Chapter 303: Tsarist Russia is defeated and sues for peace
In the Battle of the Torres Strait, the last maritime elite of the Tsarist Empire was wiped out, and the news was first reported by the Australian media, and the world was shocked.
On 6 September, Tang Shaoyi, minister of foreign affairs of the Chinese Empire, made a temporary news conference before attending today's Sino-Russian talks, officially announcing the results of the naval battle in the Strait of Trusts.
Whether the Tsarist Russian navy is too weak or the Chinese imperial navy is too strong, perhaps there is a compromise between the two.
In short, the Imperial Chinese Navy and its small cost completely annihilated the huge Russian Far East Second Fleet, and its results were far greater than the total annihilation of the Russian Far East First Fleet in the Battle of Ulsan. The great powers of various countries had to pay attention to this rising military power in the Far East, and sent military attachés to spy on the military situation of the Chinese Imperial Navy.
The destruction of the last elite of the Tsarist Empire's navy deprived the Tsarist Empire of its biggest bargaining chip. The Chinese Imperial Axe took the initiative in negotiations with Russia, and the amount of reparations rose from 80 million pounds to 100 million pounds again, and there was no room for bargaining.
The Russian Empire hurriedly asked Britain, France, the United States, and Germany to urgently mediate, but the Chinese Empire politely refused. At this time, Britain, France, the United States, and Germany had a change in their attitude towards the issue of the second war between China and Russia.
The European and American powers were very shocked by the lion opening of the Chinese Empire, but it was not impossible to force the Tsarist Empire to submit with the aftermath of the victory.
Britain feared that the rapid expansion of the naval strength of the Chinese Empire had threatened the British Empire's maritime supremacy, so the British Empire's attitude of hoping for the Chinese Empire's armistice with Russia was becoming more and more obvious.
Similarly, the U.S. naval power in the Asia-Pacific region lags far behind the Chinese Imperial Navy, and the U.S. needs to restrain the Chinese Empire from excessively weakening Russia and use Russia to contain China in Asia.
France was the most nervous, the total annihilation of Russia's sea power made Germany's maritime threat in the Baltic Sea disappear, and the Russian army lost more than 1.5 million, Germany's sea and land pressure in East Prussia was greatly reduced, and the military pressure on France would become unprecedented. The attitude of the French political axe has become tougher, and it is necessary to stabilize the overall situation in Russia.
At this time, after receiving the news of the disastrous defeat of the army and the total destruction of the navy in Russia, the whole country was shocked and panicked. Originally, the international financial predators took the opportunity to disrupt the Russian financial and currency markets, causing the Russian stock market to plummet and financial turmoil. In addition to seizing nearly 100 tons of gold and transporting it back to China, it also caused a large depreciation of the Russian ruble, the collapse of the gold standard, and the rampant counterfeit banknotes disrupted the currency circulation system. Unable to fight again.
To add insult to injury, the revolutionary elements in Russia began to accelerate their activities, and the Bolsheviks led by Lenin penetrated deep into the Russian workers and peasants, and a series of strikes and riots further worsened the situation in Russia.
In this case, the French political axe could not watch Russia collapse, so France would be unable to support it alone, so on the one hand, France exerted pressure on the Chinese Empire, as much as possible to suppress the Chinese Empire, and took the opportunity to increase the amount of reparations, on the other hand, France asked Russia to agree to the terms of the Chinese Empire as soon as possible, as for the amount of reparations, the French political axe could provide interest-free loans, as well as reduce the amount of loans owed to France by the Russian Empire.
For Germany, the attitude of the German political axe at this time can be described as a 180-degree turn. Previously, Germany had always supported the invasion of Tsarist Russia to the east, and did not hesitate to risk offending the Chinese Empire to provide supplies and ship maintenance for the Russian Navy, with the defeat of the Russian Army in the Far East, the attitude of the German political axe began to change, and when the elite of the Russian Navy was wiped out, the German political axe had completely abandoned Russia.
The main purpose of Germany's support for Russia's eastward invasion was to divert Russian energy to the Far East in order to reduce the military pressure on Germany's eastern front. Now Russia has a bloody encounter in the Far East, the army has lost more than 1.5 million, the main force of the navy has been wiped out, and Russia's vitality has also reduced the military pressure on Germany, in this case, the contradictions between Germany's ally Austria-Hungary and the Tsarist Russian Empire have been highlighted, under the continuous instigation and instigation of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the German Emperor Wilhelm II finally decided to fall into the ground, and instead support the Chinese Empire, establish good relations with the Chinese Empire, with the intention of comprehensively weakening Russia's national strength, and attacking Russia from the east and west sides of the Chinese Empire, Completely eliminate the Russian threat.
Therefore, Kaiser Wilhelm II sent a telegram to Emperor Chenhao of the Guanghua Emperor of the Chinese Empire, congratulating the Chinese Imperial Navy and Air Force on its brilliant achievements, and expressing his willingness to devote himself to comprehensive political, economic, military, and cultural cooperation with the Chinese Empire in the northern hemisphere.
As for the meaning of Kaiser Wilhelm II, the Chinese Emperor Wang Chenhao could not be clearer. The international politics pursued by Wang Chenhao is basically to make friends from afar and attack closely, taking advantage of the contradictions between countries to divide political enemies everywhere, which can be expressed in this way: unite country A to fight country B, create a contradiction between A and B, and then unite country B to fight country C to create a contradiction, or unite country B to fight country A, or unite country C to fight country A, and create a contradiction between AC.
Wang Chenhao's international strategy is basically similar to Bismarck's policy, but it is more clever than Bismarck's international policy, because Wang Chenhao has a much more thorough and foresightful view of the overall international situation than Bismarck.
Wang Chenhao considered that after the Chinese Empire removed the huge enemy of Russia, Britain was the only one left with the Chinese Empire, and China and Britain were only two years of alliance, and there might be conflicts with Britain on the issue of territorial disputes in the future, so uniting Germany to resist Britain was Wang Chenhao's next international strategy.
Driven by this strategy, Wang Chenhao replied to Wilhelm II in the name of the Emperor of the Chinese Empire, saying that he was willing to establish a comprehensive strategic cooperative relationship with the German Empire in the political, economic, military and cultural aspects.
As a result, the relations between the Chinese Empire and the German Empire turned from cold to warm, and thereafter extensive cooperation on the British issue became more active and tacit.
On September 12, 1902, the First, Second, Third and Fifth Fronts of the Chinese Empire launched a full-scale offensive against the fortress of Tsarist Nebuchu.
The Imperial Chinese Army concentrated a million troops and 10,000 artillery pieces to carry out a fierce bombardment of the Nebuchu Fortress, and thousands of tons of artillery shells were poured on the Nebuchu Fortress every day, causing almost everywhere on the Nebuchu Fortress to be scorched, and nearly 10,000 Russian troops were killed and wounded every day.
On the 15th, more than 100 Russian positions on the periphery of the Nebuchu fortress were successively captured by the Chinese Emperor [***], and more than 300,000 troops of the Tsarist Emperor [***] retreated into the core fortress of Nebuchu to continue to resist stubbornly.
From the 16th to the 22nd, the Chinese Emperor [***] and the Tsarist Emperor [***] conducted a large-scale battle, the two sides invested 700,000 troops in less than 50 square kilometers of land to fight fiercely, the battle was no less tragic than the Vladivostok fortress offensive and defensive battle, both sides killed and wounded tens of thousands of people every day, almost fighting for their lives.
The Russian Imperial Army was far more rigid than the navy, and under the call of Paulnev, more than 300,000 Russian troops held the fortress of Nebuchu and refused to give up an inch of land.
In order to seek a quick victory, the front command of the Chinese Emperor [***] forced the Tsarist Empire to return to the negotiating table and fully accept the conditions put forward by the Chinese Empire, and once again used the secret tactics of Duan Qirui and Liang Huadian to capture the fortress of Vladivostok and carry out poison gas operations against the fortress of Nebuchu.
On the night of 25, 10,000 poison gas cylinders, secretly transported from the rear, were placed on the high ground in the northeast corner of Mount Novik of the Nebuchu Fortress, and released poison gas into the two main fortifications of the Nebuchu Fortress, the Voroshilov Mountain battery group and the Sevastopol Mountain battery group.
In the early morning of the 26th, more than 60,000 officers and soldiers of the Russian army stationed in the two fortress battery groups were suddenly attacked by chlorine gas, and more than 90 percent of them were killed or wounded in less than two hours, and the remaining 6,000 Russian troops were lucky enough to seal themselves in the tunnels and avoid the chlorine attack.
At dawn, the Chinese Emperor [***] dispatched 135 infantry companies to charge the Voroshilov Mountain Battery Group and the Sevastopol Mountain Battery Group, capturing them in one fell swoop.
General Paulnev saw that the two fortress battery groups did not fire when the Chinese Emperor [***] charged, thinking that the Russian army above had defected, so he mobilized more than 30,000 Russian troops to quickly reinforce the two fortress battery groups from the anticline.
The Chinese Emperor [***] had just occupied the fort group and had not yet gained a firm foothold. Relying on the original fortifications, some improvised fortifications were built, but the Russian army carried out a counter-charge from the anti-slope, and it was a crazy counterattack at any cost, and the Chinese Emperor [***] soon could not hold on.
At this time, more than 6,000 Russian troops hiding in the tunnel rushed out, causing the Chinese Emperor [***] to suffer from the enemy, and soon the Russian army attacked the position, and a tragic white-knuckle battle broke out between the two sides.
When Duan Qirui and others under the mountain saw the sudden change in the situation, they immediately dispatched troops to reinforce them. However, the fortress of Nebuchu was easy to defend and difficult to attack, and it was difficult for the Chinese Empire to deploy a large army to rush forward at the same time, and the small number of people would become a tactic of adding fuel.
In the end, after Duan Qirui consulted with Liang Huadian and others, he ordered the Chinese Emperor [***], who had attacked the fortress, to withdraw, and paid a heavy price of more than 7,000 deaths.
That night, the Chinese Emperor [***] released poison gas again, and the Russian army was prepared this time, but it still suffered heavy losses.
The next day, the Chinese Emperor [***] attacked again and was beaten back.
After five days and five nights, the Chinese Emperor [***] released poison gas at night to consume the Russian troops on the fortress, and during the day, under the cover of artillery, the fortress battery group changed hands several times, and the two sides turned into a brutal tug-of-war.
On October 5, the Russian army on the fortress of Nebuchu had lost more than 200,000 men, the remaining 100,000 were wounded, and less than 30,000 could fight.
The Chinese Emperor [***] also suffered heavy losses, with more than 60,000 killed and more than 70,000 wounded.
Exhausted by the brutal fighting, the Emperor of China [***] used airships to drop leaflets at the Nebuchu fortress, demanding that the Russians surrender or face a larger-scale poison gas operation.
At this time, the fortress was on the verge of running out of ammunition and food, and the Chinese Empire dropped poison gas to fight, causing heavy losses to the Russian army. Paulnev was also poisoned, and due to lack of medicine, he eventually fell into a coma.
On the afternoon of the 6th, General Paulnev died, and Adjutant Major General Solov announced an armistice and surrender in the name of Paulnev.
On October 7, the Chinese Emperor [***] occupied the fortress of Nebuchu, and at this point, the last card that the Tsarist Empire relied on to bargain was lost, and the Far East had no place to stand and was unable to fight again.
On the 8th, the Russian Foreign Secretary arrived in London and held a secret meeting with the British Prime Minister, in which Russia promised to give up its support for the anti-British army in Afghanistan and was willing to make concessions on the question of the Persian Empire, and asked the British political axe to put pressure on the Chinese Empire as soon as possible to end the war.
On October 10, Speransky, the former Russian minister of the Russian Imperial Court, who had mediated in Yanjing, became the Minister of Plenipotentiary Negotiator and held negotiations with Tang Shaoyi, Minister of Foreign Affairs and Minister of Plenipotentiary of the Chinese Empire.
In less than an hour of negotiations, the former minister Speransky accepted all eight conditions put forward by the Chinese Empire. The Chinese Empire also faced diplomatic pressure from France, Britain, and the United States, and finally reduced the amount of reparations to 60 million pounds, and other territorial conditions remained unchanged.
At the meeting, witnessed by Britain, France, the United States, Germany, Italy, Austria and other countries, the Chinese Empire and the Tsarist Russian Empire signed the Sino-Russian "Yanjing Treaty".
The main content of the contract was based on the eight conditions previously proposed by the Chinese Empire, adding clauses such as the repatriation of prisoners of war, the effectiveness of indemnity, the relocation of Russian people, and the demarcation of national borders.
The main contents of the treaty are land cession and reparation.
Land cession: The Russian Empire ceded 3.25 million square kilometers of land in the seven states of the Far East to the Chinese Empire, including 1 million square kilometers south of the line of the Western Great Khingan Mountains (Yabugnov Mountains) - Lake Berhail (Lake Baikal) - Eastern Sayan Mountains - Western Sayan Mountains. Russia ceded a total of 4.35 million square kilometers of land to China, of which 1.5 million square kilometers belonged to China.
Indemnity: The Russian Empire compensated the Chinese Empire for the economic losses of 60 million pounds, which should be repaid within three months, and should be repaid by a loan from a consortium of banks from Britain, France, Germany, and the United States.
After the signing of the contract, the two sides called off the army and made peace, reconciled, treated each other's citizens well, and repatriated prisoners of war to each other.
Russian nationals in the ceded lands shall be allowed to relocate to Russia within one year from the date of the signing of the treaty, and shall henceforth be regarded as citizens of the Chinese Empire and shall abide by the laws and regulations of the Chinese Empire.
After the formal ratification of the treaty, China and Russia should lift the war readiness alert, lift the general mobilization order for war, appease their respective peoples, and prohibit demonstrations, protests, processions, and other events that affect the normal diplomatic relations between the two countries.
After the signing of the Sino-Russian "Yenching Treaty", the Yellow Russia Plan, which the Tsarist Empire had tried to implement for hundreds of years, was completely bankrupt. After the Second Sino-Russian War, Russia lost more than 1.8 million soldiers of all kinds, the elite of the navy and army, and the direct economic loss of 5.5 billion rubles (830 million pounds), East and West Beria was forced to cede, completely lost the Far East's access to the sea, up to 60 million pounds of post-war reparations, and the collapse of the domestic economy, so that the Russian Empire was completely reduced to a second-rate country.
Correspondingly, the Chinese Empire recovered more than one million territories annexed by Tsarist Russia since 1840 through war, seized more than 4 million kilometers of the entire Far Eastern continental shelf, and pushed its national border all the way to the Bering Strait, across the sea from Alaska in the United States.
Through the war, the Chinese Empire gained an increase in military power, with both the army and navy rising to the second place in the world and the first air force in the world. On the economic front, because the Chinese Empire pursued a strategy of defending itself against enemies outside the borders, the domestic economy was largely unaffected except for the Outer Mongolia region. After Outer Mongolia was plundered by Tsarist Russia, the feudal power of Outer Mongolia completely collapsed, and the Chinese Empire would establish the same ruling order in Outer Mongolia as other provinces in China.
During the entire war, the Chinese Empire paid the price of nearly 200,000 soldiers killed, and the military expenditure was 600 million dragon coins, and after deducting the 60 million pounds sterling in Russian compensation, the actual consumption was 300 million dragon coins.
However, in the war, the Chinese Empire obtained three Russian fortresses, millions of guns and tens of thousands of tons of ammunition, as well as a large number of strategic materials such as grain, oil and medicine, plus a large number of captured warships, and more than 4 million square kilometers of land, not only did not suffer losses, but conservatively estimated that the profit was as high as 200 million pounds, accounting for a quarter of Russia's direct economic losses.
After the Chinese Empire carried out the national mobilization for the war, the huge war machine operated, and the material consumption of the navy, land and air forces relied on the support of more than 40,000 domestic industrial and mining enterprises, which greatly promoted the development of the national economy, and the post-war cabinet statistics showed that the national economy had more than doubled compared with the pre-war because it was not affected by the war, and the stock market had been in a bull market growth, and a large number of foreign funds had entered China to invest in various industries, which had led to the rapid growth of the national economy of the Chinese Empire and the doubling of national income. The goals set in the first five-year plan were achieved two years ahead of schedule.
After the war, the Chinese Empire can be described as a rich landlord who became rich overnight, and the whole dynasty was jubilant.
At the same time, the Emperor of the Chinese Empire, Wang Chenhao, finally got the birth of his first son.
On October 10, 1902, after the signing of the Sino-Russian "Yanjing Treaty", when the Chinese Emperor Wang Chenhao went to visit the pregnant Empress Li Youyi, he told her the news of the great victory.
At this time, Wang Chenhao already had 7 princesses, not only did he want a son, but the whole country was worried about him, and the civil and military officials were even more encouraging the people to find a good prescription and secret medicine, and the woman who was looking for a statue of a prince wanted to be dedicated to the emperor, and they all looked forward to the birth of a crown prince.
Therefore, when it was learned that the prince was born, the whole country celebrated, the embassies of various countries in China sent congratulatory messages one after another, and the European royal families also sent congratulatory messages one after another. Wang Chenhao was so happy that October 10 was about to be changed to the National Day of the Chinese Empire. The eldest prince was also named National Day, and on the day of his birth, he was made the crown prince by Wang Chenhao, and announced to the world, promulgating the first emperor's amnesty decree.
The year 1902 was destined to be the year of the great celebration of the Chinese Empire.
(To be continued)