"Ladies and gentlemen, you are all the future elites of my Datang, since you have entered our four schools, I also hope that you can really study hard for the future of Datang. I hope that you will be able to become the pillars of my Datang in the future, and I hope that you can really think about what you are studying for. When I first entered the four schools, I used to think about why we study. I would now like to ask you what you are reading for. Zhang Chao said.

Someone immediately said: "I studied to serve my Datang." ”

"I'm studying to glorify my ancestors!" "I read for the sake of the people." ……

Everyone has their own reasons for reading, and Zhang Chao didn't get angry when he heard this. Since ancient times, there has also been a tradition of learning and excelling, and after learning culture, there are certain results, so naturally they all hope to be able to enter the career. And this tradition of learning and excellence has not been completely eliminated or changed after more than a thousand years. Therefore, Zhang Chao knows that it is impossible to change in a short period of time, but Zhang Chao can allow them to make progress, so that they can gradually change their future prospects.

"Everyone, you have said so much, I think we are all studying for the rise of the Tang Dynasty. Everyone is studying hard for the rise of Datang. Whether it is to serve the Tang Dynasty, or to glorify the ancestors, or even to do something for the people, that is also a purpose, that is, the rise of my Datang. If there is no rise of my Datang, then what is the use of everyone reading? Zhang Chao asked.

"Papapapa......" The students began to applaud.

Of course, Zhang Chao knows that all the students can't disagree, because studying for the rise of the country in later generations is a famous quote of a generation of great men. And no one dares to refute in this era, because if you dare to refute, it means that you don't want the rise of Datang, and you will definitely be punished. They are not "young people" anymore, they are already very mature people in ancient times. So everyone understands this truth. You have to say good things and say nice things so that you can be sycophants. In China, "political correctness" must always be considered first and then everything else, and if political correctness is not considered, then I am afraid that we will die a miserable death.

"Alright. Ladies and gentlemen, you will all be the elite of my Datang in the future. But I don't think elite means privilege, it doesn't mean that you can do whatever you want. On the contrary, the real elite should care about the people, be able to really do things for the people, be able to really go to the people, and then really be able to understand the hardships of the people and truly feel what the people need. Only when you truly feel what the people need, can you truly govern according to the needs of the people. Avoid doing things that hurt the people. Therefore, you must go to the people and see how more than ninety percent of the people in my Datang are living. If you can't know their lives, you can't really appreciate the needs of the future. Next, you will have to go down to the people below and really experience the daily life of the people. And you guys have to figure out the current situation of the people's land and the various relations of production. Whose land is it. How many yeoman farmers own their own land, and how many cultivate other people's land by renting. You all have to figure it out. And find out what percentage of the people share their rented land, so that you can get the focus of survival. ”

"In this exam, I will personally review the experience and report you have submitted, and then if you pass, you can get two credits!"

Originally, everyone was not satisfied with going to the countryside to do research and research, and they didn't take it seriously. But now that they heard that they could get two credits, they were all very excited. Because two credits is a lot. There are more than ordinary courses, almost as many as some less important Confucian classics. Therefore, after hearing the effect of this assessment, they all began to participate in this social practice.

The reason why Zhang Chao came up with this social survey is, on the one hand, that Zhang Chao hopes to understand the living conditions of ordinary people at the bottom of the Tang Dynasty, especially the production relations of these people. means of production, and all kinds of situations of possession of wealth. Zhang Chao knew that if he did not understand the production relations and means of production of ordinary people, it would be difficult to carry out changes and reforms. Back then, Zhang Chao had seen Wang Anshi's changes, Wang Anshi's changes were actually called changes, and they all looked vigorous, but in fact, Wang Anshi didn't know much about the situation at the bottom. In particular, Wang Anshi rashly implemented the law change without going through a detailed social investigation, or he only investigated the aspects of ordinary people, but did not accurately understand the production relations of ordinary people. He only saw what the people needed, but he did not notice the production relations of the people. Wang Anshi just realized the suffering of the people, and he immediately proposed a solution. However, Wang Anshi seriously neglected the production relations of the people, whose hands the land was in their hands, and the various means of controlling the people's side and the classes produced by the production relations, so that they would inevitably cause failure.

The reason why Marx was able to be so great and influence the whole world in later generations is that he successfully summed up the relations of production between ancient and modern China and foreign countries, and to sum it up in one word, it is "class". Although many ancient people also understood the thinking of this "class", they all knew it but did not know why. Although they all understand class, they are very superficial in their theoretical research. The ancients' research on the relations of production was not profound, and many of them stayed on the surface. In fact, the biggest point of "Lao Ma" is to successfully create a theory of class research, and then let countless descendants follow his division method to divide, so that the past history can be analyzed clearly.

So Zhang Chao came to Datang, he wanted to carry out reforms, but what he wanted to do was to find the production relations of Datang. Only when we know the development of Datang's production relations and understand the key points of productive forces can we really investigate and clarify the key points of reform. Therefore, he commissioned these students to conduct an investigation, so that they could truly experience the lives of ordinary peasants, as well as understand the production relations of those peasants and the possession of the means of production. There is also the proportion of yeoman farmers, the proportion of tenant farmers, and so on. Only when you understand this, then you can be an important means to be an official. If you don't understand this. In the end, it was a bunch of ungrounded officials pointing fingers at it, and then in the end they didn't know anything about the grassroots at all. There are too many of these ancient officials, and there are countless ancient officials who are detached from actual governance, so it is inevitable that Zhang Chao wants to avoid this situation.

Not long after, all the students also went out to investigate the farmers, hoping to write a report and submit it to Zhang Chao. Earn two head credits. However, some people have also expressed dissatisfaction with Zhang Chao's behavior.

"Zhang Chao, what do you mean by this? What kind of system do you make it to let students help the people in farming? Students should also look like students, instead of running away from doing their jobs. Students should study hard, but in the name of the doctor of the college, you let them help the people to do things and help the people to farm, what is this like? A reader should look like a reader. Instead of thinking about what to do and what to do. It's insulting for you to be so engaged in farming. When the time comes, the students will be covered in mud, how can a literati do it? Jia Wanchun said.

Jia Wanchun's words obviously continued to satirize Zhang Chao, saying that Zhang Chao was wrong to let students engage in farming here. Since Li Shimin came to Simenxue a few days ago and praised the credit system of Simenxue, this Jia Wanchun is not favored. Because Li Shimin publicly supported Zhang Chao's implementation of the credit system. This hit Jia Wanchun very hard. Because Li Shimin also took the initiative to support Zhang Chao, what can he, the person who opposes it, say? So because Li Shimin supports Zhang Chao's credit system. That made Zhang Chao completely gain a firm foothold in Simenxue. In the four schools, Zhang Chao was authorized by Li Shimin, which can be said to be the same, and this Jia Wanchun was also squeezed out of the post in charge of logistics by Zhang Chao.

But this Jia Wanchun also opposes Zhang Chao's opinion every time, as if he does not oppose Zhang Chao's opinion, then this will inevitably cause him to lose his influence. Anyway, what Zhang Chao agrees with or proposes, he desperately opposes. Therefore, Jia Wanchun is also against this promotion to let students experience agricultural life. However, Zhang Chao didn't even look at this Jia Wanchun, because he didn't regard this Jia Wanchun as an opponent at all. Jia Wanchun is just a seven-rank petty official, he is dozens of years old, and his future for the rest of his life is here, and there will be no progress. He and he generally see what to do. Anyway, above the officialdom, there are young people who have an advantage. Being young means infinite possibilities, and old man, even if you are a prime minister, then you will have to retire sooner or later. Therefore, in later generations, Guangdong also had the truth that it would rather be a white-haired man than a poor man.

Although Zhang Chao paid too much attention to him, he would not treat him well. Because superficial respect for the elderly is still needed, any old official hopes for the respect of the younger generation, not only because the Chinese have a tradition of respecting the old and loving the old, but also because many old people hope to be able to respect others by making themselves young, and then their own masters are also respected by others. This is also an old saying, the old and the old, the young and the young.

Within a few days, Zhang Chao also received a lot of news about those students, especially about the survey results of ordinary low-level farmers.

"Lao Yang, how are the results of our student survey?" Zhang Chao asked.

This Lao Yang, that is, Zhang Chao's teacher at that time, and now Zhang Chao is a doctor of four disciplines, that is, he is still called Lao Yang. And if strictly speaking, the teachers of the four disciplines here are all Zhang Chao's teachers back then, but Zhang Chao is also a doctor now, and it is impossible for each of them to be honored as teachers. Therefore, the title of old X is used, which not only shows respect, but also reflects the closeness between the boss and subordinates.

"Dr. Zhang, our investigation is back. What we can see at present is what we can see about the common people's farming. About every household has 100 acres of land, which are 20 acres of Yongye field and 80 acres of Koufen field. And these lands all belong to a family, and then they also have to bear the rent and taxes, and then this is also the average land system of my Datang. At present, almost every household also owns land, and they all own their own land, so there are very few tenant farmers. At present, because we have just experienced the turbulent times at the end of the Sui Dynasty, the population has decreased significantly, so the land is still enough to be distributed, and there are not many tenant farmers. ”

"And the information of our Sui Dynasty before, we can know that probably in the pre-Sui period, we still had a lot of tenants. At that time, the tenants were all about 37% with the owner of the land, the tenants were 70%, and the owners of the fields were generally 30%. But even if it's only 30%. There are not many people who are willing to rent those lands, thinking that you all have your own land, and naturally you don't want to be scraped away for no reason! Only those who are not from good backgrounds, or who simply do not have access to land for some reason, choose such tenants. ”

Zhang Chao drew two conclusions from this report, that is, in the early Tang Dynasty, the land was divided into equal land, and each household had 100 acres of land. Twenty acres of it are Yongye fields. It is their own private property, and the land that they can freely sell belongs to them. However, the other 80 acres are all divided into fields, and the ownership is not their own, and ordinary people only have the right to use, but not ownership. And this is just like the seventy-year property right of the future generations, once the time comes, it will still have to be returned to the government.

As for the turmoil of the Sui Dynasty in front of it, that large number of people withered. So there is also a lot of land, so that the rest of the people can get land, and there are not too many land annexations. So at present, there is harmony in the world, and there are no disputes over land at all. However, Zhang Chao will not feel relaxed because he knows that land annexation will come soon.

"Nowadays, the land in the world belongs mainly to homesteaders, and if homesteaders encounter natural and man-made disasters in the future, it is inevitable that they will have to sell their land to others. But then the world became more and more populous. But the land will not increase. If the land will not increase, it will definitely cause more people and less land, how can the imperial court solve it at that time? Zhang Chao said.

And Lao Yang immediately said, "Dr. Zhang." In fact, it is very simple, the imperial court has stipulated that only in the case of relocation and inability to afford funerals can the Yongye field be sold, and it is necessary to move to Kuanxiang, where there are few people and more land, and those who sell as residences and mansions are allowed to sell the land. Therefore, the imperial court still restricts the sale of land at will, which is guaranteed. ”

"Huh!" Zhang Chao snorted twice. Obviously, there is a lot of disdain for this regulation.

You must know that Zhang Chao was an official in later generations, and we all know that there are many officials who use their power to put the national laws on the shelf, and then implement them to satisfy their interests. This is still in that era when information communication is very smooth, and all kinds of public opinion supervision, network supervision, and other means are relatively perfect, and this kind of officials are repeatedly prohibited. But in ancient times. Without any supervision, without any public pressure, can they honestly obey this regulation? The ancient lands must be more and more annexed, and this must be a very important situation.

Because many officials have privileges, princes and nobles, nobles, nobles, and so on have political privileges, and they use political privileges to force the people to sell their land, and then they take the opportunity to annex a large amount of land. In this way, they use political privilege to achieve the means of obtaining economic benefits, which in later generations has a term called supra-economic coercion. This means of using power and going beyond the means of economic self-distribution and regulation to devour. This is not a market economy that is self-regulated, it is carried out by using power, so it is called super-economic coercion.

This kind of land annexation can be solved by not a single order, and any order is useless in the absence of the privilege of "supra-economic coercion". If they say anything about restricting land annexation, but they have not been able to abolish the political privileges of princes, nobles, and nobles, then it is naturally impossible for them to truly and effectively suppress land annexation. In ancient times, princes and nobles, nobles, nobles, and so on did not have to pay taxes, they had the privilege of not paying taxes, and then they continued to devour a large amount of land, and then a large amount of land did not have to pay taxes. Their income from the land is much greater than that of ordinary yeoman farmers, and they have the privilege of super-economic coercion, which can force the people to sell their land to them, so they must be devouring the land in large quantities and quickly. And this devouring process is like a snowball, once it starts to swallow, it can't be stopped.

"The princes, nobles, and nobles annexed land, but their economic model did not change. First of all, they annexed the land, but in fact they leased a lot of the land to landless families, and then let those families produce food to feed them. But in reality, this process does not bring any productive results, they just change the ownership of the land, and nothing is produced in the process. It's like the 'land' of some officials in later generations, in fact, they sold the land, which seems to increase the economic level in the process, but in fact it is just a thing on paper. In the process of selling the land, anything of value is produced from it. The value of the land itself is actually very false, and the real value that can be generated continuously is the products on the land. ”

"The princes, nobles, and nobles, and even the future Shu landlord class, although they actually seem to have annexed land, in fact they have not been able to promote any process of production. In fact, they are all parasites, and they are all parasitic on ordinary people to suck blood and obtain income. They don't generate any productivity from it, and they don't generate any real value. And this is the biggest difference between land annexation in ancient times and land concentration in later generations. Zhang Chao thought.

As a later official, Zhang Chao has occasionally read some so-called online novels, many of which regard land annexation as a flood beast, and they must completely prohibit anything that may cause land concentration. However, Zhang Chao knew that this was not necessarily the case, Zhang Chao did not agree with the kind of land annexation in ancient times, but agreed with the land concentration in the new era. The biggest difference between land annexation in ancient times and land concentration in the new era lies in the difference in social production models.

Many of the time-travelers in the novel go to great lengths to restrict land annexation, but in fact, restricting land annexation is not as good as trying to change the social mode of production. As long as the mode of social production changes, there will be no fear of land concentration. Land concentration is not a real flood beast, and it is right to limit land annexation, but land concentration is not necessarily a bad thing.

In ancient times, land annexation was just a plundering of the common people by the magnates, and this plundering process did not produce any changes in the economic model. However, the concentration of land in later generations was the result of different socio-economic models. In ancient times, land annexation was for parasitism, and it was the powerful who were parasitic on the people to suck blood. In later generations, the land was concentrated for better production. Just like the merchants of later generations who bought land, they may have built factories to expand production, and then this factory could produce more industrial products, which would have value.

Even if they continue to engage in agriculture, the concentration of land in later generations is not for parasitism, but for the purpose of pooling the land, and finally the unified and intensive cultivation of certain crops according to the plan to provide products for the whole society, and finally the same land creates greater production value. However, in ancient times, land annexation was not able to create any greater production value, they simply changed the name on a land title deed, but the production was still ordinary farmers, and nothing changed from it. Therefore, there is no increase in the value created by production, which is the biggest problem of land annexation in ancient times.

"Land concentration is not terrible, what is terrible is that the economic mode of production has not progressed. It is precisely because there has been no progress in the economic mode of production that China has not been able to get rid of the situation of chaos and order. Land annexation is only a seemingly serious problem, but in fact, the more important thing is that China's production model has not changed for more than 1,000 years, and this is the composition of a serious problem of land annexation. If the mode of economic production changes, then the so-called land annexation can also be transformed into land concentration, and the harm to society can be almost ignored. Zhang Chao analyzed. (To be continued......)