readx;

/72815, created on Aug 16, 2012/varcpro_id='u1025861';

10,000 words update

From the Black Hawk fighter J-10 in the sky, the Flying Fortress heavy bomber H6N1, to the Cheetah main battle tank M28A2, the Foxtrot W30 and the Weasel anti-tank fighting vehicle on the ground, to the super warships, Aegis air defense cruisers, and Song-class submarines on the surface, as well as the V-series missiles being tested, the equipment of the Chinese empire is in the leading position in the world in all fields of land, sea, air and space, which is beyond the reach of the European and American powers. Pen & Fun & Pavilion www.biquge.info╔╗

Despite this, the Western powers are not to be outdone and continue to catch up. This is because the 15-year military holiday time limit stipulated in the Five-Power Convention is approaching, and all countries obviously have not taken the initiative to renew the contract, which shows that with the economic recovery, the intention of each country to expand its military is very obvious. In particular, the contradictions between the Entente and the Central Powers were not resolved at all, the First World War was nothing more than a "first-half" game, and the result was only a draw between the two sides, and the Madrid Peace Treaty was just a "half-time" break in the game between the two major military blocs, and the fifteen-year military holiday of the Five-Power Pact was the "half-time" break, and as the "half-time" break was about to pass, the two sides would once again prepare for the decisive battle in the second half.

Germany, in particular, not only planned to defeat the Entente, but also wanted to catch up with and surpass the Chinese Empire to seize the first position in the world. For example, the German Army has developed the No. 2 main battle tank, the Air Force has developed the Junker fighter and more powerful bombers, and the German Navy has even been designing super battleships that can carry 20-inch guns.

As for the movements of the German side, France has always been the most nervous. The French spies also learned from within the German army about the German army's military plans for the next few years, but the French high command believed that France's industry had been severely damaged in the world war, and its industrial and economic capabilities were far inferior to those of Germany, so it was not beneficial for France to engage in a large-scale arms race with Germany. This was evident before the World War, when France was unable to join the massive arms race between Britain and Germany, and even less so after the war. Therefore, the French high command has always pursued a strategy of active defense. The construction of the Maginot Line fortifications continued.

The Maginot Line, named after the French Minister of War André Maginot during World War I, was named by the French people in recognition and commemoration of his successful defense against the German invasion by France.

In total, the First World War caused nearly 10 million casualties to the French army. After the war, the bitter lesson led the French people into an extreme mood that the enemy must be prevented from re-invading at all costs. In this context, based on the experience of positional warfare during the First World War, a military defense line about 700 kilometers long and costing nearly 6 billion francs, the Maginot Line, was born in the French High Command.

The study of the problem of border engineering fortification in France began in 1919. However, it was not until 1925 that the French High Command formulated a plan to build a fortified geographical system on the border. By 1927, it was decided to first build three fortified areas on its northeastern border, namely Metz, Lauter and Belfort, namely the Lorraine and Alsace fortified areas, and began preliminary construction in the same year, but due to financial problems, the project was not fully carried out for a long time.

The overall design of the Maginot Line is more than 700 kilometers long from north to south, surrounded by mountains and rivers. This concept is probably only comparable to the Great Wall of China. The Maginot Line was an unimaginable project, with 64 large fortifications, 100 kilometers of underground tunnels and 2,533 large and small pillboxes. The total earthwork volume of the project is estimated to be 15 million cubic meters. Laborers were brought in from the French colonies, and it was originally planned that the main part of the project would be basically completed in nine years.

The entire defense line consists of a support zone with a depth of 4~14 kilometers and a main defense zone with a depth of 6~8 kilometers. The two strongest fortified areas are Metz and Lauter. ╔╗Saar floodplain area is made up of natural river barriers and marshland. The Lower Rhine fortified territory is protected by the Rhine and Rhône-Caiin canals. Only along the Rhine were support points constructed consisting of permanent firing fortifications. In the most important areas of the Metz and Lauter fortifications, a complex of fortifications suitable for ring defense was constructed with a combination of surface and underground parts. The ground part is armored or reinforced concrete machine gun fortifications and artillery fortifications, and the underground part has several floors, including command posts, personnel lounges, food storage rooms, ammunition depots, ambulance stations, power stations, filtration and ventilation rooms, etc.

There are passages between the fortifications and electric vehicles. The weapons in the firing fortifications were specially designed and installed. A total of about 5,800 permanent fortifications for various purposes were constructed along the entire defensive line, with a density of 15 fortifications per kilometer of frontage. The strongest reinforced concrete fortifications, with a roof and walls up to 3.5 meters thick, and armored towers with armor up to 300 mm thick, were resistant to two direct hits from 420-mm mortar shells. The anti-tank obstacles in the defense line mainly include anti-tank trenches, cliffs, cliffs, and metal and concrete piles. and strengthened with minefields. Anti-infantry obstacles are generally metal piles or wooden piles barbed wire, and some sections are also set up with electrified barbed wire.

In addition, the sophistication of the Maginot Line is breathtaking. Basically, the most advanced technology in France is used. For example, inside the fortifications, there are headquarters, dormitories, canteens, turrets, ammunition rooms, repair shops, hospitals and even specialized dental clinics.

The most indicative of the technical level of the Maginot Line is probably its artillery command system. The movable turret that juts out of the ground and weighs several tons can be raised and lowered freely and rotated 360 degrees. And all this, with the help of a huge mechanical equipment, can be easily done by hand by a single lady. In wartime, the turret rises above the ground and can fire at enemies from any direction. In normal times, you can lower the turret to level with the ground, and if you don't pay attention, you won't notice a cannon lurking here. When the enemy attacks, the soldiers distributed at the important observation posts of the fortifications can observe the enemy situation with periscopes and report to the artillery command inside the fortifications. The command analyzes the enemy's position, and then transmits the data to the turret command post through a mechanical transmission system, which then adjusts the artillery angle according to the command of the command to carry out accurate strikes against the enemy. This sequence of actions can be completed in just a few minutes.

Narrow gauge trains were built inside the fortifications, which could transport ammunition supplies to various combat points in a timely manner. The ammunition, food, and fuel used to generate electricity stored inside the fortress could keep the soldiers out for three months without having to take a single step out of the hole. In order to avoid the deterioration of the soldiers' physique caused by living in the dark and damp underground for a long time, the builders also installed a heating system inside the fortress to keep the cave dry and at a constant temperature. Each fortress has a hall built in it, which is usually used for movies and dramas. Once there is a war, you can't go out for a long time. Soldiers can come here to receive "sunlight" simulated by the glare of high-powered light bulbs.

However, because the German army has been equipped with a large number of new weapons one after another, and the size of the army has shown signs of expanding ahead of schedule, the French government and public strongly demand that the defense capability of the Franco-German border be strengthened. The Maginot Line, which had been dragging its feet, was quickly approved by the French Congress.

In January 1929, the French parliament approved a large appropriation for the construction of a long defensive line along the northeastern border. Construction of the defensive line was in full swing, and it was planned to be largely completed in 1936, but soon the political situation in Germany changed. As a result, France had to speed up the pace of construction of the Maginot Line.

In March 1929, a figure who influenced Germany and the world came to power, and he was Hitler, a figure of invincible eloquence and spiritual energy stronger than that of Lenin and Stalin, who began to dominate the German Empire.

Soon after Hitler became Minister of the German Navy, with his superhuman eloquence and intelligence, coupled with the support of the Chinese Empire, Hitler quickly took control of the German Navy. In particular, after the German Navy under Hitler's leadership received a budget of 2 billion marks, most of the German naval commanders became staunch supporters of Hitler, and a considerable number of German naval officers joined the Nazi Party. and became the backbone of support for Hitler's rise to power.

Hitler took control of the German Navy in a short period of time, plus he had already mastered the German Army. Trusted and respected by President Hindenburg, Hitler's ambitions grew exponentially every day. ╔╗

Hitler undoubtedly wanted to be the supreme ruler of Germany, but he did not know the bottom of his heart, so at the suggestion of his first assistant Li Hua, he first launched a small coup d'état to test the reaction of the Weimar government and people from all walks of life in the German Empire, and then directly seized power if it succeeded. If it fails, find a scapegoat and plan later.

Hitler's new Li Hua. They held a meeting with a central group of Nazi Party leaders and decided to stage a small coup d'état in Bavaria to test the reaction of the Weimar government.

Since the end of the World War, there has been a fierce conflict between the Bavarian province and the central government in Berlin, where the German Empire rose and was most loyal to the German imperial family. The German Revolution led Kaiser Wilhelm II to flee to the Netherlands, and the newly established Weimar government wanted to change the German Empire into the Weimar Republic forever and completely abolish the dominance of the German imperial family in Germany. The Bavarian province has always been strongly opposed, which forced the Weimar government to publicly announce to the world that the name of the Second German Reich was abolished, and the official name of the Second German Reich was still the official name, but the documents issued by the central government were all named after the Weimar Republic, which made the officials of the Bavarian Province extremely dissatisfied. In particular, the Weimar Republic has always opposed the restoration of the Allied bloc, rejected the plan of merging with Austria, Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia after the disintegration of Austria-Hungary, and advocated peace in Germany and opposed war, which touched the core interests of the German Junker bourgeois right, and the situation of the great unification of the Germanic nationalities was obstructed, resulting in the constant intensification of contradictions between the local government of Bavaria and the central government of the Weimar Republic.

Determined to exploit this contradiction, Hitler demanded that the Bavarian state march on Berlin before it could attack Munich. Hitler believed that the timing was in his favor, and he insisted on following the example of the Italian dictator Benito Mussolini who had seized power in his "march on Rome" a few years earlier, and began to plan a "march on Berlin" in order to establish a dictatorship under his own control.

But the head of the Bavarian government was indecisive and had no intention of acting according to Hitler's wishes. On the evening of January 8, 1929, the Bavarian state government triumvirate and other dignitaries held a rally at the Bigblaukeller beer shop in the southern suburbs of Munich, and Hitler ordered Goering to lead 1,000 stormtroopers and force their way into the venue. Goering, Hess and others ascended to the podium according to Hitler's prior arrangement, and shouted loudly: "The national revolution has begun, the hall is now surrounded, and no one is allowed to leave without permission!" "Now that the Bavarian government has collapsed, the Nazi Party is now the leader of all Germany!" We will overthrow the Weimar Republic and restore order to the Second German Reich! ”

The sudden coup d'état overwhelmed the Bavarian state government's triumvirate and other dignitaries, who wanted to restore the ruling order of the Second Reich. But they didn't like to be held to the head at gunpoint, so they refused to cooperate with the Nazis.

However, Hitler did not give up, and the next day, he discussed countermeasures with Ludendorff, the chief of the General Staff of the German army in World War I, who was bent on establishing a military regime, and decided to hold a demonstration in Munich to expand propaganda and arouse the support of soldiers and people, and if necessary, directly seize the military and political power of Bavaria and launch a rebellion.

So, the next day. Hitler ordered Ludendorff to lead an army of more than 3,000 men from the beer hall to the city of Munich. But they were immediately blocked by the defenders of Munich, and 16 Nazis were killed. But this did not prevent the Nazi army from entering the city, because Hitler's stormtroopers were well-equipped, all of the Chinese Imperial standard weapons and equipment were much better than those of the Munich city garrison, and they were all professionally trained by the special forces of the Chinese Empire, and their combat effectiveness was strong.

Soon, Ernst led the stormtroopers to break through the defenses of the Munich City Guard, and Ludendorff led his army into Munich under the cover of five tanks.

Naturally, the Munich City Guards continued to resist. However, when they asked for help from the Bavarian Military District, they were rejected by the commander of the Bavarian Military District, Haines. Because Haines had already been controlled by the Nazi Party's subordinates. The Munich City Guards, unable to receive support from the army, resisted for an hour before surrendering to Ludendorff.

At noon, Ludendorff occupied the seat of government in Bavaria and announced that Bavaria rejected the Weimar government and demanded that the Weimar government step down and restore order to the Second German Reich. ╔╗

The events in Bavaria led to the imminent division of Germany, although Hitler said he had no prior knowledge. But the Weimar government understood that Hitler was certainly behind the scenes, and by this time Hitler's Nazi Party had grown to more than 1 million people and became the second largest party in the Reichstag. Moreover, its party program was contrary to the Weimar government, which the Weimar government could not tolerate, so the Weimar government immediately ordered a ban on the Nazi Party, closed the Nazi newspaper, and sent troops to Bavaria to prepare to suppress Ludendorff's rebellion, seeing that a German civil war was about to break out.

The Entente saw that a civil war was about to break out in Germany, and they were immediately overjoyed and prepared to support the German civil war. However, the Allies made a mistake in their judgment, they underestimated Hitler's strength, believing that Hitler could not confront the government of the Weimar Republic, so they decided to support Hitler in the war with the Weimar government, so as to balance the balance of power between the two sides, and it was better to keep the German civil war going on.

Britain, France and other Entente countries quickly gave Hitler assistance in political, diplomatic, military and economic aspects, and in less than half a month, Hitler received a total of 23 million dragon dollars from the Entente camp, Britain and France openly supported Hitler's Bavarian government, and provided Hitler with the necessary intelligence and arms.

Hitler was a little dizzy, he didn't expect this to be the case. He knew that the Chinese Empire was behind him, and now the Entente also supported him, so he was still a little worried, but at this time he immediately became bold and straightened, so he publicly declared his position against the Weimar government, and called on all members of the Nazi Party in Germany to prepare for battle.

Since Hitler's Nazi Party already controlled most of the German army and navy, more than two-thirds of the German army and navy declared their support for Hitler and called Berlin to demand the resignation of the Weimar government.

It was only at this time that Hindenburg and others suddenly realized that they had raised Hitler, an ambitious hungry wolf, and now they began to devour the lord.

Soon, the Imperial Chinese government also publicly issued a report of concern about the situation in Germany, demanding that Germany avoid civil war and should sit down peacefully to negotiate.

After weighing the pros and cons, the Weimar government believed that the Nazi Party would not be able to defeat Hitler at all, and that Hitler had the upper hand in military strength, so the Republican Party and the Socialist Party of the Weimar government agreed to negotiate peace with Hitler, hold new parliamentary elections, and finally decide whether the Weimar Republic would replace the Second German Reich.

The intervention of the Chinese Empire and the Entente led to the Weimar Republic having to compromise with Hitler.

Beginning in February 1929, re-elections began in the Reichstag, with the participation of more than a dozen parties, including the Republicans, the Socialists, and the Nazi Party.

But the result was that Hitler's Nazi Party continued to win the Reichstag elections, and on April 10, 1929, Hitler won 36.8% of the vote in the second presidential election. With 230 seats, it became the largest party in the National Assembly.

13th. President Hindenburg summoned Hitler and tried to persuade him to form a coalition government with Franz von Papen, but Hitler refused, claiming that as the leader of the largest party, he would receive "the whole power of the state, including all aspects", but Hindenburg also issued a statement refusing.

At this time, Papen and Schleicher secretly made deals with Hitler for their own selfish interests, and Hitler took advantage of the contradictions between them to reap the benefits. The mutual demolition of Babben and Schleicher. He preferred to let a third party come to power rather than let the other party come to power, and through covert political deals, he finally pushed Hitler out and formed a coalition of "conservatives and bourgeois nationalists, the president, the Wehrmacht, and the steel helmets" on one side and Hitler's Nazi clique on the other to form a coalition government of so-called "national unity."

The support for Hitler's rise to power and the overthrown Hohenzollern royal family also played a role that could not be ignored. On the 22nd, the crown prince sent a letter to Hindenburg, urging him to authorize Hitler to form a cabinet. Wilhelm II directly provided aid to the Nazi Party with 2 million marks.

In this way, Hitler finally ascended to the throne of chancellor on May 30, 1929, through a "backdoor" deal. From this time on. The Weimar Republic officially died, and the Third Reich was born.

When the ambitious Hitler came to power, he was not satisfied with such an alliance. By this time, Hitler had already won a majority of seats in the Reichstag and had a considerable influence in the German army, and the 500,000 elite German naval, army, and air forces soon fell to the side of Hitler's Nazi Party.

Therefore, Hitler insisted on using the power he already held to achieve the goal of establishing a dictatorship. As a result, Prime Minister's Decree No. 1 was issued on the second day after he took office. Claims that President Hindenburg has announced the dissolution of the National Assembly and that new elections are scheduled for June 15. Hitler believed that he would win the election. This would make it possible to exclude other parties in the coalition government and establish a system of one-party rule. On 3 June, he promulgated the Law on the Protection of the German People, which aimed to restrict the opposition parties in general, and the KPD in particular, in campaigning campaigns.

On 6 June, Hitler dissolved the Prussian State Parliament, allowing Goering, the acting Prussian Minister of the Interior, and the Nazi Party to take over the police station, while Rommel took over the post of Commander-in-Chief of the German Army, Schell resumed the post of Minister of the Navy, and Göring became Minister of the Air Force.

In this way, the seizure of power by Hitler's Nazi Party in Prussia was a foregone conclusion. Subsequently, the so-called "auxiliary police" composed of members of Hitler's personal SA, SS and steel helmets took over the police departments and set up concentration camps in the districts to detain thousands of Germans, SPDs, and other anti-Nazi and Hitler dictators. On the other hand, Hillet secretly co-opted the Junkers capitalists in China in order to gain their support and win the election. At the same time, Hitler sought the support of the international community, but was resisted by the Entente camp.

At this time, Britain and France and other Entente countries felt in danger of Hitler's one-sided seizure of power in Germany, and their miscalculation led to the rapid collapse of the Weimar Republic and the fulfillment of Hitler. At this time, Britain, France and other countries have regretted it, and they can't wait to buy a piece of tofu and kill themselves.

Hitler did not expect the Entente to support him, after all, Hitler's political program and military strategy were themselves to list the Entente as his number one enemy. So Hitler turned to the Chinese Empire and sought the support of the Chinese Empire.

Of course, it has always been the plan of the Chinese Empire to support Hitler to come to power, but he did not expect Hitler to come to power so quickly, which made Wang Chenhao feel a little uneasy. However, Wang Chenhao's plan was originally to direct the Second World War, completely let European countries eat dogs, and let the Western world return to the primitive society after the devastation of World War II, and never threaten the Chinese Empire. Therefore, Wang Chenhao quickly ordered the Ministry of the Interior to draw up a plan to support Hitler, and ordered the Reich Cabinet to prepare for the establishment of a strategic cooperative relationship with the Third Reich.

The Chinese Empire took the lead in supporting Hitler's election as president, influencing a considerable part of the world's countries that were on the side, and soon international public opinion favored Hitler's side, merged with public opinion in Germany, and cleared the public opinion obstacles for Hitler's election of head of state.

However, Hitler was not a man who pinned his hopes on others, he liked to control his own power. Therefore. In order to deal a thorough blow to the forces that oppose them, especially Germany, which is the most staunch opponent of the Nazis, the Nazis concocted the arson of the Reichstag on June 7, which shocked both home and abroad, and blamed the Germans for it, setting off a wave of unprecedented scale in the country, resulting in the complete destruction of the KPD institutions, the arrest of thousands of KPD cadres, and the forced going underground. In this case, SPDs and other prominent figures were also arrested.

Hitler also enacted the Act for the Protection of the People and the State, known as the Reichstag Arson Act, after the incident, which authorized the government to take over power in the states. With the participation of the SA and SS, he seized power from the top down in the states, especially those not under the control of the Nazi Party. From then on, the sovereignty of the states was brought into "integration", Germany as a state of law tended to disintegrate, and the basis of the Nazi Party's one-party rule was basically established. Through the "Night of the Long Knife" incident, he vigorously suppressed, cracked down and weakened the opposition within the party, and consolidated his own power.

After the Reichstag election on June 15, the Nazi Party received 63.8% of the vote. A 2/3 majority was obtained, therefore. Hitler seized the legislative power. In this way, Hitler could use his legislative power during his four-year term to set aside the Reichstag and its members from interfering.

The Enabling Law was the last step in Hitler's so-called "legality" on the road to power, and it was also the basis for the establishment of his "Führer's State". He did this by abolishing the administrative districts at the state level. The four steps of banning political organizations other than the Nazi Party, destroying the opposition within the Nazi movement, and controlling the economy and culture. This has led to further "integration" in various areas.

In this way, in less than half a year after coming to power, Hitler basically ended the seizure of power from top to bottom, and established the fascist totalitarian rule of the one-party dictatorship of the Nazi Party. At this time, the elderly Hindenburg was betrayed by the people he trusted the most, and he was by Hitler. This gave Hitler an excellent opportunity to finally concentrate power in his own hands. Hitler immediately promulgated a law combining the offices of president and chancellor, and called on the army, as well as judges and officials, to swear allegiance to him personally. As head of state and prime minister, he is now the sole ruler of state power, integrating all political and social institutions outside the army and the church.

When Hitler was politically purging the interior, he also brought the entire economy into the orbit of being controlled by the state, adapting to political needs, and implementing forced production, so as to be more conducive to the expansion of arms warfare. This was something Hitler learned from the Chinese Empire, imitating the state-planned economic system at the beginning of the Chinese Empire, and concentrating all its forces to do great things. At the same time, Hitler also found that the rapid rise of the Soviet Union and the state capitalist planned economic system of the Soviet Union were similar to those of the Chinese Empire, so he strengthened his confidence. From then on, Nazi Germany, like the fascist Kingdom of Italy, embarked on the path of dictatorship.

Germany's former allies, after seeing Germany stand up again, congratulated Germany one after another, and offered all kinds of support and assistance, especially Austria, Hungary and other countries that emerged after the disintegration of Austria-Hungary, they have long wanted to join Germany, just as Mexico has always wanted to join the United States. Calls for the merger of Germany and Austria-Hungary, which had been halted for more than fifty years, were renewed.

Germany's rivals, Britain and France, hesitated and retreated at this time. At this time, Hitler's image among the people was that of the leader who led the rise of Germany, and in order to fulfill his promise, Hitler began to implement his plan to unite Austria-Hungary.

At the end of September, after negotiations between Germany and Austria, the two heads of state formally announced their merger. In this way, Germany bordered Italy and had access to the Mediterranean, expanding the territory of the Third Reich by a third. Soon, Germany negotiated with Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia to negotiate the annexation of the territory.

The Kingdom of Italy was already dissatisfied with the outcome of the First World War, and none of the benefits promised by Britain and France to Italy were fulfilled, and if Italy had joined the Central Powers, it was estimated that the Entente would have been defeated. Now Italy regrets that it has a deep estrangement from the Entente. Now that Austria has merged with Germany, Italy borders Germany, and the German Army is too strong for the Italian Army to deal with. At the same time, the German Navy took over the Austrian Navy and formed the Mediterranean Fleet. Germany received military ports in the Mediterranean, and a powerful naval force would soon be transferred to the Mediterranean, which would be fatal for Italy's defense and security.

As a result, Italian Prime Minister Benito Mussolini personally met with Hitler and expressed his willingness to cooperate with Germany and establish a strategic partnership of mutual trust in politics, economy, and military. Germany, on the other hand, had just merged with Austria, and its rule was not yet secure, and it did not want Italy to remain in the Entente camp. So Hitler agreed to Mussolini's request. The two countries soon acted as dictatorships under the mediation and witness of the Chinese Empire, and the two sides soon reached a non-aggression pact.

The signing of non-aggression pacts between Germany and Italy, the fact that both countries were dictatorships, and whose political programmes and national policies were much the same, made the Anglo-French Entente nervous.

However, Britain did not want to provoke Germany and Italy, adopted a policy of appeasement, and hoped to turn the guns of Germany and Italy to the Soviet Union, so it chose to acquiesce in the merger of Germany and Austria. He supported the non-aggression pact between Germany and Italy, and immediately signed the Anglo-German non-aggression pact with Germany. In a vain attempt to stabilize Anglo-German relations with a piece of paper. Apparently. An agreement that did not include any protection of interests did not work at all, and was nothing more than wishful thinking on the part of the British.

Seeing that Britain had compromised with Germany, France did not dare to confront Germany, so it also signed a non-aggression pact with Germany to stabilize Germany. But after all, France shares a border with Germany, and after the merger of Germany and Austria, it gained access to the Mediterranean Sea. The German Navy was going to directly threaten the French rear, so France had to be on alert.

In this context, France hastened the Maginot Line, the Great Wall of Europe, which was built at great expense on the German-French border. This was used to defend against German attacks on France by land.

In August 1929, E. Daladier, French Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Defense, decided to build the Daladier Line from the northern end of the Maginot Line, along the entire French-Belgian border to the North Sea, and to strengthen the Maginot Line, and the project plan was fully advanced, requiring that it be completed before the expiration of the Five-Power Pact in 1931.

However, France's finances are limited, and the acceleration of the construction period and the increase in the amount of work have doubled the fiscal expenditure, but France still decided to tighten its belt and build the Maginot Line, for which France has almost devoted its national strength to building this defense line, which has seriously affected the military and defense construction of other aspects of France.

With Hitler's rise to power, the situation of two dictatorships on the European continent has been formed, and as two European powers and powers, and two permanent members of the Security Council, their influence is of great importance to Europe and even the world.

Soon there was an imitator on the European continent, F. Franco, who ignited the Spanish Civil War in 1929.

Although Spain did not participate in the First World War, this does not mean that Spain was not influenced by the Soviet Red Power. After the Spanish-Chinese War and the Spanish-American War of 1898, Spain lost some of its most valuable overseas colonies, and the war plunged the old capitalist country into difficulties, and Spain has been in turmoil and internal contradictions for many years.

From 1909 to 1911, Alfonso XIII's reign was plagued by a series of revolutionary movements, most notably in Madrid and Barcelona. The people raised the banner of overthrowing the monarchy. Under the pressure of public opinion, Alfonso XIII carried out a number of reforms in legislative, educational, and religious.

After the World War, with the support of Alfonso XIII, Miguel? Primo? Morality? General Rivera established a dictatorship on September 13, 1923. From then until 1927, Alfonso XIII effectively relied on this dictator, whom the people hated, to maintain his position as king. But in the summer of 1927, the Soviet Union and the Comintern infiltrated Spain and led the Spanish Revolution that year, and the Rivera regime was overthrown. The result of the revolution was the establishment of the Second Spanish Republic, and Alfonso XIII was forced to abdicate and flee.

But soon, Spain, with the support of the capitalist world, quickly subverted the Soviet conspiracy, Miguel? Primo? Morality? General Rivera suppressed the Comintern Revolutionary Party and restored the dictatorship.

However, the civil war soon plunged the dictator into unprecedented isolation, and in an official statement on December 31 of that year, he had to admit that the aristocracy, conservatives, the church, the wealthy, industrialists, and state functionaries no longer paid attention to him.

On January 27, 1928, he was dealt the most fatal blow: the ten commanders of the Spanish military districts, the commander-in-chief of the armed forces, and the commanders of the National Guard, the border guards, and the navy, all of whom were not in favor of prolonging the dictatorship. On 28 January, General Rivera resigned to the king. It proclaimed the end of the dictatorship of the military lords.

King Alfonso XIII did not initially intend to leave the political arena with his generals, and he founded Ida Masio? The new government, headed by General Berenguer and Admiral Aznar, was met with resolute opposition from the people of the whole country. In the end, King Alfonso XIII had to agree to a vote. Republicans won the vote. The king, having deduced the consequences of the election, left Spain. The Republican Party established itself and adopted a socialist constitution that, among other institutions, created a highly politicized police force, Assartos. This power influenced the monarchy-Catholic and Fascist fronts.

In the factions in favor of the monarchy. The most militant were the Orthodox members of the Spanish royal family, also known as reguetes. Among the fascists, the most formidable is the Falangists, which was created by Jos? Antonio? Primo? Morality? Rivera was founded in 1928. The Falangists, like the Italian fascist squads of 1921-1922, were armed with guns and uniforms. They are called "comrades", "comrades! Long live the Spanish Falangists! ”。

The precarious domestic situation reached a critical juncture with the political elections of 16 February 1929, which resulted in the victory of the Popular Front consisting of the left-wing Republicans, the Republican League, the Socialist Socialist Party, the General Labour Union, the Socialist Youth Union, the Syndicalist Party, and the Marxist United Labour Party, with 268 representatives of the Popular Front out of 473 elected members and only 205 seats for the right and centrists. Manuel on behalf of the Republican League? Asania was elected president of the Republican Party. Quiroga was elected prime minister, and neither the Socialist Party nor the government participated.

The new government passed a series of important decrees: it stopped paying compensation to large landowners for confiscated land and prohibited forced peasants to evict their leased land. Within five months, the peasants were given 712,000 hectares of land. Proclaim the right of self-government to all peoples. All those who had been dismissed for political reasons after 1 May 1929 were reinstated and paid compensation for three to six months' wages.

Before the February elections, there were serious differences of opinion in the right-wing camp on whether to seize power by force. After the victory of the Popular Front, however, this divide was overcome, and the Spanish Falangists, the Spanish Renovators, the financial capitalists, the big landowners, the Church and all the reactionary generals began to work in the utmost secrecy for the riots: the generals dupliously declared their loyalty to the Republic, that the army would not interfere in politics, but in fact that they wanted to consolidate their position in the army, and for this reason they came up with the slogan "Do not touch the army, do not let the army intervene in politics". On the other hand, weapons are stockpiled throughout the country. Priests and monks took off their robes and organized armed patrols. Many churches and monasteries became centers of insurrection. Both the armed forces of the Falangists and the reguetes began to mobilize.

The main hopes of the reactionaries were the mercenary colonial armies of Africa – the Moroccan troops and the Foreign Legion – and the 22,000-strong National Guard. In early July 1929, the colonial army held military exercises in Spanish Morocco. Finally assembled in Kattam on the Loess Plain, the officers openly swore an oath against the republic. The "Spanish Military Alliance" sent a circular to all the Spanish provinces and to Spanish Morocco: officers participating in the "movement" would be promoted and receive a lifetime pension. He also called for the establishment of "tribunals of honor" in all regions to purge the army of soldiers who were unreliable to the reactionary forces.

At the same time as military preparations, the big capitalists are also passively sabotaging. They deliberately provoked labor conflicts, blamed the government, and encouraged workers to strike, with a total of 95 strikes and more than 200 partial strikes in two months. The chaos of economic and social life frightened the petty bourgeoisie and the middle class, a section of conservative-minded intellectuals, and turned them against the republic. The White Terror spread everywhere, and in just four months, there were 260 political murders, 70 party headquarters were destroyed, 10 newspaper offices were destroyed, and 340 strikes hindered the country's economic development. Former Primo? De Rivera's Dictatorial Finance Minister, monarchist Jos? Calvo? Sotello gave a long speech in parliament against the government in Quiroga. On behalf of Dolores? Iba Luli refuted it, calling it a fascist. His reply was scathing: "Dictatorship is better than chaos." I declare that I am a fascist! ”

The next day, July 12, the anti-fascist José of the Assault Guard Army of Asartos? Morality? Lieutenant Castillo was assassinated by 4 unknown persons. That night, a team of Assartos knocked on Calvo, who had asked for a parliamentary exemption but was not accepted. Sotello's house, he was forced to put on clothes and was taken by them to "be interrogated". Sotello sat in the front seat of the car when police lieutenant Quincas shot him twice in the head and dumped his bloody body in a cemetery.

All signs indicate that a rebellion is imminent. In Madrid, Barcelona, Bilbao and many other cities, workers spontaneously organized themselves to stand guard day and night, waiting for the fascists to mobilize.

The clash between the two camps will be a fierce battle to the death, with both sides confident of victory. The republicans believed that they could put down any rebellion of the reactionaries. The warlords and reactionary forces were expected to quickly destroy the Republic, and Spain entered one of the most tragic periods in its history.