Chapter 272: Stepping down
The impact of the Far East War on China's economy was enormous, especially the redrawing of Sino-French and Sino-Russian trade treaties, as well as the determination of China's rights and interests in Asia, especially in Central Asia.
In the case of international trade as a whole tends to be conservative, and all countries are constantly relying on high tariffs to protect domestic industries, especially through the Far East War, China has well protected the stability of the foreign export market of the traditional textile industry, and at the same time has carried out reliable protection for the emerging electrical, chemical and machinery industries in China.
Beginning in July 1903, China's international trade began to grow significantly and significantly, and on the basis of steadily occupying the largest exporter of raw materials and textiles, there were also new expansions in shipbuilding, steel, machinery, electrical appliances, chemical industry and other aspects.
In China's domestic market, domestic demand is also gradually expanding, and gradually developing into the largest market in the world.
At the same time as the economy is developing strongly, the country's education, political system, administrative organs, and military are all gradually developing and changing, especially in the political aspect, and national politics has begun to enter the political party, and Hu Chuyuan's Dagong Party is naturally the most important political party.
There is no other political party in domestic politics that can compete with the Ecumenical Party, but there are four different political views and differences within the Ecumenical Party, namely the royalists, the constitutionalist, the republicans, and the Han emperors.
The royalists demanded the restoration of Guangxu's pro-government, and the Han emperors demanded the replacement of a Han emperor, both of which were small factions with little number and power.
The key battle between the constitutionalists and the republicans is that the constitutionalists are basically administrative officials, while the republicans are dominated by the military faction, and there are also different opinions within the republicans, such as being anxious and relieving.
Hu Chuyuan is actually a middle republican, his basic strategy is to maintain the status quo, Emperor Guangxu did not set up a prince when he was there, and after his death, he naturally entered the republic.
If there are still people who want to restore at that time, then use the power of the army to forcibly maintain stability.
Therefore, the key is to stabilize the idea of the army.
Lu Guangquan, Zhang Shiying, and Yang Zongli, the Cantonese generals of Guangdong, all belonged to the Urgent Communists, while Duan Qirui, Li Kaiye, and Feng Guozhang belonged to the middle republican faction that followed Hu Chuyuan.
There are a lot of constitutionalists among the administrative officials, which is where Hu Chuyuan is most worried, but he and Qu Hongji can still talk clearly...... The republican system is the trend of the times, and the key is when the transition is most stable.
There is no doubt that if 50% of the main administrative officials are pro-republican, then change is certainly possible.
Profit is always the most important thing, and the reuse of republican officials can change this ratio, so that those who are good at watching the wind immediately adjust their thinking, even if they disagree in their hearts, it is important to agree on the surface.
Beginning in October 1903, with the help of domestic official adjustments, Hu Chuyuan and Qu Hongji began to promote those republican officials one after another, developing in the direction of monopolizing the governors of various provinces, and at the same time squeezing out some constitutionalist figures with real power.
People, even those who are good at making wall grass will have a bottom line.
Aware of this change, Zhang Zhidong, who has an extremely keen sense of political smell, shrewdly chose Zhishi, he had no way to fight with Hu Chuyuan, all military power was controlled by Hu Chuyuan, and he took advantage of his own victory on the throne of the governor of Northeast China.
As soon as Zhang Zhidong was withdrawn, Hu Chuyuan easily erased the setting of the governor of the northeast, set up only the governors of the four provinces, abolished the rank of governor throughout the country, changed the provincial governor system, and intensified the implementation of the modern political axe system.
In addition to Yunnan-Guizhou and Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningbo, which still retain the governorship system, Liangjiang, Liangguang, Huguang, and Sichuan have not had governors for a long time.
Taking advantage of this adjustment, Hu Chuyuan concentrated the power of the whole country in the central government.
The domestic army began to readjust, retaining 74 divisions, 33 integrated divisions with a permanent establishment of 17,000 people, and 41 regular divisions with a permanent establishment of 11,000 people, each division also retained a reserve force of 3,000 personnel in the source area, totaling 1.25 million regular soldiers, and each province retained an armed guard force of no more than 20,000 people, the navy added a coast guard force, abolished the original establishment of the Yangtze River fleet, and transferred the task of patrolling the coastal waters and rivers to the coast guards of various localities.
On the basis of the three major fleets of the Beiyang, Nanyang, and Pacific fleets, the domestic navy has added a new headquarters combined fleet with four sub-fleets, the main force of which is stationed in the Bohai Bay, and the rest are scattered in the Indian Ocean and Africa.
The Navy was downsized, the total tonnage of the ship's displacement was reduced to 750,000 tons, 22 10,000-ton battleships were retained, and the remaining warships were transferred.
Since the navy retains five marine divisions, the total strength of China's navy and army is maintained at about 1.54 million, and it has about 550,000 armed police forces.
The total number of personnel is indeed a bit much, but under the policy of adopting the conscription system and war subsidies, as long as there is no war, domestic military spending can be fully supported.
On the one hand, the country must actively digest these lands and strive for comprehensive sinicization, and at the same time, it is also necessary to actively prepare for war and start another war with the Russians for this reason at any time.
If there is a kind, let's fight again, anyway, Hu Chuyuan is not afraid, and the Chinese are not afraid.
Now it's even more fearless.
Hu Chuyuan is indeed disarmed, but the proportion of his army mechanization is also higher, 14 of the 33 integrated divisions are mechanized divisions, and 10 of them are fully mechanized main divisions.
The British, Germans, French, Americans, Russians, including Yue himself, are all seizing the time to study the armored vehicle system, all of which are copying China, but China has already considered installing a second batch of new armored vehicles, especially the TZA-5 with 230 horsepower and 75mm smoothbore guns, and the TZB-6 with the same horsepower.
Others copy China, and China is secretly developing its air force.
Hu Chuyuan's steps are particularly big, and he does have the confidence and capital to directly develop the air force as a separate system, mainly using helium airships on the surface, and secretly making every effort to develop aircraft.
Hu Chuyuan is convinced that there will still be a larger-scale world war in the world.
The international situation is changing rapidly, Russia has suffered heavy losses, and China is an unchangeable mortal enemy, which has lost the ability to contain Germany, France has suffered heavy losses, and at this time, Germany is also brewing a new plan to attack France and seize France's overseas influence.
After the end of the war in the Far East, Germany was actively negotiating with China in an attempt to reach a new joint naval research and development program and seek further joint research and development of the army.
This made Hu Chuyuan very embarrassed, don't agree, when you fought the Far East War, Germany made a lot of efforts, and the military factory was fully supplied to you, and only the Weiyuan class sold 8 ships.
Say yes...... It's not good!
Sino-British cooperation has been very deep, at present, the Chinese and British Admiralty have reached a joint development of the Dreadnought class plan, equipped with 10 305mm caliber guns, the maximum speed index is 22 knots, the thickness of the defensive armor in key areas is 280mm, the use of heavy oil combustion power boiler and radio communication center station system, equipped with its own sonar system, the preliminary quotation of domestic statistics is about 74 million yuan, is expected to be equipped with four, as the main battleship in the next ten years.
After weighing for a long time, Hu Chuyuan finally did not agree to the new plan proposed by Germany, but as for the army's new self-propelled artillery system, he was willing to work with Germany to jointly develop and produce it, and sell 750 TZB-2 armored vehicles to Germany.
His decision can basically get Germany to agree, because Germany is anxious to attack France and take the opportunity to rob once, and it is too late to study it now, although Germany definitely has the strength.
Buying is the fastest.
As long as you give money, the Phu Quoc Machinery and Vehicle Plant and the Jiangnan Automobile Plant will be able to produce 750 TZB-2 armored vehicles for you in a month.
Once upon a time, Hu Chuyuan really did not expect that China would actually become a world arms power, or sell weapons to Germany...... He didn't want to sell it.
The TZB-2 is indeed a very good weapon system, with a strong ability to cross mountains, and Germany knows that it is a good thing when it buys it, although its engine is a poor civilian gasoline engine.
France was so frightened that it could not hold out, and in March 1904, under pressure from Germany, France signed a new agreement ceding part of its interests in Africa to Germany.
The actual payment of the Germans was a big contract, giving the Chinese 13 million pounds to buy 750 armored vehicles, in fact, buying a Mauritania for 13 million pounds.
Hu Chuyuan was not idle, he did something even more immoral...... Helped Germany and France reconcile, and at the same time bought Gabon from France by offsetting a debt of 20 million pounds.
The 20 million pounds of debt was not idle, and it was turned into arms at home, which was basically the same as the German arms purchase contract, but the price increased by 7 million pounds for no reason.
People's hearts are not ancient, once upon a time, Hu Chuyuan began to be unkind.
He used to be a very kind man in the world, and he couldn't help it...... At that time, China was poor and backward.
Now that he is rich and strong, he doesn't have to be kind.
In mid-April 1904, Hu Chuyuan returned from Paris to complete mediation and began to implement a larger reform of national education in China, and in July, he finally introduced a new "National Education Law".
Unlike other countries in Europe and the United States, China's National Education Law places special emphasis on on-the-job education, and according to the new regulations, all factories and enterprises with more than 50 employees must hire teachers and provide employees with at least one class hour of free education per day, especially to help workers complete the transition to skilled workers.
Correspondingly, all expenses incurred by the company on internal education are tax deductible.
The army still implements the principle that the army is a military academy, and at the end of the three-year service period, through the army's internal assessment, primary and junior high school graduates can obtain a national education certificate for graduating from junior high school and high school.
The army provides soldiers with at least three hours of national education per day.
According to the "National Education Law", the country began to implement a nine-year compulsory national education, from primary school to junior high school, secondary vocational education continues to be free, higher vocational education and university education depending on the situation, the fees of state schools are very low, of course, they are also large class system, a class of forty or fifty people.
Private schools and colleges, on the other hand, are not allowed to have large class sizes, with a maximum of 20 students per class.
With the promulgation of the National Education Law, the Hu family mainly turned to university education in terms of educational donations.
Among the four major universities in Yanjing, Yanjing and Furen are all funded by the Hu family, and Aurora University, Soochow University, Nanyang University (the main campus is in Singapore, Fuzhou, Hong Kong, Manila, and Kuching each have branch campuses), and Southeast University (Fuzhou) are also funded by the Hu family.
These six private universities, together with Tianjin University and Nankai University, which are supported by the British, American, French and German aid funds for China, as well as Sun Yat-sen University and Hong Kong Polytechnic University in Guangdong, can be regarded as the top ten private universities in China.
Among the public universities, Yenching University, Tsinghua University, China Naval University (Fuzhou, formerly Fuzhou Shipbuilding School), Central National University, Capital National University, Shanghai National University, Jiangnan University, Yangtze University, Nanjing University, Zhejiang University, Peiyang University (Tianjin), Central University of Political Science and Law, National Defense Military University, University of Science and Technology of China, Central Normal University, East China Normal University...... The Hu family also has a certain amount of donations.
Now, the Hu family basically stopped donating money from other sources, and concentrated financial resources to donate to education, and the donation in 1903 alone reached 173 million yuan.
With the improvement of the domestic higher education system and the promulgation of the National Education Law, in 1904, the imperial examination was officially stopped, and a new administrative public service examination system was adopted, and secondary vocational education and above could be applied for.
If the system of universal suffrage is implemented in the future, the political parties will be rotated, and the appointed officials will have to be replaced, and the state officials will be iron rice bowls, and they will do what they should do.
By the end of 1904, Hu Chuyuan had basically completed the reform of the four major domestic systems of politics, education, military, and taxation, and if he wanted to complete all these things he planned, it might take ten, twenty, or even thirty years.
The reform of the civil service system and the reform of education alone will require a process of deepening and advancing through more than a decade of efforts in the course of governance.
By the beginning of 1905, Hu Chuyuan was ready to withdraw from the new political axe, and after discussing with Qu Hongji, Lu Guangquan and others, he basically retained the two posts of chairman of the Tagong Party and chairman of the State Military Commission, and no longer participated in administrative management.
In peacetime, the post of chairman of the State Military Commission actually has no great power, because the power to transfer troops is in the hands of the prime minister, and the key is that there is one right in the hands of the chairman, that is, to appoint generals.
As the chairman of the Ecumenical Party, Hu Chuyuan actually retains another power -- he can change the prime minister of the country at any time, because the Educal Party is the absolute majority party in the National Assembly, and the change of the prime minister of the country is a matter entirely within the party.
It is the Ecumenical Party that governs, and it doesn't matter who the prime minister is.
On March 7, 1905, Hu Chuyuan officially stepped down and no longer served as the next prime minister.
It was a really big bomb and the whole country was shocked.
The Chinese no longer dare to imagine a China without Hu Chuyuan, but fortunately, Hu Chuyuan still retains the two posts of chairman of the Grand Ducal Party and chairman of the State Military Commission, and his admirers can barely accept it, and those who hate him know that he has not left at all.
In mid-March, Hu Chuyuan's family moved out of Zizheng Garden and Yingtai without any regrets, and returned to Shanghai by boat.
In Shanghai, China's most luxurious private estate is opening its doors to them for a long time.
That one...... Hu Hansan or something is back.
Hu Chuyuan returned to his Shanghai Yongyuan.
(To be continued)