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In the spring of 1910 in St. Petersburg, the weather was exceptionally cold. "There is flour in the bakery, but there is no coal oven to heat the oven, bread cannot be baked, and the streets are full of robbers, who don't want money, just food. Tsar Nicholas II ordered the mobilization of 50,000 soldiers in St. Petersburg, mainly Cossack cavalry, as well as recruits who had not participated in any military training, most of whom came from poor backgrounds and were very uncertain about their future, and who joined the army only to eat military rations so as not to starve to death.

In the face of the grim situation in Russia, after Tsar Nicholas II personally assumed the post of commander-in-chief of the Russian army, he decided to launch a full-scale offensive against the League ** and achieve a great victory to relieve the pressure at home. Thus, Tsar Nicholas II appointed Alexey, the most capable commander of Tsarist Russia. Brusilov became commander and launched the Eastern Campaign against the weak Austro-Hungarian army.

Brusilov was also ambitious and eager to make meritorious contributions, and without warning, he commanded the last 510,000 troops of the Russian army, including forty infantry divisions, ten cavalry divisions, and 1,770 artillery pieces, to attack the Austro-Hungarian army along a 200-mile long front. The Russian army does not prepare for artillery barrage shooting, and completely uses army surprise attacks to hit the enemy. The Austro-Hungarian army was almost 500,000 men, and its strength was roughly the same as that of the Russian army.

The Russian army was more accustomed to the bitter cold weather, and rushed like a tide to the Austro-Hungarian railway centers of Kovel and Lemberg, as well as the industrial capital of Galicia, the Austro-Hungarian army was caught off guard, and the Austro-Hungarian Fourth Army and the Seventh Army, which were stunned by the surprise attack, broke and fled.

However, Tsar Nicholas II did not provide the Russian army with reserves or supplies. When the tired Russian army had captured 200,000 Austro-Hungarian ** troops. Their advancing troops had already seen the Carpathian passes, but they could not advance any further. If the Russian army received effective manpower and material reinforcements, Brusilov would probably command the Russian army to storm Vienna. The collapse of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy was at that time.

However, the railway system of Tsarist Russia was frozen, the transportation efficiency was extremely low, the logistics supply was mainly carried by horse-drawn wagons, which were laboriously and slowly transported on the rutted dirt roads, and the front line was desperately short of supplies, and the British, French and Germans fought fiercely on the Western Front. Doesn't help either. Hindenburg, who was commanding on the Eastern Front, received a telegram from Conrad asking for help, and quickly dispatched 15 divisions of 200,000 German troops to prevent the Austro-Hungarian Empire from crushing. The German team galloped east along the efficient railway.

When the Germans arrived, they launched a strong assault on the Russian troops. Huge artillery bombarded the Russian positions, and in the smoke of gunfire, the army of Russian peasants was always without weapons or ammunition, and sometimes the Russian army had to charge with bayonets tied to a club. And the lack of the most ordinary tools. He even had to break barbed wire with his bare hands.

Later Russian reinforcements were also belated, morale was very low, and the deserted soldiers openly hid in their homes without interference from the authorities. At this time, ** and inefficiency were contaminated into all parts of Russian society, and the army was also dyed black. Profiteers who contracted military supplies, who received money to supply only a portion of the supplies, were often of poor quality. Moldy and smelly bread and black-hearted cotton can be found everywhere. Many of the fighters at the front line died of inflammation from their wounds. In this battle, the Russians paid a staggering price of a million men. The armies of the tsarist regime were almost completely annihilated. The three-hundred-year-old Tsarist dynasty was crumbling.

The defeat of the Russian army, especially the huge sacrifice of millions of people, made Tsar Nicholas II, as the commander-in-chief of the Russian army, embarrassed, and the trust of the Russians in the Tsar also collapsed at this time.

The greatest shame of man is the realization of his own incompetence. Nicholas II was no exception, he felt both tired and lonely, he realized that there would be a revolution in Russian society, but he was indifferent and powerless, unwilling to accept anyone's opinion. In March 1910, he returned to Tsarskoye near St. Petersburg in disarray, where he did not want to see Empress Alexandra and her children. With the exception of the Empress, all the ministers advised the Tsar to let the original cabinet fall, take responsibility for Russia's defeat and heavy casualties, and then appoint a new one. But Tsar Nicholas II was extremely depressed and was not ready to take any measures.

When the chairman of the State Duma of Tsarist Russia warned Tsar Nicholas II that a rebellion was sweeping the country, Nicholas II wrote to the empress: "This pot-bellied bastard has written me another piece of nonsense, and I don't even want to answer his nonsense. ”

Empress Alexandra wrote back to Nicholas II, encouraging her husband: "You have to be strong, the Russian people need your strength, every time there is a crisis, you always show love and tolerance to the Russian people, and now, you want to make them feel your strength, which is actually what they are asking for." Recently, many people have told me that the Russian people need a leather whip, which is very strange, but this is the nature of the Slavs, they will only succumb to violence and power! ”

Empress Alexandra's words meant that she wanted Tsar Nicholas II to strengthen the dictatorship and survive the crisis. But the tsar was also indifferent to the empress's proposals. Many ministers came to the tsar with advice, and Nicholas II always patiently listened to the repeated demands of others, and then smiled blankly, saying nothing, doing nothing, until he disappointed everyone, including Empress Alexandra.

Empress Alexandra approached the Minister of the Interior, Alexander. Protov asked him to hold a séance in the Winter Palace in order for her to get in touch with Rasputin, the "holy fool" who had been killed by Duke Yusupov and others. Protov was a comical figure, a court liar himself, who regarded the operation of séances as more important than the provision of bread and other food to St. Petersburg, and held séances in the palace several times, and knelt under the skirt of Empress Alexandra, claiming that he had seen Rasputin standing behind the empress.

The actions of Empress Alexandra and the Tsar outraged all those who still had hope for the country. At this time, even the most conservative parties in the State Duma agreed that the tsar must be eliminated. Young Socialist Alexander. Kerensky advocated an anti-tsarist coup d'état "by terrorist means, if necessary", and the chief of staff, Alexev, set out to plot the arrest of Empress Alexandra. Forced the tsar to carry out reforms immediately.

On March 7, Tsar Nicholas II, who had been silent for a week, suddenly announced that the next day he would go to the State Duma. Appoint a new cabinet and re-lead the Russian people to their feet. There were also sensible government officials who expressed support for the Tsar's move, rekindling the flame of hope.

That night, while Nicholas II was in his office in Tsarskoye preparing a speech for the next day's Duma, Empress Alexandra burst in with anger on her face and shouted as soon as she entered the house: "Your Majesty, I heard that you are going to the Duma tomorrow." The appointment of a new cabinet was announced. ”

Tsar Nicholas II did not raise his head and returned: "Yes. ”

Empress Alexandra said, "Your Majesty, you can't do this. Do you really want to obey the demands of those courtiers? You're so weak that it's unacceptable. ”

Nicholas II said: "What nonsense are you talking about? ”

Empress Alexandra replied firmly: "You must leave St. Petersburg tomorrow." I've got the Minister of the Interior Alexander. Protov brought in 30,000 Goshak cavalry. I am ready to dissolve the Cabinet of Ministers and the Duma in order to preserve the dignity of the royal family. ”

Nicholas II was taken aback and said: "What? You're going to make a coup d'état? Why didn't you consult me beforehand? ”

Empress Alexandra "snapped" and threw Tsar Nicholas II a newspaper that reported on the Socialist Party Alexander Brown. Kerensky's speech at the meeting of the Duma. Call for action to depose the Tsar. Expelled the Empress.

"This is your life-and-death struggle, Your Majesty, you can leave this place to me. You'd better go to the army headquarters, and when you come back Russia it's calm. ”

Nicholas II read Kerensky's speech and, at the insistence of the empress, canceled the plan to go to the Duma, announcing that he would immediately go to the front, to the headquarters of the army.

At this time, all the people despaired of the tsar's ** regime. Including those who did not want to plunge society into turmoil, they also began to sympathize with and support the revolution. This regime, which is not evil, will not be supported anywhere.

The next day, due to the threat of death from hunger and cold, many poor workers took to the streets, and a general strike and riots of looting of army food broke out in St. Petersburg.

The empress had to send the Cossack cavalry, who was supposed to be sent to the State Duma, to the streets to maintain order, and with long whips, sabers and rifles, they beat the over-the-top workers and peasants. But they consisted mainly of inexperienced recruits.

Kerensky and other socialists decisively walked out of the Duma building and into the streets. Brave as Napoleon, he climbed into a troop carrier of the tsarist army and shouted at the tsar's army: "Brothers, think about it, you are the people's army, not the tsar's lackeys, it is the Russian people who work day and night, save money and feed you, not the tsar!" In this difficult time of choice, remember your oath to the people. The muzzle of your guns must not be directed at the people, and the honor of the Russian ** team must not be stained with the blood of the people! Otherwise, what awaits you will be the judgment of history! Those executioners who have the blood of the people on their hands will one day be judged by the people! Justice will be late, but it will never fail to come! ”

Although Kerensky did not know whether his speech would impress the Cossack cavalry, and his expression did not seem so natural, the streets suddenly burst into cheers of "Ula", and the crowd shouted in unison at the Goshak cavalry, and some Cossack cavalrymen also cheered.

The leading Cossack cavalry even smiled at the crowd and said: "Don't worry, we are only here to maintain order, there are no bullets in our guns at all." Even if there are bullets, they won't shoot at you! ”

At this time, even the Goshak cavalry began to betray the Tsar. The Cossacks were once the loyal tools of the Tsar**, and where there was conflict, there were Cossack cavalry, who were the perpetrators of the whipping of the Russian peasants and the murder of the Jews, and in 1613, it was the Cossack cavalry that helped the Romanovs ascend to the throne of the Russian Tsar and conquer Siberia. At that time, the Cossacks were similar to the Americans, they were all cowboys who liked freedom, they were unusually democratic, even women were equal to men, anyone in the ethnic group had the right to vote, and the elected leader only served for one year. There are no hereditary nobility. Moreover, anyone who only needs to declare acceptance of Orthodoxy can join the Cossack society, Russians can, Turkic nomads, and even runaway slaves. The difference: the Cossacks shared their property. But by the XVIII century, the Cossack population exploded. Posing a threat to the Slavs, Tsarist Russia launched several wars against the Cossacks, whose revolt was ruthlessly suppressed. From then on, relations with Tsarist Russia changed from alliance to submission, and the head of the Cossacks still needed to be appointed by the Tsarist emperor. Each Cossack was obliged to serve the tsar for 20 years, which later became 30 years. Since then, it has become a tool of Tsarist repression, once slaughtering 300,000 Jews at a time. After the outbreak of the Great War, all Cossack young and middle-aged men were called to the battlefield, and the Cossack cavalry accounted for half of the Russian cavalry, and by 1910. The Cossack cavalry suffered heavy casualties at the front and was left to nothing by German machine guns and artillery. So this time, the Cossack cavalry was again conscripted by the empress to suppress the peasants and workers. They couldn't bear it anymore and sided with the revolutionaries and let the flames of revolution burn.

Hearing that the Cossack cavalry had no bullets in their rifles, the riots in the crowd were even more serious. More and more people are gathering. Some of the Bolshevik underground organizations also became active. Calling for more people to rise up against the Tsar, this time Lenin and the other Bolshevik leaders became smart, and their slogans were "Bread, Peace, Land", which was most appealing to the poor masses of Russia at that time. It was much more attractive than the slogans of democracy, freedom and so on put forward by Socialists such as Kerensky. The scale of the protests grew, and the streets of St. Petersburg reached 200,000 people. The scene almost got out of hand.

On March 9, the Cossack soldiers received a message from the Minister of Internal Affairs, Alexander Brown. Protov's order, shooting at the crowd of protesters. The Cossack cavalry blew the whistle of battle, and this time, they turned their guns on the secret police, and the secret police, who were killed in the streets, fell in a pool of blood, and the lackeys of these ** regimes, these shameless people who have been violently dealing with the population for many years, finally tasted the bullets.

At the sound of gunshots, the crowd of protesters boiled. When they learned that the Cossacks had chosen them, their eyes filled with tears and they prayed incessantly, thanking God. It was an unthinkable thing: the loyalty of the centralized government of the tsarist Cossack cavalry disappeared. The Russian cabinet members were collectively in a panic, and they kept sending telegrams to Tsar Nicholas II, asking the Tsar to return to St. Petersburg to stabilize the situation. However, Nicholas II also had no confidence in himself at this time, and only replied with a telegram: "At this difficult time when the Russian army is at war with Germany and Austria-Hungary, I cannot leave my army, and I order that the riots that took place in the capital end tomorrow!" ”

On March 10, Empress Alexandra did something stupid when she and the Prime Minister went to the State Duma to announce the dissolution of the State Duma, which Nicholas II had written before leaving. The deputies of the Duma immediately voted to ignore the decree. These people also announced that they had joined the side of the revolutionaries.

On March 11, tens of thousands of soldiers had already joined the revolution in the streets, a huge arsenal of weapons in St. Petersburg was stormed, and thousands of rifles were delivered to the revolutionaries. The courts and offices of the Tsarist secret police were burned down by angry people, the prisons were breached, the prisoners were freed, some fled, some immediately joined the revolution, and most joined the Bolsheviks, because the Socialists did not accept them.

On March 13, Tsar Nicholas II finally left the army headquarters and took the train back to St. Petersburg. He was about 800 kilometers from the capital, but he insisted on ordering the train to take a curve in order to avoid the train that was sending supplies to the troops at the front.

This kind act of Tsar Nicholas II did not save the deteriorating situation in Russia. On 14 March, even the 40,000 Janissaries stationed in St. Petersburg's Tsarskoye Village declared an uprising and joined the Bolshevik-led government. Empress Alexandra and five children actually became prisoners.

Queen Alexandra couldn't believe the facts in front of her, those who were untouchables in her eyes, occupied the palace and looted on a large scale. Her five children were all suffering from measles, which was a serious illness at the time, and she finally lowered her head, recognized the reality, and took care of her children quietly in the basement. In order for them to have a bite to eat, she gave up all her possessions, as well as her pride and self-esteem.

At this time, the high-ranking generals of the Russian front also sent a telegram to Nicholas II, demanding that he surrender the throne, and the Tsar removed the commander-in-chief of the Russian army, Grand Duke Nicholas in the Caucasus, was the main leader of these high-ranking officers.

Tsar Nicholas II was desperate. On March 15, Tsar Nicholas II's special train arrived in Pskov, 240 kilometers from St. Petersburg, and was stopped by Russian Duma dignitaries and some Russian generals and soldiers.

The chairman of the Russian Duma, Golitsev, boarded the special train and said to Nicholas II: "The revolution will overthrow you, and you can no longer be called king and emperor." ”

Nicholas II said: "Then let God decide." ”

Duma Chairman Golitsenv warned: "God can't do anything, you and your empress have messed everything up." I have prepared an abdication edict for you. You'd better sign it right away. ”

With that, Golitsenv handed the abdication edict to Nicholas II and gave him a pencil. At this time, the soldiers around Tsar Nicholas II betrayed him, and the former powerful Tsar was silent for more than a minute, which was probably the longest minute of his life, because he made the most difficult decision of his life: abdication.

Tsar Nicholas II signed the abdication with a pencil and handed it to the chairman of the Russian Duma, Golitsev.

Tsar Nicholas II gave his throne to his bohemian younger brother, Michael II. The Romanovs regarded him as a loser because he had secretly married a commoner woman who had been divorced twice and had a son. Sensing that the revolution would threaten his life and love, he immediately announced his abdication, claiming his willingness to restore the throne in the future on the condition that he must be given a State Duma elected by the people. At this point, the 300-year-old Romanov dynasty came to an end.

After the Tsar's abdication, there were two provisional governments in Russia, a bourgeois government introduced by the State Duma, headed by the Socialist Kerensky, and a Soviet government composed of soldiers and workers' representatives, who still demanded public ownership of property. Of course, just as Sun Dacang was still washing dishes in American restaurants during the Xinhai Revolution, Lenin was still hiding in Switzerland. The two governments were in a competitive relationship, working in the same building and setting up their own administrative centers.

For this early revolution in Russia, all countries in the world were shocked, and Song Xiaofei knew that the ** squadron of strong soldiers and horses should play!

By the way, Kerensky promised to protect the safety of Tsar Nicholas II and his family, and Nicholas II chose to support the bourgeois provisional government led by the socialist Kerensky.

In 1910, King George of the United Kingdom ascended the throne, known as George V. George V was the cousin of Empress Alexandra and the cousin of Nicholas II (Nicholas II and Empress Alexandra were cousins). After hearing that George V had succeeded to the throne, Nicholas II wanted to take refuge in England with his family. Kerensky asked the Russian Foreign Office to contact the British Foreign Office, and George V refused, replying: "The British crown cannot accept political asylum from an executioner who ordered the shooting of its own people, and this would damage the reputation of the British royal family!" And reputation is the meaning of the existence of the royal family! (To be continued......) u