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After Germany pioneered the use of gas shells on the Verdun front, German radio broadcasts also condemned the British for the use of asphyxiating gas shells and bombs in the trenches. Before resorting to any new weapons or atrocities, the German High Staff often placed their actions on the Allies in order to "morally" justify this act of dehumanization.

Writing this, let's introduce the second battlefield in the war: the war of public opinion! This is also an important way of "war" today, and the degree of tragedy is no less than that of poison gas warfare.

During the First World War, in addition to newspapers, radio broadcasting was also widespread. At that time, although journalistic professionalism had become the consensus of the media community, including truthfulness, objectivity, and popularity, emphasizing that the goal of journalism was to serve all the people, not limited to serving political parties or economic interests, press freedom was also the cornerstone of Western journalistic theory. However, during the war, the propaganda front became a second battlefield, and the media of various countries spared no effort to safeguard national interests. As noted by British Senator Hiram . Johnson said: "In war, the truth of the facts reported by the media is the most questionable, and the truth is always the first victim of war." "So, it became the norm for German radio broadcasts to turn black and white upside down.

As a matter of fact, in ancient and modern wars between China and foreign countries, before attacking the other side militarily, they have always paid attention to making a sufficient statement in public opinion, declaring their own justice and denouncing the enemy's brutality. For example, before Cheng Tang crusaded against Xia Wei, he released the famous "Tang Oath", claiming that he was not rebelling. It's that this monarch is just too bad. When King Wu of Zhou crusaded against the King of Zhou, he also issued a battle inscription "Tai Oath" to discredit the King of Zhou to the greatest extent. Call yourself the teacher of justice. In addition to exaggerating Cao Cao's cruelty, cunning, and ingratitude, it also exposed Cao Cao's father who passed Cao Cao to the eunuch's **, accusing Cao Cao of not being a famous family, but just a "eunuch and ugly", so angry that Cao Cao had a headache. Luo Binwang, a prodigy who wrote "Goose Goose Goose" at the age of 7, scolded Wu Zetian. "In the past, Taizong was under Chen, and he once served with a change of clothes. In the late season, the spring palace is filthy. Hidden in the selfishness of the first emperor. Yin Tu Hou's Concubine", and "Jackals become sexual, mutilating Zhongliang." Kill your sister and slaughter your brother, and kill your mother". It's simply "the envy of man and god." Heaven and earth do not tolerate it". As for what the truth is, it doesn't matter! In the environment of centralization, shameless duplicity, talking about people when they see people, and talking nonsense when they see ghosts, can they do good propaganda!

Of course, at the beginning of World War I, countries did not pay much attention to propaganda. After all, with a cannon in hand, a large caliber is the truth. Long range is king! However, when the two sides enter a protracted war, and hundreds of thousands of casualties are lost on the front line, how to gain popular support for the war is a headache. In particular, at that time, under the influence of the "ghost of Europe", the vast number of workers felt that wealth was created by manual labor, and how to get them to join the war and go to the front to die, the governments of various countries had to build momentum in public opinion, smear each other, and praise their own righteous stand, which was particularly important.

There is a weakness in human nature, and that is that people are mostly willing to believe what they want to believe. However, due to the differences in countries, regions, and races, as well as the limitations of education and the content of information obtained, the so-called truth is only what you think is true. Once the media deliberately carries out biased reporting or someone manipulates public opinion, such as hiring a trolls or posting five cents, and this biased reporting happens to cater to the psychology of the masses, a kind of national fanaticism and extremism can easily be formed, and this so-called "herd effect" is very clear to those who will engage in propaganda in history, such as Hitler. So, when the war became protracted, the remaining professionalism of the media basically collapsed.

For example, the French newspaper Le Crucifixion advertised the war as an interracial struggle: "The ancient zeal of the Gauls, the ancient Romans, and the French has been resurrected in us, and the Germans must be purged from the left bank of the Rhine." These notorious nomadic tribes must be driven back to their borders. The Gauls of France and Belgium had to categorically repel the invaders with a decisive sudden blow. Race wars have appeared! "Differences between religions, such as between Christianity and Orthodoxy, also became a cause for war.

At first, the whole country of France was involved in a frenzied atmosphere of unanimous approval of the war. While a large number of young people joined the army under the agitation of propaganda, women put flowers on their weapons and offered kisses.

France trumpeted German brutality. In the early days of the war, the French army was defeated in successive battles, and the media, which was already under the control of the government, had no facts to publicize the victory of the French army, so they had to fabricate news. The number of German casualties was reported out of thin air every day, and the "victory" was reported that the Anglo-French army had occupied Hamburg, Germany.

At the same time, the British and French media smeared the German army. For example, the German occupation of Antwerp, Belgium, published a report that when the capture of Antwerp was announced, people made the church bell ring. The French newspaper Morning Post reprinted: It is reported that the priests were forced to ring the bell when the city of Antwerp was captured. Then the British newspaper The Times reprinted it like this: The priest who refused to ring the bell was reportedly dismissed. Finally the news goes back to the Morning Send: the savage conquerors reportedly punished the priests for their courageous refusal to ring the bell, who were hung upside down and dangled like a pendulum.

During the war, in order to achieve the goal of discrediting the enemy, it was fabricated as a commonplace for media reports. The British newspaper The Times published a gruesome account of Germany's "corpse utilization facility", saying that Germany used the corpses of British soldiers to make soap. "A train full of the bodies of British soldiers arrived at the factory, where the bodies were cleaned and disinfected. The corpse is then sent to a drying chamber and finally automatically transferred to a digester (a cauldron), where it is steam processed and then made into several products, and the resulting grease is packed into small barrels. This is a completely fabricated text, intended to arouse the strong antipathy of the British people against the German army!

Comparatively speaking, the strict and dull Germans did a relatively poor job of propaganda in the war, except for blaming the other side for the bad things they had done, they always emphasized that the enemy's propaganda was a lie, so that the German people could understand this. Germany interpreted the English allies of the Entente as "a lie". At school, students are asked to copy "Reuters (Britain's main news agency) is the fabricator of war lies." However, Germany's propaganda war against the United States was relatively successful. Because at that time, one-tenth of the population of the United States was of German descent.

In short, remember one law: in war, the place where there is no news is the newspaper. This also applies today, just like Saddam's propaganda minister, and the US army has invaded Baghdad. He is also saying that the Iraqi army has won victory after victory on the battlefield.

During the second German gas attack, they were thwarted by the Canadians and the wind turned backwards. A slightly greenish-yellow gas was still wafting towards them. So much so that the General Staff of the German army doubted the effectiveness of poison gas, believing that the use of poison gas against the entire enemy army had no strategic value and was only suitable for small theaters of operations, and therefore the effect was insignificant. It was not used on a large scale for a long time after that.

Encounter poison gas. The British and French troops hurriedly issued gas masks to the soldiers, but the chemical composition of the gas was not known at that time, and the gas masks issued were not particularly effective. French spy Charles. Lucito infiltrated Germany, where he was ordered to find out the information on the gas bombs.

So, Lucito pretended to be an alcoholic and went to the local pub frequented by Krupp workers. Germans have a penchant for beer. Lucito generously entertained his new acquaintance with bottles of beer. Absorb intelligence from their small talk.

At half past six that night, many workers were off work. Drink beer and eat grilled sausages in this bar. Lusito noticed an old man with a gray beard, thin, with prominent cheekbones, a wrinkled face, and a Krupp factory guard uniform with oil-stained cuffs.

The old man did not speak, alone in the corner, bowing his head and drinking a large glass of dark beer, without eating anything. He has four sons in the family, each of whom has grandchildren to support and go to school, and his salary as a guard is not enough for his own expenses, and he has no extra money on him.

Lucito, who was short and fat, and who was not good-looking, and who looked very gentlemanly in the outfit of a merchant that day, walked over and said to the waiter, "Hey, man, bring me two hot dogs." ”

With that, Lucito sat down opposite the old guard. After the waiter brought two steaming hot dogs, Lucito motioned for the waiter to bring one to the old guard.

"Thank you, good Samaritan." The old guard said that he was glad to have this good traveling merchant as his friend.

Lucito introduced herself as Klut and soon learned the old man's name: Camund. Lucito patiently started with the old guard, and slowly got up with his work: "Why haven't you retired at your age?" ”

The old guard Carmond said: "Retired? How can I have such a life. While you can still move, earn some money to spend yourself. Now the burden on the children is also heavy. ”

Lucito said, "How boring the job of a janitor is. ”

The old guard took a bite of the hot dog and said, "It's not too boring. "He spoke about a noteworthy experiment: firing a gas shell from a cannon.

Lucito pretended to be both concerned and suspicious, and reached over and said, "Is there such a thing?" How about we make a bet, if you have proof that it's true, I'll give you two thousand marks. ”

The old guard's salary was forty marks a month, and two thousand marks was a very attractive sum, and he agreed to provide convincing evidence.

Three days later, a sizable fragment of a gas shell was placed in the laboratory of a brilliant chemist in Paris, who quickly analyzed that the main component of the gas was liquid chlorine, and helped the Entente to create gas masks against gas, initially made with a gauze liner and wrapped around scrap cotton treated with caustic soda, but to little effect.

As a result, the Entente developed another type of gas mask, like a fireman's "fire cap", a greased-impregnated gray felt hood with small mica flakes to look out. The gas tends to seep through the loose stitches and rise from under the hood, with the result that people who wear such hoods are more likely to feel suffocated than those who don't. It was not until the 7th Battalion of the Canadian Army, in a trench attack, captured twelve German prisoners and captured their rubber gas masks, that the problem of gas masks was solved.

Gas shells, in cold weather, had a negligible effect, which disappointed the Germans. Sometimes an unusual gust of wind would blow poisonous clouds back into their own lines. Later, the Germans also used phosgene, a colorless gas that was three and a half times heavier than air and ten times more lethal than chlorine. In addition to being asphyxiating, phosgene can play an after-cause role in causing the total collapse of the heart. In ventilated areas, toxic and phosgene dissipate within three to six hours.

Soon after, the Entente also retaliated by creating their own gas shells. Later, the Germans also used mustard gas, an oily corrosive agent that blistered the skin and caused ulcers, which only evaporated over a long period of time. Mustard gas caused terror in the troops. The Allies retaliated with Lewis gas, which was also a highly toxic foaming agent. The Germans also developed a chemical that penetrated gas masks, causing people wearing gas masks to sneeze violently, nausea, vomit, forcing them to tear off their gas masks. This assault was followed by other poison gases that had been carefully timed.

In 1909, Germany fired at least 125,000 tons of poison gas at the Entente. The Entente also fired at least 100,000 tons of poison gas at Germany. The number of casualties in chemical warfare on both sides alone exceeded 1 million, including more than 100,000 deaths.

Corporal Hitler was on the battlefield and was attacked by the mustard gas of the British army, and his eyes were temporarily blinded. When he was taken to the rear hospital for rescue, he screamed in pain: "My eyes can't see!" I'm going blind! ”

Henry, one of the doctors in the infirmary, carefully examined Hitler's eyeballs and found nothing wrong. Hitler hysterically shouted: "This is impossible. Doctor, it's dark before my eyes! ”

At this time, Henry realized that Hitler might have hysteria, a type of neurosis, and he was always worried that he was sick, and refused to trust the doctor even if the examination was normal. Therefore, he should be psychotreated.

Henry said to Hitler: "Try to think about it, you are the greatest man in this world, and your will can change everything!" ”

Hitler believed in his words, and overnight, his eyes miraculously regained his sight. This event had a great effect on Hitler, making him even more convinced of the role of will and determination, and in the years that followed, he did not give in to any difficult situation. He firmly believed that God was dead, and Hitler was the God of the Germans!

And the initiator of the gas war, Haber, was strongly condemned by fellow scientists around the world, including his wife Clark, who left him.

That day, Harbour returned home to his beautiful and virtuous wife, Clark: "Haber, I'm sorry, I can't confront our children in the face of a diabolical father who disregards the lives of others!" I'm gone, to a very distant place, you don't have to look for me. I will give birth to the child, and when he grows up, I will tell him that his father was a scientist who died in the war! ”

Haber took his wife's letter and burst into tears, and he went to look for her, but there was no news. After that, every week, Haber went to a church near his home to confess and ask God for forgiveness! (To be continued......) u