Chapter 289: New China 1922
China is developing rapidly.
The pace is far beyond what one can imagine, and the change is largely difficult to gauge with data.
In 1922, the world economy had gradually emerged from the quagmire and abyss of World War I, and China's GDP was already 1.45 times that of the United States.
The US GDP can maintain an annual growth rate of 2%-7%, during the First World War, especially in 1916, which was as high as 13%, which is the most astonishing period of growth, while China's GDP has been maintained at 7%-12% for a long time, and the peak period may exceed 15% without fiscal control.
Although the Sino-British Colonial Cooperation Treaty was significantly revised, and the sale of Chinese goods in the British colonies was somewhat restricted, Chinese goods still maintained a larger market share in the competition between China and the United States, which were treated similarly.
Over the past five years, China's investment in its colonial system has also paid off, with the total GDP of the protectorates, autonomous states, and overseas provinces all growing at a rate of 4 percent per year, with Ukraine, Poland, and Romania all growing at more than 7 percent per year.
After further strengthening the binding force of the terms of the Asia-Europe Alliance, since 1918, the total annual investment of Chinese capital in Ukraine, Poland and Romania has exceeded 2 billion yuan, and a complete new industrial system has been established in the three countries, of which the Fukang consortium accounts for about 70% of the total investment.
In 1921, Greece, which had previously remained neutral, also chose to join the Eurasian Union, obtaining a larger investment in the alliance, and as a condition for joining, the Thessaloniki region was returned to Greece.
After the agreement was reached, China granted Greece a five-year loan of 450 million yuan for education, agricultural support and infrastructure construction.
With the support of the political axe, Hyundai Heavy Industry began to dominate the development of Greece, focusing on the development of industries in Greece around the mining resources and basic industrial systems of Albania, Macedonia, Seville, Bulgaria, and Turkey.
The Chinese Navy's garrisons in Greece, Albania, Istanbul, and Cyprus have been raised to the same level, and the Fourth Fleet is stationed at the same level, and the overall establishment is equivalent to that of the three major fleets of the Central Headquarters, and the main fleet is located in the Volos Military Port.
In Germany, the BASF consortium, part of the Fukang consortium, has returned to Germany and has grown steadily with Deutsche Bank and UBS as its core, while increasing investment in Poland, Ukraine, Romania and the Balkans.
By continuing to deepen the educational and technical cooperation between the two countries, the number of Chinese students studying in Germany has gradually returned to the pre-war level, with the total number of Chinese students in Germany exceeding 11,000 and the number of German students studying in China increasing to more than 1,000.
The country's major provinces have basically achieved the second stage of national education, with 56,000 primary schools, 14,000 middle schools, more than 2,700 high schools, more than 3,000 secondary vocational schools, and 274 universities and higher vocational colleges.
The national compulsory education coverage rate has reached 84 per cent, and the total number of students enrolled in universities and higher vocational colleges exceeds 1.13 million, and the number of students enrolled in senior and secondary vocational schools exceeds 4 million.
Within China's colonial system and in the Asia-Europe Union, China's foreign education aid began to increase gradually, and the number of foreign students studying in China gradually increased to 27,000 each year.
Yenching, Hong Kong, Tianjin, and Singapore have successively set up new international zones to allow foreign citizens to live for a long time and hold the right to reside in the international zone. In 1921 alone, the number of applications for naturalization by foreign citizens amounted to 470,000 people, and due to historical problems, Russians accounted for about half of the number.
Correspondingly, China's higher education is becoming more and more internationalized, with the number of foreign professors and faculty members in domestic universities reaching 47,000 in 1921, and the state has also implemented a generous skilled immigration bill, giving preferential tax policies to foreign citizens with high academic qualifications for a certain period of time.
Aurora University, Fu Jen University, Tianjin University, Nankai University, Yenching University of Foreign Chinese, Shanghai Wai Chinese University, Hong Kong University of Foreign Chinese, Nanyang University, Singapore University of Technology, Jiangnan University, and the University of Hong Kong are all typical international universities in China, with more than 30% of foreign faculty and international students.
China is changing rapidly.
Hu Chuyuan, who has endured hardship, has maintained a relatively liberal and relaxed attitude towards China's education, and in China, every student must learn a foreign language, but it does not have to be English, English, French, German, Russian and Spanish are acceptable.
In terms of the overall education structure, China's education system is still modeled after Germany.
Intermediate vocational schools are the most important talent base in China, more than 70% of the intermediate vocational schools belong to the state, tuition is basically free, especially relying on intermediate normal schools, a large number of teachers for primary and secondary education are trained, laying a solid foundation for the rapid realization of universal education, and similarly, a larger number of intermediate industrial technical schools have trained a large number of outstanding technicians.
Unlike high school, China's intermediate vocational schools are usually four-year, and on the basis of three and a half years of high school education and professional education, there will also be half a year of internship education, which will be assigned to work in various factories.
All factories in the country are obliged to accept interns and continue to be obliged to provide employees with a minimum of five hours of on-the-job education per week.
Therefore, under normal circumstances, it is easier for students with secondary vocational education to find employment, and higher vocational education is generally a three-year system, and both high school students and secondary vocational students can apply for the examination.
The exceptional emphasis on vocational and technical education, as well as the spirit of comprehensive learning from Germany for many years, has given China an advantage in manufacturing that is almost unbeatable by other countries.
China's great progress in the electrical industry revolution is difficult for even the United States to catch up.
As of 1922, China's total installed power capacity was 3.7 times that of the United States, and the whole of Europe combined, thermal power, hydropower, geothermal, natural gas, diesel engines could generate electricity, and wind power and tidal power generation also continued to appear.
The great revolution of the entire electric power industry, the construction of rural power grids, the promotion of long-distance telephones, the promotion of large-scale agricultural economy, the comprehensive promotion of mechanized farming, and the large-scale expansion of highways and railways...... Everything is as if China in the next century is standing in this era to compete unequally with other countries.
The steam engine is about to be withdrawn from China, and it is difficult to find that even in areas where electricity is insufficient, at least diesel engines and gasoline engines can be seen.
In most rural areas, tractors, harvesters, rice transplanters and other agricultural vehicles are already common, and in more remote rural areas, cattle ploughing and horse ploughing can also be widely used in every household.
After years of population control, the country has basically realized the economic policy of the middle peasants, and in the regions and provinces with relatively small populations, the economic policy of the rich peasants has also been popularized, among the 293 million agricultural population, about 17 million households have reached the standard of 30 mu per household of the rich peasants, and more than 92 percent of the peasant households have reached the target of 12 mu per household of the medium peasant standard.
With the increase in the supply of domestic agricultural land, the agricultural tax policy has begun to adjust, and the agricultural tax will not increase in the case of no more than 120 mu, and this data will continue to increase in the relatively thin population and overseas provinces.
According to the National Bureau of Statistics, there are about 1.77 million farming households in the country with more than 100 acres of land, 54% of which are concentrated in Novosibirsk, Western Siberia, Sumansia and the Northeast.
In overseas provinces, it is already common to own more than 1,000 acres of land, and a large number of peasant households have developed abroad and operated plantations overseas under the control of the state through the arrangement of unified agricultural cooperatives.
In Inner Mongolia, Outer Mongolia, Novosibirsk, South Siberia, Northeast China, Ili Province, Qinghai, Tibet, Gansu, Ningxia, Shanxi, Shandong, animal husbandry economy is becoming more and more important.
The introduction of international and domestically improved pasture forage, as well as the business model of credit cooperatives, are constantly enhancing the development effect of domestic animal husbandry.
After years of development, China has surpassed the United States in the total amount of animal husbandry, becoming the world's largest animal husbandry country, the world's largest exporter of cashmere, wool, camel hair, cowhide, fox skin, mink, rabbit down, dairy products, meat products, goose down, duck down, and itself the largest processing and exporting country.
Today, when tea sales are gradually weakening, China has gradually become the world's eleventh largest coffee producer, and the world's second largest coffee processor and exporter.
Since 1898, Yunnan began to grow coffee in Yunnan, and by 1922, Yunnan coffee quickly occupied a very important position in the world, known for its high quality and quantity, and had the largest output among the middle and upper coffee varieties.
In corn, peanuts, cotton, soybeans, wheat, rice, potatoes, rape, sugar beets, sugarcane, tobacco, natural rubber, Chinese herbal medicines, palms, sorghum, grapes, walnuts, tea, hemp, mulberry, apples, peppers, peppercorns, ...... In terms of planting area and output, China ranks among the top in the world.
Interestingly, China is also the world's second largest producer of wine and apple brandy, second only to France, and the apple brandy-based American ginseng wine produced in Shandong has been a bestseller internationally and has won many international agricultural gold medals.
In Shandong, Xinjiang and Ili Autonomous Provinces, the area under viticulture has expanded.
In the past 14 years, China has won almost every year of the International Agricultural Gold and Silver Awards.
Without the great development of agriculture, China would not be where it is today.
In terms of industry, China still firmly occupies the position of the world's largest metallurgical country, with steel production capacity reaching 24 million tons in 1922, electrolytic aluminum and aluminum alloy profiles accounting for 90% of the world's share, and the export value of the electrical industry accounting for 57% of the world's total exports of electrical products.
China has a very big advantage in the ten major industrial fields of electric power, automobiles, chemicals, metallurgy, trains, shipbuilding, machinery, textiles, food, and communications, as well as the emerging field of household appliance manufacturing, which are supported by the central government.
Through the domestic mandatory electric train system, the domestic electric train technology is far ahead of other countries, and the train projects of Phu Quoc Heavy Industry and Jiangnan Heavy Industry have been the main export pilot industries of the two major consortiums.
In the field of shipbuilding, China and Britain have also begun to shake off the gap, China's construction of luxury cruise ships for many years to snatch the Atlantic Blue Ribbon Award, modern heavy industry to create a container, oil tanker system, so that the world shipping industry, China built 30,000 tons, 50,000 tons of container ships, oil tankers occupy more than 70% of the international market share, at present, modern heavy industry Fuzhou shipyard has begun to build 100,000 tons of oil tankers and container ships.
In the fields of textiles, electrical appliances, food, communications, machinery, and chemical industry, new enterprises that are not the three major heavy industries are constantly emerging, and have gradually become the mainstream of domestic industry.
In the field of automobile manufacturing, Hyundai Heavy Industries, Jiangnan Heavy Industries, and Fuguo Heavy Industries are the most important international automobile manufacturers, with a domestic production capacity of more than 1.44 million vehicles.
Hyundai Heavy Industries' Hyundai, Jiangnan Heavy Industries' Zhonghua, Shenbao, Mustang, and Fuguo Heavy Industries' Great Wall are all very well-known domestic car brands. Through capital operation, Wells Fargo Heavy Industries has a controlling stake in Mercedes-Benz Motors in Germany, Bentley Motors in the United Kingdom, and Chevrolet in the United States, significantly increasing the total sales of automobiles in the international market.
Jiangnan Heavy Industries acquired the Bavarian Machinery Factory in Germany to enter the European market, and Hyundai Heavy Industries entered the French colonial economy through the acquisition of the French holding Peugeot Automobile Company and Opple Group, and moved the headquarters and production base of Opple Group to Greece, Spain and France.
Among them, Jiangnan Heavy Industry's Zhonghua car became the designated vehicle of the head of state.
In general, Hyundai Heavy Industry's shipbuilding, Jiangnan Heavy Industry's automobiles, and Fuguo Heavy Industry's aircraft, whether at home or abroad, are their advantageous projects.
The HF-20 is the world's highest deadweight tonnage and reliable cargo transport aircraft, and the KF-135 is a "super large" passenger aircraft with 135 seats, which is also the passenger aircraft with the highest sales volume in the European and American international markets.
In the whole world, China has maintained its position as the world's largest trade surplus country by virtue of its domestic advantages in resources, markets, talents, technology, and capital, and has further surpassed the United States to become the world's largest creditor country.
In the Nordic market and the Russian market, through the efforts of the Anglo-Dutch Fortis consortium, the Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Russia, Poland, and Germany reached the "Oslo Trade Reciprocity Treaty" to establish the Nordic Trade Organization, and China, the United Kingdom, and the United States have joined the organization one after another, becoming the three major non-Nordic member states.
As a result, China also expanded its trade in Northern Europe, and spread the influence of the Anglo-Dutch Fortis and BASF Consortium to the whole of Northern Europe through the Oslo Treaty.
At this stage, although the scale of foreign capital investment in China has continued to increase, the total ratio has been less than 7 percent, and domestic capital has spilled over on a large scale, entering various markets in China's sphere of influence, and is also constantly squeezing into the European market, and the competition between US capital in the South American market is intensifying.
Relying on the support of the Fukang consortium, Rio Tinto has gradually penetrated into the markets of Brazil, Venezuela, Chile and Peru, and Zhihuatang, a subsidiary of Zhongrun Company, has also set up a new dairy base in Argentina to sell dairy products in South America.
Driven by Chinese capital, the economies of Greece, North Korea, the Philippines, Thailand, and Romania have all entered the top 30 in the world, and the economies of Congo, Persia, Ottomans, Ukraine, and Poland have also entered the top 20 in the world.
The total value of the stock markets in Shanghai, Hong Kong, and Singapore has surpassed that of London, and the competition in the domestic banking industry has begun to intensify, and there are more and more new capitalists.
Although the challenges encountered by the Fukang consortium are becoming more and more intense, Hu Chuyuan is convinced that this is an unprecedented good thing.
In China, through the diversification of its shares in China CITIC Bank, China Commerce Bank, and Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, and a small amount of cashing out of Changjiang Bank and Huishang Bank, and with the gradual recovery of European assets, the Fukang consortium began to re-enter the U.S. market and compete with the Russell family and the Morgan family for a controlling stake in Bank of America.
With its huge financial empire and huge leverage, even the Morgan family and the Rockefeller consortium, the most powerful in the United States, could not stop the Fukang consortium from forcibly increasing its holdings in the stock market.
With little effort, the Fukang consortium regained control of the American banking group, and achieved a solid controlling stake of more than 51% in the Bank of America and the Bank of New York.
In April 1923, Hu Chuyuan, through the Fukang consortium and other domestic capitalists, skillfully took advantage of the debt problems of France and Spain to formally transform Morocco into a Chinese protectorate, controlling 90% of the world's total phosphate reserves.
With the rapid development of the domestic economy and the good investment in the state-owned assets of the central government, the fiscal revenue of the central government in 1922 has reached 5.57 billion yuan, about 626.5 million pounds, equivalent to 2.43 times the annual fiscal revenue of the United Kingdom.
Among them, the state tax revenue accounted for 53%, the state-owned capital investment income accounted for 37%, the import and export tariff extraction of overseas provinces accounted for 7%, and other income accounted for 3%.
With the continuous increase of national revenue, the military expenditure of the Chinese navy is also more abundant, the naval military expenditure is 37% higher than that of the United Kingdom, 24% higher than that of the United States, and 42% higher than that of France.
Britain, the United States, and France were forced to continue to increase the number of capital battleships to compete with the Chinese navy.
(To be continued)