The founding ceremony confirmed the fact that China was established on behalf of the Qing Dynasty, but this does not mean that China is recognized by all countries in the world. According to international practice, after the establishment of a country, its government needs to send envoys to present its credentials to the governments, and at the same time, the governments will also appoint envoys to present their credentials to their countries. In this way, the two countries formally recognize each other and establish diplomatic relations. In the future, relations between the two countries must be carried out in accordance with international practice for diplomatic and economic activities, including the declaration of war.

A credential is an instrument exchanged between countries or agreed upon by mutual agreement. Generally, an official textual document used between two countries to formally announce to each other when there is a change in the rank of a diplomatic envoy or diplomatic representation, a fundamental change in the national system of the sending country/host country, or the death or abdication of the monarch of the sovereign/host country who appointed the envoy. The credentials are signed by the head of the sending country, countersigned by the Minister for Foreign Affairs, and presented by the envoy to the head of the host country in person.

If one of the parties does not accept the credentials of the other party, it is of the same nature as not recognizing the other country. Then relations between each other will no longer follow international conventions, that is, even in the event of a war, it is not necessary to declare war on each other in advance, but can attack at any time. Of course, this is only theoretical, regardless of whether the two sides recognize each other or not, the relationship between the two sides is actually determined by their own strength. Even if New China is the same, at the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, the European and American countries did not recognize New China, but China is after all a big country with a large land and population, and if it arbitrarily intervenes directly by force in such a country, it will have to consider a more long-term possibility. Of course, if it is a small country, let alone no diplomatic relations, even if it has diplomatic relations, so what? If you beat you, what else can you do?

The presentation of credentials is a formal diplomatic etiquette, and only after the presentation of credentials can the envoy officially perform his official functions. At the moment when Li Ming announced the founding of China at the Tiananmen Tower. The envoys who had been transformed from ministers of the Qing Dynasty into Chinese envoys abroad also came to the highest authority of the countries where they were located, and officially presented their credentials to various countries in the capacity of Chinese envoys abroad.

Kaiser Wilhelm II happily accepted the credentials. Whether it was the Qing Dynasty or the Chinese period, Wilhelm II believed that the relationship between China and Germany would always be friendly. After all, both countries share common political aspirations.

The President of the United States accepted the credentials with a smile, but his heart was full of mixed feelings. On the one hand, the United States needs to have good relations with China, and after all, the United States needs to export capital. China is the largest market in the Far East, and China also needs to import a large number of advanced industrial equipment, which is a common demand between the two countries. However, the United States has encountered unprecedented difficulties in exporting capital, and all of this seems to be related to the Chinese, but there is no direct evidence that it is related to China.

The Queen of England was saddened to accept the credentials. It's not that there is any political antipathy to China, but it's really because the aura of Chinese etiquette is too strong. Every time the Queen of England sees a ceremonial ceremony from the East, her heart becomes a little sadder. The complicated etiquette of the Chinese minister in Britain almost broke down the Queen of England, just a word of greeting. I have said it ten times over and over again, with both hands in the palm and thumbs up, you need to bend down 90 degrees, not in a hurry, and you need to walk slowly. This made the Queen of England, who stepped forward to take the credentials, stretch out her hand in embarrassment, because the bow of the Chinese envoy to the UK had not yet been completed, and the credentials were still in her hand. The Queen of England deeply felt that compared to China's huge ceremonial guard and perfect etiquette system. Britain, as the master of the four oceans, is ...... in etiquette In the words of the Chinese, they are the same as the aliens.

Including France, Italy, Austria, Chile and other independent countries in Europe and the United States. The Chinese capital sent envoys to present its credentials. When the heads of state of small South American countries received the official credentials from China, they were very excited, after all, this was the first credential they submitted on an equal footing since the founding of the People's Republic of China. Some countries that have not yet sent envoys to China have indicated that they will immediately send official envoys to China after receiving China's credentials.

Only Nicholas II of Tsarist Russia rudely drove away the Chinese minister to Russia who entered the palace to present his credentials. In his opinion, the 500,000 Russian troops in Western Siberia had been assembled, and the powerful fleet in the Indian Ocean was only shamelessly attacked by the Qing people. Just wait for the next spring when the wind is warm. At that time, the great Tsarist Russia will advance the north and the south simultaneously, and the yellow-skinned monkeys of the Far East, who will naturally fight at that time, will obediently come to surrender, and there is no need to receive any national letters now.

At the same time, in Beijing, the envoys of various countries in China also officially presented their credentials to the Chinese emperor. Whether they want it or not, it's a must. Otherwise, their status as envoys will not be recognized by China, and the consequences will be serious. Only Cassini, the former Russian minister to China, was recalled by Nicholas II because he repeatedly failed to detect China's movements, and the new minister Pukodi was still on the way. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which received the telegram, immediately reported the news, which made Li Ming, who was happily receiving the credentials from the envoys stationed in China, immediately pull down his face. Subsequently, Li Ming issued an order in front of the ministers of various countries not to recognize the official representatives of Russia of any nature.

Li Ming did not say anything about expelling the Russian envoys, because since the war between the two countries, neither China nor Russia had expelled the other envoy. Everyone knows that the war cannot be fought forever, and that in the near future it will definitely sit at the negotiating table, and then this unrecognized envoy will also resume his duties as an envoy.

Neither China nor Russia expelled the other's envoys, but the Russian envoys were still on their way to China, and they were still on the sea route. At this time, China announced that it would not accept the status of Pukodi's envoy, which meant that Pukodi could not enter China as an envoy, and he himself did not have documents for entering and leaving China such as tourism and business. That is to say, if the Chinese government insists on talking about his identity, unless Pukodi immediately returns to Russia to renew his visa, or Russia recognizes the Chinese minister to Russia, even if Pukodi arrives at a Chinese port, he can only stay outside the customs. The Chinese envoy to Russia is different, he is now in Russia, and he lives in the legation.

Dou Nale couldn't help but sigh secretly, and was won by the Chinese again.

Among these countries that have submitted their credentials, there are a few special ones. One is that Hawaii and China are still equal countries, and the two sides have ministers stationed in each other. Li Enfu, the plenipotentiary of the Hawaiian Kingdom on behalf of the Prince of Hawaii, was still an American citizen at this time, but he presented his credentials in a Han ceremony, and although he did not claim to be a minister, he also offered tribute, which made the American minister Tian Bei very worried.

The other is Siam. Sino-Siam used to be a suzerain-vassal relationship, but with the weakening of the Qing Dynasty and the rivalry between Britain and France over the Indochina Peninsula, Sino-Siam's suzerain-vassal relationship has officially ended. Since Li Minh came to power, Siam has not paid tribute once. But over the years, Chinese businesses have continued to invest in Siam, especially under the deliberate guidance of Li Ming. Paper mills and civilian chemical factories were established in Siam. King Rama V of Siam did not know the polluting power of these companies, and he only saw the huge profits brought by these factories to make the lives of the Siamese people better and better. Not only that, but China also gifted Siam's capital battleships and trained naval and army officers for them and assisted them in building a modern army. For this reason, the Bangkok military port, which was originally built with China's assistance, no longer requires China to pay for it, and Siam is wholly owned by China and China provides technical support. Of course, as a condition in the original agreement that the Chinese Navy can dock at the port of Bangkok for maintenance and replenishment, it is still in effect. Because of this, in the Franco-Siamese conflict in 1902, the Chinese Navy also supported Siam by calling at the port of Bangkok, so the Siamese Navy dared to confront the French Far East Fleet with its old battleships. In the end, with the mediation of China, although Siam made some financial compensation. But at least there is no need to cede territory. Now that China is facing a challenge from Russia, especially when the new Russian Far East Fleet is about to arrive in the Far East, it is time to see the attitude of other countries. King Rama V behaved to the satisfaction of the entire Chinese leadership, kneeling down to the monarch with courtiers to present his credentials and tribute. This shows that the suzerain-vassal relationship between China and Siam continues, which needs to be properly revealed. As for the elongated faces of the British and French ministers on the side, don't look at them.

But Japan's performance is very annoying. It doesn't matter if the Japanese king Meiji didn't come in person, as the prince of Japan, Kahito still spoke so arrogantly, without the slightest respect in his words. How can little Japan dare to stand side by side with Britain, France and other countries, and don't you see that everyone in Hawaii is obediently standing with their hands down? The elongated old face of the civil official. The generals were smiling. The Japanese dared to be arrogant in the main hall, and the generals who were courtiers naturally had to send troops to suppress the young people. Japan is the only gap in China's northeastern coastal defenses. The navy had long planned to garrison Japan, but it did not find the opportunity for a while. Although Japan has the Sixth Army Corps, the Japanese islands, which are not garrisoned by the navy, can easily be cut off by foreigners. Now that the Japanese prince Jiaren has personally sent the opportunity for the Chinese Navy to enter Japan, it would be blasphemous not to stretch out his hand at this time. Of course, we don't take all the garbage, we have to Yokosuka. No delays. I'll study it in the next court.

The envoys in China bowed when they presented their credentials, but this etiquette did not apply to the vassal states of China. As vassal states, they are not allowed to bow but to bow, and their credentials are not handed over but presented. The person who presented the credentials of the first vassal state of the founding of the country could not be a representative, but the supreme head of the vassal state himself must be present to present the credentials in a bowing ceremony. King Sangtae of the Ryukyus, King Yi Hee of Joseon, Prime Minister of Anui Soga Hirano, Governor of Nanyang Chinese Autonomous Region Li Guanshan, Governor of Luzon Mariano? Krosas, Sulu King Sutan Kelang II. and the Gurkha kings who were on the side of the high mountains in southwestern China were all there in person. In addition to the letter of allegiance to the minister, tribute is indispensable.

With the sound of the communication, the heads of state of each vassal state entered from the noon gate one by one and knelt down in front of the Taihe Palace, holding the national letter high with both hands on the top to read, and the waiter read the gift list loudly on the side of the door. With every word of the waiter, two guards carried the tribute into the palace and opened the box for the emperor to review. European and American envoys looked at the tributes of China's vassal states and knew for the first time what luxury was, and there were countless excellent pearl plates, jade boxes, and gold and silver products. There is only agate on the block, but the size of the head is comparable to a human head, and his own country is still searching everywhere in the colony, although the quantity is more, but the quality is by no means comparable to these, and it cannot be openly put on the table, and the vassal states of others are automatically handed in, and they are all of the best quality.

Li Ming and the courtiers were very satisfied, so they naturally smiled often, praised a few times, encouraged a few words, and received the gifts.

Perhaps the geographical location of the Yanhuang tribe is too good, and the climate is humid and abundant. The abundance of food also means the rapid growth of the population, and in the era of cold weapons, an adequate population means strong combat effectiveness. The Yellow Emperor was able to defeat and fight repeatedly, and Chi You's ability to turn over after defeating a battle is likely to be the Yanhuang tribe after the population can't be consumed. And the victory of the war also created a strong self-confidence of the Yanhuang tribe, and the Jiuli tribe that fused with Chiyou made its power even stronger. Powerful tribes naturally need small tribes to pay "protection money" and still respect me as the co-ruler of the world. In addition, the etiquette system and stable political system implemented by the Yanhuang tribe also made the surrounding small tribes proud to join the Yanhuang tribe. In order to distinguish between the noble clan and the foreign clan outside the country, the "Kifu system" was naturally produced. That is, the monarch has direct administration in the "inner service" (central area) of the kingdom, and the "outer service" (peripheral area) outside the directly subordinate area is ruled by the local rulers of these places canonized by the Central Plains Dynasty, and the internal and external services are mutually defended. This also allows the central area to have a peripheral area as a barrier and buffer. As a result, the Central Plains Dynasty avoided the attacks from most of the surrounding barbarian tribes and became more powerful. After the Zhou Dynasty replaced the Shang Dynasty, the system was refined, and for the first time, the concept of "beyond Kyushu, called Fanguo" was proposed, in an attempt to extend this system to a wider area that the Central Plains Dynasty had not yet actually controlled. Thus forming the "whole world." The concept of "the world" of the world co-ruler of the "royal land". In the process of historical development and cultural dissemination, the central "Neifu" ruling area has been expanding, and many "waifu" areas have gradually become part of the "Neifu" after accepting the social organization and ideological and cultural concepts of the "Neifu" region, and new "waifu" areas have been constantly formed. The continuous transformation between the inner and outer clothes becomes the so-called "Huayi distinction". (The Yellow Emperor was indeed a great emperor, and he understood the role of building an external barrier and buffer for his tribe as far back as the barbarian period, and in this way he did it in a way that others liked, and then quietly annexed it through ritual and music education.) The Yellow Emperor established an effective system of expansion for China's future development, which remained in use until the Manchu dynasty. Today, in this way, China can be re-expanded in this way. ）

Since the third century BC, the powerful Central Plains Dynasty has established a hierarchical network of political order with itself as the core, also known as the tributary system. In the final analysis, it was the royal family's demand for luxury goods for the Manchus themselves. Behind this tributary system is a set of tributary trade guidelines, which is equivalent to the Central Plains Dynasty buying luxury goods abroad through tribute, but this method is determined to be "thin and thick", that is, to buy luxury goods at a price several times higher than the tribute. However, these tributes were rare for the Central Plains Dynasty, and they may have been bargains everywhere in the vassal states. Sometimes the Central Plains Dynasty in order to maintain the face of the Celestial Empire. Even if a cart of garbage is sent from the next country, we will send a cart of gold and silver back. It's called "reward". North Korea is an example, they only need to pull a cart of grain or something that looks like it to the Central Plains, and send it to the Central Plains, in the name of tribute, in exchange for a cart of gold and silver. The Chinese say that North Korea is a mallet, and maybe the North Koreans also say that China is a fool. As a result, there is a record of five tributes paid by North Korea in a year.

If this is the early stage of the new dynasty. The rapid development of the economy can naturally meet the principle of "generous direction". However, in the later years of the dynasty, due to the economic downturn, it was no longer able to meet the ability to pay tribute, and the number of tributes paid by the vassal states was often limited. It is precisely because of the principle of "thin and thick exchanges" that the tributary system of the Central Plains Dynasty has been extended to the entire Southeast Asia and western China by the Ming Dynasty, but it was finally lost due to the weakening of the Manchu Qing Dynasty in history. As a result, New China has lost all its outer barriers.

The emergence of Li Ming avoided the collapse of the thousand-year-old tributary system, and the tributary through the founding of China also had the meaning of strengthening. It's just that the "thin and thick exchanges" were secretly canceled. The Central Plains Dynasty no longer simply distributed money in the name of rewards, but instead invested in vassal states. This is also the way that the vassal states want, don't you see the Ryukyus? Shipyards, mining plants, seafood, etc., because of the large amount of Chinese investment, the arrogance of the Ryukyu people who became rich. This time, in addition to being ordered to come to China to express allegiance and tribute, the heads of state of the vassal states also brought a bunch of their own merchants, mainly to China to discuss investment matters, and Minister of Commerce Sheng Huaixuan only arranged accommodation for Chinese merchants who came to Beijing to make a big profit, because all the inns in the entire capital were not enough.

After the ministers of various countries have submitted their credentials, it means that the newly established China has been recognized by all countries in the world and can conduct diplomacy and trade on an equal footing. The vassal states presented their credentials and tributes, which once again confirmed China's suzerainty status over the country in front of Europe and other countries, especially Siam, a country sandwiched between Britain and France, and China could also use its suzerainty status to openly intervene in Indochina. The premise, of course, is to take out the fleet of the Russian expedition.

After the vassal state, the princes of the country went to the table in turn and offered tribute, although the tribute was simple, but their etiquette was more respectful and complicated than that of the vassal state, these leaders from the steppe tribes were no longer able to resist the Central Plains Dynasty, and could only show their respect to the Central Plains Dynasty.

These vassal states and local tribes can be called ministers in order to seek the protection of the imperial court, but after all, they have a land and their own power, and some people are not qualified to be ministers even if they want to be ministers. Situ Meitang, who watched the ceremony, watched with envy that these Fanbang barbarians could get the protection of the imperial court with some rags, while the Chinese in the United States still had to accept the discrimination of Americans. Yes, in recent years, as the motherland has become stronger and stronger, not only Chinese living in the United States, but also Chinese people around the world have had a better life. But as the song goes, the ancestors have already branded everything they have with China, and no matter how beautiful they are overseas, they have no sense of belonging to the land overseas, because their hearts are still left in the motherland and not brought. When Situ Meitang announced the news that the imperial court had invited representatives of Chinese in the United States to return to China to watch the founding ceremony of the People's Republic of China, the entire San Francisco Zhigong Hall burst into tears. Hongmen Hongmen, Han lost the Middle Earth into a flood, today finally waited for my Han Emperor to recover the Middle Earth, revitalize my Han dynasty, Hongmen since the founding of the Chinese Republic of China renamed Hanmen. The entire Zhigong court agreed, but they still sighed, and there were still some small regrets in their hearts. That is, they would prefer to receive an invitation not from the imperial court, but from an order like Pontianak: ordering the head of the San Francisco Chinese Autonomous Region to pay tribute in Beijing on a certain day, and there must be no mistake. This is the cold official document they really want to receive.

As a representative of the Chinese in the United States, Situ Meitang was glorious, and he did not sit on the viewing platforms on both sides of the Tiananmen military parade like other vassal states, but stood behind the emperor with Li Guanshan to watch the ceremony, and then stood outside the Taihe Hall to salute the tributes of these vassal states. Although the emperor did not say a word to him during the whole process, the position he stood on represented the importance of the imperial court. Just as the emperor said when he entered Beijing to see His Majesty: The United States is still far away, and it will not be able to reach it for a while, but one day, where there are Chinese in the world, the imperial court will put them under the protection of our army, and all the kings will encourage them together. Whenever this sentence comes up, Situ Meitang's heart is hot. The Chinese in the United States have endured humiliation and burdens for hundreds of years, and now that life is much better, can they not hold on for another 20 years?

The ceremony will inevitably be followed by a state banquet. In layman's terms, when people come from afar to watch the ceremony, you should at least entertain them with a meal. The state banquet of the Manchu Qing Dynasty was the Manchu and Han Dynasty banquets, which concentrated the top cuisine of the north and south of China, and was suitable as the highest level of state banquet. The Manchu and Han Dynasty are full seats, and the former Han Dynasty is behind, and this name does not meet the requirements of the new dynasty etiquette system, and it is not enough time to re-customize. So Li Ming slapped his thigh like this, canceled some ordinary dishes from the Manchu and Han banquets, and then asked people to select representative dishes from other ethnic groups to join, such as North Korean kimchi. It's one thing whether you eat or not after the dishes are served, but with these dishes among them, China dares to call the banquet a beautiful name -- the world's feast.

The dishes are exquisite and the etiquette is exquisite. After the monarch and the ministers sat down according to the ceremony, the cold meat and hot dishes, dim sum, tea and food were all over the place. A full set of pastel Wanshou tableware, with silverware, is rich and gorgeous. During the banquet, famous teachers were invited to play ancient music to accompany the banquet, along the elegant style. The etiquette is rigorous and solemn, and the food is served in the week of the court.

From military parades to state banquets, the whole week of Han rites was displayed in front of foreigners for the first time, but they were at a loss. Because of these elegant manners, they really can't get used to it. Just a greeting to meet is very common in the eyes of the Han people, but these foreigners can't even learn to fold their hands and bow, and they can only gain a bunch of white eyes. The foreign ministers all sighed: "It is indeed a state of etiquette." ”

The banquet was staggered, the words were cheerful, and the joy was harmonious. All of them are good wishes for the future.

Li Ming used white ginseng wine to deal with the opening banquet, not because he didn't want to drink, but because there would be more important things later. Not only did the most distinguished guest not appear here, but Li Ming needed to receive him personally, but Empress Fang Cai sent a message to say that there were guests at home.

Li Ming is puzzled? That distinguished guest is a worldly master who does not follow the etiquette, and his status is higher than that of the emperor, and Li Ming personally received him in the past. But what other guests need to be received by the emperor himself? (To be continued......)