The 12th year of Chongzhen is a year of development.

As soon as the Lantern Festival passed, the whole of Shandong was once again fully operational, and the Ordnance Bureau had stopped the production of artillery and muskets, and instead began to open yellow powder and yellow explosives manufacturing plants everywhere.

These manufacturing plants are located in various provinces, mainly in areas close to raw materials and easy transportation. At the same time, the Ordnance Bureau began to manufacture new guns from open-hearth steel, and began to manufacture Mauser rifles.

Horse farms have been opened everywhere in places such as Monan, Mobei, Moxi and Northeast, and Nuergandusi, and the budget of 3 million taels is very sufficient for horse breeding.

After all, many horses were captured by the Mongols, and the number of qualified mares has increased to about 800,000, which can produce 800,000 horses per year. Combined with the number of self-raised horses, the number of horses can be increased by at least 1.5 million per year.

Due to the increase in horses, Dongsanfu no longer grows wheat and has begun to grow suitable crops such as soybeans and peanuts, as well as corn for animal husbandry.

The grain production area has moved to the northeast and North Korea, and a large amount of corn has been planted in the eastern Liaodong region for the development of aquaculture, while the northern region is planted with soybeans, and at the same time, a large amount of wheat and rice have been planted in the entire northeast.

Wheat has been planted last winter, mainly in the southern region, where the temperature is too cold for winter wheat to fail and will freeze to death.

It is a very busy time before the arrival of spring, and there is too much land in the northeast, and there are not many 500 acres of land for a family.

In Liaodong, Liaoxi, North Korea people sow a part of the land in winter winter wheat, the number of acres of winter wheat sowing from 30 mu ~ 100 mu, such acres in the summer harvest can be busy, otherwise next year's summer harvest will not be too late to harvest wheat, wheat harvest time will be reduced if the harvest time is not good.

There are also 300 acres of land used to grow alfalfa, which can be harvested four times a year, each stubble can produce about 1,500 kilograms, and at the same time, it can also improve the soil, and these pastures will be silage.

When spring arrives, farmers plant soybeans and corn, paddy fields and rice, and each farm has chickens, pigs, cows, sheep and horses, and all they have to do every day is to carry out the silage and feed it to the livestock.

In early summer, the winter wheat can be harvested, and after the winter wheat is harvested, corn or soybeans are planted.

The forage yield of a farm is generally about 1.5 million kilograms (300 acres), a beef cow is slaughtered in 5~6 months (about 350~400 kilograms), and 4000 kilograms of forage needs to be consumed (conversion ratio 10:1), and a farm can raise 375 beef cattle.

However, a family is obviously too busy, so most of the farms are directly enclosed into pastures, only about 100 acres of pasture grass are reserved for silage (for winter), and 300 acres of land are used for 350 acres of land for grazing, and the remaining 50~100 acres are used for houses, vegetables, corrals and other facilities.

However, whether it is planting crops or raising beef cattle, there is no way to achieve specificity, first of all, there are not enough beef cattle, the agricultural team of the Academy of Science and Technology has cultivated the '01 Denglai beef cattle', which is only a few dozen heads at this time, while the traditional beef cattle are quite a lot, with an average of one point, not everyone can get a few hundred heads, and each farmer only gets 13 heads.

So most of these farmers are raising other livestock, chickens and ducks are the most, and there are many pigs, which are reproduced quickly, so each farm has raised more, and at the same time, there are many crops.

The shortage of farm labor is a problem faced by all agricultural products, but the problem is that there is not a shortage of land, and each household is allocated 500 acres of land, which is very abundant.

Therefore, extensive planting and breeding are the main forms of farm development at present, and in the absence of enough livestock, the combination of breeding and extensive planting is the best choice.

In the northern part of Northeast China, Jilin and Heilongjiang regions in later generations are large areas of Zhao Yan's land, which is a large-scale farm, covering nearly 1/3 of the Northeast Plain, and also occupies 20 million acres of grassland in southern Siberia.

It's a vast mess, and although there are many undeveloped areas, it is land for the development of aquaculture, where millions of Japanese slaves toiled and managed with the utmost precision.

Government farms are mainly planted soybeans, corn and alfalfa, raising horses and beef cattle, in Siberia and Heilongjiang and other regions, winter wheat can not be planted, to grow crops must be soybeans, potatoes and the like, in addition to crops, is the breeding industry, cold-tolerant alfalfa is the main pasture, corn is relatively small (to plant soybeans).

The demand for soybeans is relatively high, in addition to human food, there are horses to eat, cattle to eat, sheep to eat, pigs generally do not feed soybeans. Cattle and sheep must be fed soybeans during the farrowing period, and horses must be fed some soybeans to be strong and strong.

At present, the soybean production area is planned in the northeast and Shandong, and the commercial grain base is also in Liaodong, but this commercial grain is mainly meat.

Those farmers who were allocated land were willing to develop livestock farming, and were not too keen on farming.

According to the two to three laborers of a household, the breeding industry on 500 acres of land can feed at least 50 people, which is equivalent to 10 acres of land to feed one person, and if you grow grain, one acre of land can feed one person (the average of the north and the south), according to the theory, the land needed to feed a person with meat is six to seven times that of grain to feed a person, and now 10 times, mainly because of the shortage of labor.

In terms of division of labor, Shandong is mainly engaged in the production of soybeans, peanuts, and cotton, plus some wheat and larger aquaculture industries.

Liaodong and North Korea mainly produce soybeans, rice, silage corn, pasture, and large-scale aquaculture.

Mo Nan and Mo Bei are the main fur and wool producing areas, as well as horse producing areas.

Although Zhao Yan did not directly carry out administrative management here, many businessmen set up farms in Hebei and developed aquaculture on a large scale, following the farm model of Shandong.

After the emergence of fodder silage technology in the aquaculture industry, it has become very promising.

Excess fodder can be preserved in silage, which has led to corn and alfalfa, which are the most productive forages and are not inferior in nutrition.

Of course, there are also large areas of government-run farms in Hebei, and the land in Hebei that has been swept away by the Manchu Qing Dynasty many times is not very valuable, and the Ministry of Commerce directly obtained a large amount of land in Hebei at the price of jumping off buildings.

The land bought at the price of jumping off the building slowly began to appreciate, because there is no disturbance of the war, and the water conservancy in the plain area is relatively easy to repair, so the water conservancy in Hebei is also repaired well, but it is very convenient to develop the aquaculture industry here, and it is close to the sales market.

In Henan, it is the area where cotton is produced. Most of Henan is dry land, so Hebei is the main cotton producing area, and most of the commercial cotton in Daming is produced in Henan.

The Huguang area is the main producer of rice and buffalo, with nearly 100,000 cowhides exported every year.

There is no textile industry in the Huguang area, where rice is mainly grown and buffalo are raised, and it is also the most suitable for rice cultivation, which is an important commercial grain base.

Since last year's governance in the Yangtze River basin was relatively significant, and the Huguang region was divided into separate areas for management (there are many lakes), after taking over the administrative power of the prefectures and counties, Shandong officials immediately began to take out loans to benefit farmers.

In Sichuan, it is an area with great potential for agricultural development, and the reputation of the land of abundance is not bragging.

Rice, wheat is the main food crops in Sichuan, rape is the main cash crop, and in the buffalo, cattle, pigs and other breeding, is also a huge potential area, the future generations of Sichuan in the number of buffalo, cattle, pigs are the first in the country, grain also broke through the 45 billion mark, the current era of grain production is not high, 45 billion is impossible to reach.

And it may never be possible, first of all, in terms of ecological protection, at this time, Zhao Yan does not encourage the development of wasteland in provinces that have been developed for thousands of years, but advocates the protection of the environment, and at the same time Zhao Yan does not want to continue to develop the agricultural model of intensive cultivation, unless the crop varieties are more cattle than those of later generations, it is possible to exceed that terrible number.

Wheat in the Sichuan Basin should be sown from late October to mid-November. The wheat harvest period is from the end of April to the beginning of May.

Rice early rice sowing period: mid-March to mid-April (Sichuan Basin can generally be 5~10 days in advance) Harvest period: early September to early October.

Corn sowing period: before and after grain rain (can also be sown in March to May) Harvest period: before and after cold dew (can also be harvested in June and July).

Rapeseed sowing period: seedling transplanting September 15-20 (late time); The harvest is in late April.

Generally, rice is planted in paddy fields, wheat is planted in dry land, rice can be planted in two to three seasons, generally two seasons are planted, and the third season is used to grow rape. Wheat is generally planted for one season, and then corn is planted.

As long as one of the two regions of Sichuan and Huguang is well managed, there is no need to worry about the lack of sufficient supply of commercial grain, and the land pressure in this era is very small.

Under the circumstance that the grain constant is not high, the development model between intensive cultivation and extensive planting is more promising, and the biggest key to how many acres of land a farmer can cultivate depends on whether he can be busy during the harvest period.

The provinces south of the Yangtze River are the land of fish and rice, but in the agricultural division of labor, more attention is paid to the production of cash crops, although rice is also the main crop, generally have a larger output. However, in the case of high prices of cash crops, cash crops are relatively easy to replace food crops.

Taiwan is the production area of rice, deerskin and sugarcane, but the output of sugarcane is not as good as that of Guangxi, Guangdong and other regions, and sugarcane is still just ready for large-scale planting.

The agricultural division of labor in the entire Ming Dynasty has basically been divided, and the administrative area controlled by Zhao Yan has mastered the main production areas of horses, breeding, fur, rice, wheat, cotton, soybeans, peanuts, and sugarcane. At the same time, it also controls two large fishing grounds in the Bohai Sea and Hokkaido, and several smaller fishing grounds overseas.

Chongzhen's 12-year agricultural development goal is to carry out in-depth agricultural division of labor in various places, and the division of labor is equal to more professional.

(To be continued)