Huayi's distinction, respect for Xia Yiyi thought began in the "Spring and Autumn Period", two thousand years have not been questioned, to the early years of the Ming Dynasty, because there are differences in the historical status of the Yuan Dynasty, Huayi's distinction began to be intense, although there were the Northern Dynasties, Liao, Jin and other Hu regimes, but none of them have unified China, the Yuan Dynasty is the first to rule China for nearly a hundred years of the so-called Yidi Dynasty, the rule of the Yuan Dynasty is the shame of the Chinese nation, but the fact of a hundred years of rule can not be erased, the Ming Dynasty can not directly inherit the Southern Song Dynasty over a hundred years -

Therefore, Zhu Yuanzhang's "Enthronement Edict" admits that the Yuan Dynasty is a long-term dynasty in China, "I am the king of China, since the end of the Song Dynasty, the Mandate of Heaven is in the desert, and enters China as the lord of the world, passing on to the descendants, more than 100 years, the current fortune has ended, the sea and the territory, the heroic disputes, the right people of the Huai, the favor of the heavens, the spirit of the ancestors, and then take advantage of the autumn of chasing the deer, to the heroes and sages in the left and right ......", in order to show that the Ming Dynasty replaced the Yuan Dynasty is in line with the will of heaven, and when the imperial temple of the past dynasties was built in Nanjing, the Yuan Shizu and the three emperors and five emperors were enshrined together, but Fang Xiaoru, Xie Jin's ministers denied the orthodox status of the Yuan Dynasty, and the distinction of Huayi continued until the Jiajing period, and the Ministry of Rites finally dismissed the sacrifice of Yuan Shizu, and even more, proposed to remove the "Book of Wei", "Book of Northern Qi", "Book of Zhou", "History of the North", "History of Liao", "History of Jin", and "History of Yuan" in the twenty-three histories of the past dynasties from the seven historical books of Chinese orthodoxy, and only attached to the "Book of Jin" and "History of the Song Dynasty" as a biography of Yidi, which seems to maintain the orthodoxy of Chinese inheritance-

By the end of Wanli, the world pattern had changed greatly, the great geographical discoveries, the opening of the European Age of Discovery, the Spanish Armada across the seven seas, the rise of the British fleet, the Western civilization had surpassed the Chinese civilization in one fell swoop, and the scholars of the Ming Dynasty were still blindly self-respecting, intoxicated in a fantasy centered on the Ming Dynasty, although some enlightened people began to accept the new reality, but it was far from the mainstream. Zhang Yuan did not expect to change these perceptions through this debate. But it was possible to push open the door of the old house full of decay and blow in some fresh air, so he had to refute Shen Yu on Huayi's distinction. made it impossible for Shen Yu to exclude Westerners by region, and he still thought that if it was possible, he would invite Galileo to Daming-

Speaking of the map of the world, talking about Europe and the Americas, Shen Yu can not believe it. But Zhang Yuan refuted Shen Yu's prejudice from the source of Huayi's distinction in "Spring and Autumn", Shen Yu was ashamed and annoyed, and was speechless for a while, which made the emperor's eldest grandson Zhu Youxiao look very unhappy, but saw Xu Ruke in the Nanjing Ministry of Rites Standing up and said: "Wang Feng Su is a generation, openly sneaking in the Zhengyang Gate of Nanjing, building a beamless hall and hanging a statue. Confuse the foolish people, and give three taels of silver to each of his instructors to win the hearts of the people. Misdeeds. Last year, when they were detained for possession of muskets, a large number of Yahwegians marched through the streets with small flags. How is it to declare that you want to die for God, and how is it to rebel! ”

Zhang Yuan listened with a smile, he knew that Shen Yu and Xu Ruke could not exclude Long Huamin and others on such a simple reason as not being of our race under his argument, and they would definitely stare at what Western missionaries did in Daming, Wang Fengsu's missionary work in Nanjing was indeed excessive, and it was better for this person to be sent back to Macao, but he could not drive away all the missionaries in China because Wang Fengsu alone, Catholicism in Daming could be tolerated if he was cautious in proselytizing, Zhang Yuan valued this kind of cultural exchange brought by missionaries, at this time, In addition to the missionaries full of religious enthusiasm and adventurers who dream of gold rushing, who will travel far and wide to Daming, just like the desert and snow-capped mountains in western China, only monks who seek the Dharma and propagate the Dharma will not be afraid of the threat of death to cross, last year he entered Beijing on the same boat as the Jinnige said to him, the third year of the seventh month of the Wanli Dynasty, the ninth Jinnige and the Jesuit priests 19 people sailed from Lisbon, Portugal, sailed by sea for more than 200 days, arrived in Macao on the 6th day of the second month of the following year, only eight of the 19 missionaries survived, The other eleven missionaries either died of storms or disease, and the ships of the sea were very susceptible to plagues—

Zhang Yuan said: "Lord Xu said that Wang Fengsu secretly hid the musket, don't you know that the matter has been investigated, the two flintlock muskets I asked Wang Fengsu to bring from Macao, one of them has already been handed over to the Arsenal Department of the Ministry of War, and the Ordnance Bureau of the Ministry of Industry has improved the musket of my Ming border army according to this flintlock pistol, which is conducive to the armament of the Ming Dynasty, why is Xu Langzhong still holding on?" As for Wang Fengsu to distribute silver to the congregation, it is to help the poor and help the poor, and in Shaoxing, Yicang was also built to relieve the victims, and Buddhist temples and Taoist temples give porridge to the villagers in disaster years, isn't it a very common thing, is it all ulterior motives? ”

Xu Ruke said: "Zhang Xiushu is a scholar who reads the sage book, and the Taoist temple soup soup is out of compassion, how can it be compared with the Western priests with ill intentions. ”

Zhang Yuan said "oh" and said: "Speaking of which, Xu Langzhong still thinks that if he is not of my race, his heart must be different, no matter whether Wang Fengsu's generation is doing good or evil, as long as it is not my Ming people, it will be rejected all, right, this kind of insight is really not worth arguing, Xu Langzhong wants to argue, first make clear the distinction between Huayi in "Spring and Autumn" and then argue. ”

"Zhang Jiezi is so aggressive!"

Liu Zongzhou stepped out of class, first saluted the crown prince, then looked at Zhang Yuan, and said: "Let's not talk about whether firearms can enhance the combat power of the border army, just talk about the way of heaven and human ethics. Heaven is reason, but Catholicism says that there is no other Lord who gives birth to heaven and people, so that people do not know their ancestors and parents, and those who lead the world and rebel against the monarch and father must say this, and as for respecting God, you can ascend to heaven and avoid hell is even more nonsense, which is equivalent to bribery for personal gain, and it is an evil theory. ”

Liu Zongzhou has obviously studied the doctrine of Catholicism, and has insight into the core doctrine of Catholicism - God or God is a supernatural personality God, which is completely contrary to the Confucian cosmology, Liu Zongzhou inherited Zhu Xi's concept of rational qi, believing that the heaven and the earth are only one qi, and the unity of rational qi and human beings -

In Zhang Yuan's view, the Confucian view of denying that there is a spiritual entity that dominates the universe is obviously better than the Catholic cosmology, so he can't entangle with Liu Zongzhou here, Liu Zongzhou is a master of Confucianism, this is Liu Zongzhou's strength, he is afraid that he can't argue with Liu Zongzhou, and it is easy to confront the entire Confucian doctrine, so he must use his strengths and avoid weaknesses-

Zhang Yuan bowed to Liu Zongzhou and said: "The Buddha has Sakyamuni, the Tao has the Yuan Shi Tianzun, these mystical and illusory things don't matter in advance, I am not a Catholic, Mr. Qidong is not a disciple of Buddhism, I and Mr. Qidong only talk about the study of the application of the world, on the way of the king, on the way of the ministers, on the way of raising the people, on the rich people, how about it?" ”

Liu Zongzhou said happily: "Okay, let's talk about the monarch first, let me ask you, how the monarch is produced, is it appointed by God and God in the West?" ”

According to the general public's understanding, the monarch is the founder of the country to fight the world to become the monarch, and the later monarch is inherited, but Confucianism wants to elaborate on the monarch to the philosophical height, Zhang Yuan said: "The monarchy is granted by heaven, and the heavens are born for the people, I think this heaven is neither God nor Mr. Qidong said that the reason and gas, this heaven is the will of the people, the will of the people is the sky, the emperor Taizu Gao swept away the heroes, and stood on behalf of the Yuan, it is the heavens who are tired of chaos, and the emperor Gao is ordered to live and be democratic, so the peace is in the future." ”

Zhang Yuan didn't want to discuss with Liu Zongzhou what "heavenly principles", "sincerity" and "prudence and independence", he wanted to talk about the responsibilities of the monarch and the responsibilities of the subjects, that is, the monarch's way, the minister's way and the people's way, and the monarch's power is the subjective consensus of the Confucian monarch, but Zhang Yuan changed the Confucian concept of heaven here, and understood heaven as the will of the people-

Liu Zongzhou said: "Heaven is born for the people, the king said well, public opinion can affect heaven, but public opinion is not heaven, heaven is ethereal, seek the heart, the heart is the foundation of all things in heaven and earth, you should not confuse the public opinion and the heart." ”

Zhang Yuan successfully introduced Liu Zongzhou into the debate of the monarchy, he talked about the monarchy from the perspective of "educating the people", "raising the people" and the monarch mainly safeguarding the interests of the vast majority of the people, which was exactly what Liu Zongzhou, a member of the Donglin Party who intended to limit the monarch's power, appreciated, and an education for the crown prince Zhu Changluo, who listened to the debate, Zhang Yuan did not discuss the fall of the Yuan Dynasty from Huaxia Yidi, but discussed it from the policy strategy and the people's will, he said that Mongolia only regarded its strength, and tried in vain to conquer all countries by force, and eventually led to defeat, so if the monarch of a country is well-governed, the national strength is strong, and the national glory can last, otherwise insulted by other strong clans, God will not be able to help, this is the tragedy of Song Huizong's father and son, and it is also the tragedy of Zhu Youxiao's younger brother Zhu Youzhen, of course, now you can't cite the example of Emperor Chongzhen Zhu Youzhen-

Heavy snow falls, the outside of Yilun Hall is already white, at the beginning of the afternoon, the two sides debated for nearly an hour, Wang An saw that the crown prince was tired, so he signaled to Zhu Guozhen, the prince of the country, Zhu Guozhen announced that today's debate is over, and the officials of the Hanlin Academy and the Zhan Mansion sent the crown prince and the eldest grandson back to the palace.

The debate on the first day ended like this, Zhang Yuan refuted the narrow xenophobic thinking of Shen Yu and others, and Liu Zongzhou and Zhang Yuan talked about the way of the monarch and the minister, but forgot to oppose Western learning, Master Lianchi never said a word, just dialed the rosary to listen, Shen Yu reminded Liu Zongzhou to return to the debate against Yahism and Western learning tomorrow, from Xu Guangqi and Zhang Yuan's vain attempt to modify the Western calendar to modify the unified calendar to cut into the debate, Liu Zongzhou nodded and said yes, Liu Zongzhou is trying his best to oppose the change of the calendar, thinking that this will destroy the governance of the Ming Dynasty and use it to change the Xia-

Uncle Yao drove a carriage to wait for Zhang Yuan outside Jixian Gate, and Wang Da Hammer sat on the wheel, Zhang Yuan said goodbye to Xu Guangqi and others and got into the carriage, only to find that Wang Wei was in the car, Wang Wei was wearing a Zhaojun hat, wearing a cold fur, and said with a smile: "Today, I will pick up the prime minister on behalf of Mu Zhenzhen, and I also have martial arts." ”

Zhang Yuan smiled: "You can only shoot birds, but hand-to-hand combat is not as good as me." ”

Wang Weifen's face was slightly red, and he held a cup of tea in his hand to Zhang Yuan and asked, "How is Xianggong's argument?" ”

Zhang Yuan debated for more than half an hour, and when his mouth was dry, he took a few sips of tea and said: "There is no first in literature, there is no second in martial arts, debate is not stronger than strength, high voice, it is difficult to distinguish between victory and defeat, I just want such a place to debate to express my views." ”

Wang Wei said: "Who said that there is no first, isn't Xianggong the champion?" ”

Zhang Yuan smiled "hey" and sat comfortably as the carriage drove through the snowy streets.

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Xiaodao is not an expert in the history of Chinese and Western cultures, and Yasao is not a thesis, so it is good that the meaning is there, otherwise this debate alone can write 100,000 words, so the last two debates will be more concise, focusing on the impact of the debate on the Ming Dynasty and the opposition.