The origins of the February Revolution were naturally quite related to the social class contradictions, but it was the repeated defeats of the Russian army on the battlefield that were the real masterminds.

Although Nicholas II has always had the title of "little father", in fact, he was a well-deserved executioner for the suppression of the revolution, and at the same time he also had considerable experience in suppressing the revolution......

The war dealt another blow to the Russian Empire, which was already suffering from a somewhat sluggish economy, and on the other hand, a large number of ordinary citizens who were hungry and cold had to stand up and protest for their own survival. Originally, they still had some hope, but the repeated defeats of the Russian army, even if they had broken the Austro-Hungarian defense line at this time, the workers and peasants, under the propaganda of some revolutionaries, could no longer resist standing up and marching and protesting.

In January 1917, mass strikes and demonstrations broke out across Russia to commemorate "Bloody Sunday" in 1905. In response to the call of the Bolsheviks, the workers of the capital Petrograd held strikes and demonstrations, and they: chanting "Down with the war!" "Bread and Peace! slogan.

In the face of this strike, Nicholas II was ready to suppress it as before, but things suddenly came to a situation beyond his control. On March 8, 1917, International Women's Day, about 130,000 men and women workers in 50 factories in Petrograd went on strike and marched, kicking off the February Revolution. The next day, the number of people participating in the strike increased to 200,000.

The revolutionary storm of the united general strike frightened Tsar Nicholas II, who ordered to quickly restore order in the capital by any means at any cost. The arrest of the leaders of the Bolshevik Petrograd Committee and more than a hundred other revolutionary activists provoked great outrage among the masses.

They took to the streets to protest against government brutality, but were met with even more brutal repression. So the Vyborg District Party Committee, which led the strike, decided to turn the general strike into an armed uprising to overthrow the Tsarist government. The workers immediately sprang into action, storming the arsenals, seizing guns and ammunition, erecting barricades and fighting the reactionary military police. At the same time, the workers were also actively engaged in the work of winning over the army, and under the propaganda and inspiration of the workers, tens of thousands of soldiers openly stood on the side of the revolution. Together with the insurrectionary workers, they seized the Winter Palace, the tsar's lair, and government ministries, preparing to arrest the ministers and generals of Nicholas II.

The uprising in the capital was completely victorious. But Nicholas II was not reconciled to his defeat and immediately transferred troops from the front in an attempt to recapture the capital, but the tsarist army also mutinied under the influence of the revolution. Seeing that the tide was turning, Nicholas II was forced to retire on March 15, 1917, in favor of his brother Mikhail, who also abdicated the next day.

In this way, the Romanov dynasty, which had ruled Russia for 304 years, was overwhelmed by the February Revolution. The bourgeois-democratic revolution in Russia was victorious. After the February Revolution, there was a situation in Russia in which two regimes coexisted, rarely seen in history: the bourgeois Provisional Government and the Soviet of Workers' Peasants' and Soldiers' Deputies.

On the eve of the First World War, there was a new revolutionary upsurge in Russia, the scale of the mass revolutionary struggle approaching 1905 (the mass revolution of 1905 was suppressed), and its organization and consciousness had been greatly improved. Workers' strikes in St. Petersburg, Moscow and other cities were constant and on a large scale.

According to official figures, 725,000 went on strike in 1912 and 887,000 in 1913, but the actual number of strikers was much higher than the official figures. This mass revolutionary strike struggle was directly opposed to the Tsarist autocracy, but the development of the revolutionary movement was temporarily interrupted by the outbreak of the First World War.

By this time, Russia's internal economy had been severely damaged, and Russia's industrial base was already underdeveloped. In 1913, Russia's national steel output was only 4.2 million tons, while the machine building industry and chemical industry were relatively weak, and there was no automobile manufacturing industry, and many machines and weapons depended on foreign countries.

Before the war, Russia imported 37% of the machinery, and the self-sufficiency rate of important equipment and lathes was less than 1/3. The war weakened Russia's commercial ties with foreign countries, and imports of machinery fell sharply. In 1914~1916, although the Russian machine industry increased, most of its products were consumed by the war.

According to statistics, the products of 123 large machine building industries increased from 200.3 million rubles to 954.6 million rubles during this period. On average, military production is growing by more than 13 times per year, while civilian production is growing by only 40 percent. In 1916, the agricultural machinery product was only 1/5 of the pre-war period, and the production of locomotives and carriages was significantly reduced, with locomotives and carriages reduced by 16% and carriages by 14%. There is a serious shortage of machines and lathes, which in turn affects the decline in ore, coal and oil extraction. Due to the lack of fuel and raw materials, the blast furnaces were fired, many factories had to be closed, and the textile mills that relied on imported cotton before the war were suspended.

In 1916, 20% of the looms in Petrograd could not be operated. At the front, there was a serious shortage of weapons and ammunition, and at least 60,000 rifles were needed every month, but only 134,000 rifles were made in August ~ December 1914. 800 machine guns were needed per month, and in the second half of 1914 a total of 860 machine guns were manufactured. Traffic and transportation are severely blocked. Railways cannot afford to transport the tasks that have increased dramatically.

In the last five months of 1916, the railroad was able to deliver only 61 per cent of the army's food needs. By 1917, grain shipments had fallen again, to 50% in January and 42% in February. Some wounded soldiers did not receive food or gauze for several days. Food was scarce in Petrograd, Moscow and other industrial cities, but in Siberia, the Urals, the Caspian Sea, the Volga and the Don rivers, a lot of grain, meat and fish rotted. In 1916, 150,000 wagons of spoiled grain were stored in the country. Sea freight is not good either. The Baltic Sea and the Black Sea have long been blockaded by Germany and Austria-Hungary. Russia's main connections with the allies were through Murmansk, Arkhangelsk and Vladivostok, but there was no railway between the interior and Murmansk. The railway from Arkhangelsk to Vologda is narrow-gauge, which makes transportation inconvenient.

Vladivostok was far from the Russian hinterland, and as a result, large quantities of goods were piled up in the port and could not be transported to the interior. In Arkhangelsk, coal is piled up like mountains, and along the wharf there are boxes of lathes for the arsenal. In Murmansk, ships wait for weeks and months to be unloaded. Of course, that was only in the past life, in fact, at this time, a large amount of grain and fish in Siberia was digested by the city of Maria, and they bought it at a low price and then sold it to the northeast. At the same time, it also increased the foundation of Maria in Siberia, and hundreds of thousands of refugees from the Northeast and Mongolia came to Siberia to seek refuge in the Grand Duchess of Mary.

After the outbreak of the Great War, agricultural production in Russia was seriously affected. There are 15 million conscripts who are able to work, mainly from rural areas. According to a 1917 survey, in the 50 provinces of Europe and Russia, the rural male labor force decreased by 47.4 percent. The area of cultivated land decreased by 10 million Russian acres. The number of farm animals decreased from 18 million in 1914 to 13 million in 1917. Grain harvests decreased by 1/4.

Transportation difficulties led to a physical interruption of rural-urban links, and there was a growing shortage of grain, meat, sugar and other agricultural products in the market, and in December 1916 Petrograd received only 14 per cent of the planned food supply. Landlords, kulaks, and merchants, on the other hand, held vast quantities of the necessities of life, hoarded them, speculated, and often disappeared from the shops to be sold at high prices on the black market. In the summer of 1916, the price of grain in Petrograd was 1.5~3 times higher than before the war, and meat and sugar were especially expensive.

The broad masses of the people are on the starvation line, complaining and having to rise up and fight. In 1915 there were 684 peasant uprisings caused by hunger in Europe and Russia. In the first five months of 1916, there were 510 peasant uprisings. Of the belligerents, Russia had the longest front. The war was fought on the territory of 50,000 square kilometers of Russia. Three million refugees have been left homeless, without food and clothing, and many have lost their lives, been wounded, maimed and died of the plague during the war. By March 30, 1917, Russia had lost 8.4 million men. Many soldiers' families have no one to support them, and life is very miserable.

In order to sustain the war, the military expenditure of the Tsarist government increased day by day, and by March 1917, it amounted to more than 30 billion rubles. One third of them were paid by borrowing foreign debts, and the rest were paid by borrowing domestic debts and issuing indiscriminate banknotes. In 1917, the official price of the ruble was reduced to 55 kopecks, and the purchasing power was reduced to 27 kopecks. The national debt increased from 8.8 billion rubles in 1914 to 33.6 billion rubles in January 1917. The finances of the Tsarist government were on the verge of collapse.

In order to meet the needs of the war, the Tsarist government set up four special conferences on national defense, food, fuel and transportation in 1915 to regulate the economic life of the country, but it did not save the economy from bankruptcy, and even intensified the extremely cruel plundering of the working people. Most factories extend working hours to fulfill military orders, increase labor intensity, and exploit the labor of women and teenagers. According to the statistics of 345 enterprises, the average net profit was 8.84 per cent in 1913, 16.49 per cent in 1915 and 17.58 per cent in 1916. Economic chaos, combined with military defeats, led to a resurgence of the revolutionary movement throughout the country, combining the struggle against hunger, against imperialist war, and against tsarism.

In fact, such cruel things were not only in the Russian Empire, but also in France, Germany and most of the rest of Europe at this time, and the Czech Duchy was relatively better, after all, his battle front was relatively short, and Moravia had more experience in wars before. Grain and munitions did not limit the development of the Czech principality much because of technology, and it was these two things that caused the people to live in poverty.

There are also defects that the land is too big, for example, the Russian Empire at this time, if it were not for such a long line of defense, how could the family of Nicholas II fall to the level it is now? The increase in military spending led to greater oppression of the peasants and workers, which forced them to stand up and resist.

The biggest beneficiary of Russia's affairs is undoubtedly Ernst, not to mention that the Czech Duchy is the main rival country of the Russian Empire, and even the interests of Siberia have also made Ernst eat a lot of money.

The situation of Nicholas II was very bad, at this time the commander of the Siberian Military District and senior military and political officials couldn't help but look at Archduchess Maria, although Archduchess Maria was also a member of the royal family, but no matter which faction in Russia dared to touch her at this time?

Not to mention that at this time, if Russia wants to withdraw from the war, it must seek the opinion of the Czech principality, that is, the more than 30,000 Chinese foreign legions and more than 50,000 Siberian regiments (Mongolian cavalry divisions, artillery divisions composed of Siberian youth, and air force) that have not been formed for a long time are a force to be reckoned with.

Although the Siberian Military District was also not obeying the orders of St. Petersburg, he did not dare to act rashly, knowing that with the status and military strength of Archduchess Maria, it would be easy to rectify the Siberian region.