zhongshu" and is different from Zhongshu Province. The political hall is the decision-making organ of the imperial court, and all the top political officials and the appointment and dismissal of officials above the fifth rank are decided here. The prime minister of the Tang Dynasty generally served as a few people, and sometimes there were more than ten people, one of whom was the chief prime minister, called "the ruling pen". After the Anshi Rebellion, the prime ministers took turns to serve as the chief, and they were replaced every ten days; Dezong changed it to a daily change, trying to prevent the prime minister's dictatorship, but the actual effect was limited.

After the middle of the Tang Dynasty, there was a practice of awarding the title of local marshals to the prime minister in the middle book order and the waiter to show favor. If such a local official came to serve in the imperial court, in order to distinguish himself from the real prime minister, he added the word "inspection school" before the official title.

In the middle and late Tang Dynasty, the position of Hanlin Bachelor began to encroach on the power of the prime minister, which had a certain influence on the politics of the Tang Dynasty. At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, the Hanlin Academy was set up in the forbidden middle school, and some scholars and people with skills such as medicine, divination, chess, and painting were summoned to the inner court to be on duty at any time, ready to be summoned by the emperor, and accompanied the emperor to live and feast. The emperor sometimes summoned some wise men to wait here for advice. During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, he set up a special Hanlin Academy, and selected the people to be the Hanlin Bachelors, who were in charge of formulating major edicts directly issued by the emperor. In this way, it usurped the right of the Zhongshu people in the province to make edicts, and the so-called "internal system" and "external system" appeared. The edict written by the Hanlin scholars was issued directly from the ban, called "internal system", and was written on white linen paper; The edict written by the Zhongshu Sheren was drawn up by the prime minister, called "external system", and was written on jute paper. For this reason, the Hallym Scholar is known as the "Inner Minister". However, the Hanlin Bachelor is not a formal official, but a kind of position, so there is no formal official rank, and the number of places is not fixed. During the reign of Emperor Xianzong, a highly respected person was elected as the head of the academy among the scholars, and he was called "Hanlin Scholar Chengzhi", and his power and responsibility were particularly heavy. In the late Tang Dynasty, the emperor also often used the Hanlin scholars to deal with the eunuch forces that interfered in the government.

After the Tang Dynasty Hanlin scholars were admitted to the hospital, they had to study for one year before adding the title of "Zhizhi Hui" and had the qualification to draft edicts with their pen. Once he became a bachelor, he would soon be able to formally worship the scholars of the Middle School, and then confer the official position of prime minister. This formed the tradition that the pilgrims of later generations often chose from Hanlin.

During the Tang Dynasty, an internal privy envoy was set up in the inner court, and the eunuchs were in charge of the transmission of the chapters and the transmission of edicts, and gradually participated in the secrets. When the eunuchs were in power, the privy envoys could participate in the government, and the power of the prime minister was mostly usurped.

The Tang Dynasty also had "Three Divisions" and "Three Princes", which, like the Sui Dynasty, were gifts of grace.

[2] Three provinces and six ministries

The Tang Dynasty's system of three provinces and six ministries was already very complete, with clear responsibilities of various departments, mutual cooperation between departments, and mutual containment; The division of labor among the various officials is meticulous and their duties are clear. The traditional names of the three provinces were restored: the Inner History Province is still called Zhongshu Province, and the Inner History Order is still called Zhongshu Order; The Nayan of the province of Menxia is still called the servant. The division of labor among the three provinces is: the Zhongshu Province formulates policies and drafts edicts; The provincial audit recital; Shangshu Province issued and executed. If there is any impropriety in the edict drafted by the Zhongshu Province, the Ministry has the right to refute it and request a redraft. For the important recitals submitted by various departments, they must be submitted to the Menxia Province for review through the Shangshu Province, and after the approval of the Menxia Province, they are allowed to be sent to the Zhongshu Province for the emperor's approval; If it is considered inappropriate, the amendment may be rejected. Since the two provincial offices of Zhongshu and Menxia are located in the north of Shangshu Province, the two provinces are collectively called "North Province", and Shangshu Province is called "South Province" and "South Palace". The names of the three provinces and their governors were changed during the reigns of Gaozong, Empress Wu, and Xuanzong, as shown in Table 1.

Zhongshu Province has two Zhongshu Ling as governors, and two Zhongshu Shilang as deputy governors. The important subordinate officials include the Zhongshu Sheren, who is in charge of the Senate seal, drafts the edict and the seal book, etc. Due to the characteristics of their duties, the Zhongshu Sheren can get in touch with the important affairs of the aircraft, and can put forward their own preliminary opinions on the major affairs of the military state, and sign their own names, which are called "five-flower judgments". The subordinate officials also have two attendants on the right and four doctors on the right, who are in charge of enshrinement and sarcasm, discuss major matters in court, and seal matters in small matters (submit a written report). There are also right fillers and right pick-ups, which are also officials who make sarcastic advice.

[3] Governing bodies

The central officials of the Tang Dynasty can be divided into two categories: Taiwan provincial officials and Qing Jian officials, the former refers to the three provinces and the imperial history platform, which belongs to government officials; The latter refers to the nine temples and five supervisors, which belong to the administrative officials. The Nine Temples of the Tang Dynasty evolved from the Jiuqing of the Han Dynasty, but their positions and positions were very different from those of the Jiuqing of the Han Dynasty. The nine temples of the Tang Dynasty are: Taichang, Guanglu, Weiwei, Zongzheng, Taifu, Dali, Honglu, Sinong, Taifu; The five eunuchs are: Guozi, Shaofu, Jiangzuo, Dushui, and Weapons.

The prefect of the temple is called "Qing", and the prefect of the superintendent is often called "superintendent". The political role of these ministers is limited. It should be noted here that Dali Temple is different from the criminal division. Dali Temple is responsible for hearing cases of crimes committed by 100 officials of the central government and cases of imprisonment or more for Jingshi, and after the verdict is sent to the Criminal Department for review, the death penalty is submitted to the emperor for approval. The Criminal Department is responsible for the judicial administration and trial of major cases throughout the country, and all local death penalty cases must be sent to Dali Temple for review.

In addition, there are three provinces, namely, the secretary, the palace, and the inner chamberlain, and their chiefs are also called "eunuchs". The secretary is in charge of the affairs of the scriptures and books, and is under the command of the Bureau of Books and the Tiantai. The palace province and the inner chamber province are the institutions of the inner court in charge of the transmission of the emperor's edicts and the affairs of clothing, food and daily life.

[4] Yushitai

In the Tang Dynasty, the Imperial Historical Observatory was the highest supervision department, with one Imperial Historian as its head and Imperial History Zhongcheng as its deputy.

Under the Imperial History Stage, there are Taiwan Courtyard, Palace, and Inspectorate.

There are six people in the Taiwan Academy, who are in charge of picketing hundreds of bureaucrats and impeaching lawlessness; Tried the cases of the emperor's special order, and divided the court with the people of the province of Menxia and the Zhongshu of the province of Zhongshu, and accepted unjust lawsuits, known as the "little three divisions". There is also a special person in charge of the daily chores of the Imperial History Bureau. The imperial history has the highest status and the heaviest authority among the imperial histories.

The palace has nine people in the palace to serve the imperial history, who are in charge of the ceremonies of the palace worship, and picket the ceremonies of the court meeting and the non-violation of the driving report.

The procuratorate has 15 people who supervise the imperial history, and those with young qualifications are called "supervising the imperial history", and they are in charge of supervising the local officials and the six departments of Shangshu Province. In the Tang Dynasty, the "Dao" was the supervision area, and the whole country was divided into ten provinces during the Tang Taizong period, and it was increased to fifteen provinces during the Xuanzong period. Each Taoist faction supervised one person in the imperial history, and later it was also called the patrol envoy, the observation envoy, the inspection envoy, etc.

The establishment and clear division of labor of the three courtyards of the Imperial Historical Observatory show that the imperial history supervision system of Chinese feudal society has developed and matured. In order to ensure that the imperial history could exercise the power of impeachment independently, the Tang Dynasty changed the past practice of selecting the imperial history by the chief of the imperial history platform, and selected the imperial history by the ministry, and some of the imperial history was appointed by the emperor himself. In addition to the supervision function, the imperial history also has a certain judicial jurisdiction, which is a characteristic of China's imperial history supervision system. In addition to the small three divisions mentioned above, in case of particularly major cases, they can be jointly tried by Dali Siqing, Shangshu of the Criminal Department, and Zhongcheng of the Imperial History, which is called the three divisions.

[5] The local government system

The local government system of the Tang Dynasty is generally said to be a two-level system of prefectures (prefectures) and counties before the Anshi Rebellion; In the mid-to-late Tang Dynasty, it evolved into a three-level system of provinces, prefectures, and counties. The prefectures and counties of the Tang Dynasty were divided into different levels according to their geographical location, the size of their jurisdiction, the number of household registrations, and the degree of economic development.

The governor of the state is the history of the assassin. During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, the state was once changed to a county, and the governor was called Taishou. Under the history of the assassination, there were officials such as Bi Jia, Chang Shi, and Sima, called Shang Zuoguan, who had no authority, and the imperial court often placed idle officials with their high quality. However, if there is a shortage of assassins, the adjutant can act as an agent for the state. Under the history of the assassination, there are also Si Gong, Si Cang, Si Hu, Justice, Si Bing, Si Tian and other Cao joined the army, responsible for handling all aspects of government affairs, and was led by the record and military affairs. These officials are called judges and have real power.

The prefectural magistrates are collectively referred to as prefectural magistrates, and there are prefectural officials such as Sasuke's official prefectural officer, prefectural lieutenants who divide public cao, and urge rent, and the chief bookkeeper who is in charge of the paperwork and accounting.

The capital of the Tang Dynasty, Chang'an, and Luoyang, the capital of the Tang Dynasty, set up a government, and the chief was the pastor, generally led by the prince Yao, and it was Yin who actually presided over the government affairs. Later, a number of prefectures were added, all of which were presided over by the governors. There are also Shao Yin, Si Lu and other military officials. Tang Gaozong and Empress Wu mostly lived in Luoyang, so the establishment of officials there was slightly the same as that of Chang'an. Although the emperors rarely went to Luoyang in the future, their official offices were not removed, but their names were empty and they did not have real duties.

There is also a metropolitan governor's office, which belongs to the nature of a large military region, and is called a metropolitan governor's office in charge of more than ten states. Most of the governors are generally led by the prince, and the chief historian is in charge. The general governor is also the assassin of the state in which he is located. After the Anshi Rebellion, due to the expansion of local moderation, the Governor's Mansion actually ceased to exist, and the "Governor" only became a "gift official".

In order to strengthen the management of the surrounding ethnic minorities and consolidate the border defense, the Tang Dynasty also set up six capital protectorates in the border areas, which were divided into large capital protectorates and upper capital protectorates. The chief protector is generally led by the prince Yao, and the deputy metropolitan protector is in charge. The governor of the Upper Metropolitan Protectorate is the Protector of the Metropolitan Domain. As the prefecture and the prefecture of the frontier region, it also governed a number of feudal prefectures and prefectures. Bondage is the meaning of bondage, bondage. In order to facilitate the control of remote ethnic minorities, the Tang Dynasty set up feudal prefectures and prefectures as special administrative zones in those areas inhabited by ethnic minorities. These prefectures had a certain degree of administrative autonomy and were not required to pay tribute to the imperial court, but they had to accept the jurisdiction of the governors and protectors of the border regions. According to the New Tang Dynasty Book? According to the Geographical Chronicles, there were as many as 856 prefectures in the Tang Dynasty, which was more than the prefectures in the interior. The Tang Dynasty's system of self-governing minority nationalities was conducive to stabilizing the situation in the border areas and strengthening the harmonious relations between the central government and the remote ethnic minorities, and at the same time it was also very beneficial to the economic and cultural development of these minority areas.

In the middle and late Tang Dynasty, the power of the Tang Dynasty increased greatly, and it developed into a local separatist force that divided one side, which eventually led to the demise of the Tang Dynasty.

In order to strengthen the military strength of the border defense during the Tang Dynasty, Xuanzong set up eight jiedu envoys along the border to command the border army, and he was originally a military general. After the outbreak of the Anshi Rebellion, the Central Plains used troops, so the mainland also set up a festival envoy. In order to meet the needs of the war situation, the Jiedu envoy not only led the troops, but also served as the assassin of the state where he was located, and was also in charge of civil affairs. Later, the Jiedu envoy added the titles of Beijing official and imperial historian, and also served as the observer envoy (originally a supervision official, and later gradually took charge of civil affairs, and governed one or several states), the camp envoy, the degree support envoy, etc., so it set the military, government, finance, and supervision powers in one, and became a feudal town on one side. After the Tang Dynasty, the jurisdiction of the Jiedu envoy was also praised, and later the whole country was divided into more than 40 provinces. At this time, the Tao was no longer a simple supervision division in the early Tang Dynasty, but an actual administrative division. This kind of road is also known as Fangzhen. Therefore, most of the officials under the Jiedu are appointed by themselves, and in addition to the original military and civilian officials, there is also a set of staff teams. The envoys delegated many important positions to these staff, and they were called dispatchers. These officials were not appointed by the imperial court, and some of them were also non-official officials, and they had no rank, so they had to apply to the imperial court and grant them the titles of Langguan and Imperial History.

This method is called "checking". The original meaning of inspection was to check and inspect. The Eastern Jin Dynasty was the first to set up a school inspection imperial history and was in charge of local supervision. At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, it meant to temporarily act as an official; After Xuanzong, it became an additional official, and all officials who added "school inspection" had no real position.

[6] Name change

The province of the door has two servants as the chiefs, and the two servants under the door as the deputy governors, and the important subordinate officials also have two permanent attendants of the left scattered cavalry, and four doctors from the left, all of whom are in charge of sarcasm and negligence, and admonish gains and losses. There are also four people in the matter, who are in charge of reviewing the sealing documents. There are also left to fill the que and left to pick up the legacy, all of which are sarcastic officials. Shangshu Province takes Shang Shuling as the prefect, but this position is not conferred, but the left and right servants of his deputy positions are the actual prefects. The official office of Shangshu Province is also known as Shangshu Province and Dutang. There is one person on the left and one on the left and one on the left and one on the left and right, presiding over the affairs of the province.

Shangshu Province has jurisdiction over six departments: officials, households, rites, soldiers, criminals, and workers. The chief of the ministry is Shangshu, and the deputy chief is Shilang. Each ministry has four divisions, the director is Lang Zhong, and the deputy chief is Lang Lang. The six departments and their respective functions are shown in Table 2. （15）

The six parts of the Tang Dynasty were third-class: officials and soldiers were the march, and the criminal and household were the middle bank; Etiquette and work are the last line. The promotion of officials in various ministries is progressively in the order of the last, middle, and front, which results in the fact that the six Shangshu of the Middle and Tang Dynasty have become the seniority of the officials, which may not necessarily indicate the actual position.