(28 points)

The earliest jet engine in history is believed to be the steam spinning ball invented by the ancient Greek mathematician Heroof Alexandria in the 1st century AD. It spews steam through two nozzles mounted on a metal ball to make the ball turn. However, it can only output a small amount of power, and it is just a toy.

In the 13th century, rockets using black powder as propellant appeared in China, and they were often used as propellants for fireworks and military rockets, which is also the earliest practical rocket engine. In the time since, the development of rockets has been intermittent.

The first in the world to propose the theory of jet propulsion were Captain Makeni of France and Henry of Romania? Coand. Henry? Coander also tried to produce the first jet around 1910, the more famous Coanda 1910 (which can be translated as Coanda-1910), but it was unsuccessful.

Yan Guang will pay attention to jets for sure, after all, jets symbolize the future of the sky.

And when Henry of Romania? While Coander was trying to build a jet, Yan Guangshang was opening up his future in the United States. Also, at that time Henry? Coander's jet was not a sensational invention at the time, not to mention that he had not yet succeeded, but even so, when the news appeared in the corner of the newspaper, Yan Guang noticed him at a glance.

Although I don't know at all that this is called Henry? What does Coand's guy do, but Yan Guang knows the importance of jets.

It's a pity that Yan Guang didn't even have a place to stay at that time, let alone invest in jet research. By the time Yan Guang settled in Sichuan, he had to be busy with other things, and when the Sichuan Military Government was established, Sichuan at that time did not even have the manufacturing capacity for a piston aircraft, let alone a jet aircraft.

This situation did not change until Sichuan had a slight foundation, and it was at that time that Yan Guang began a project to study jet aircraft and jet engines.

It's just that limited by the technology at the time, in addition to its own strength, so the progress in this area has not been very large.

This situation was maintained until the First World War, and even in the mid-twenties.

Although in the course of the First World War, China has made great progress in all aspects, especially after the development of oil fields in Iraq and Kosovo, it has received a large amount of money.

However, although China was stronger than the European and American powers in some important technologies, such as tanks, it was at most an excellent partial student, after all, the gap between China and the European and American powers in science was at least several decades...

It is not impossible to make up for the gap in some aspects in ten years, and it is not impossible to even make some surpasses, but it is somewhat fantastical to catch up or even surpass in all aspects.

In particular, cutting-edge things like jet engines have been called the "crown jewels" of modern industry in later generations. Even among the so-called developed countries in later generations, there are only a handful of countries that can manufacture high-performance aero engines.

Even countries like Japan have their air and navy equipped with American and British engines. For example, the more famous Qiuyue-class general-purpose destroyer is equipped with four British gas turbines.

In later generations, many people said how strong Japanese industry was, but the fact was that it was only the British who was a Luo. Luo, it's enough to kill all the companies in Japan in seconds...

After the First World War, although China also had the strength to manufacture tanks, battleships and advanced monoplane piston aircraft, its industrial base was not as comprehensive as that of European and American countries, which is why China has not made much progress in aero engines.

At that time, Yan Guang had two countermeasures, one was to increase investment, after all, no matter what kind of research it is, it requires a lot of money. Without funds, even if your skills are strong, even if you yourself are a genius, it is useless. …,

Fortunately, it was the period when China was at its most financially abundant, so there was no big problem with that.

In addition to this, another solution is to bring in high-tech personnel from European and American countries. In later generations, the United States took such a path.

The former is easy to do, and the latter is actually very easy to do.

In the process of bringing in high-tech talents, China has encountered two peak periods.

The first is that after the end of World War I, due to the defeat of countries such as Germany and Austria-Hungary, these countries fell into economic depression, and countries such as Austria-Hungary simply split into small countries.

A recession means no work.

Taking advantage of this opportunity, Yan Guang not only provided financial support to the then Weimar Republic, but also took the opportunity to bring in a considerable number of high-tech talents from Germany. These talents have played a pivotal role in both China's Advanced Aero Engine Program and the High-Performance Modern Tank Program.

This kind of introduction project is probably similar to the [double introduction project] carried out by China after the collapse of the Soviet Union.

The so-called "double introduction project" began in the special period after the collapse of the Soviet Union, when the CIS countries were in turmoil, people were panicked, factories and institutions were closed down in large numbers, many experts and professors in the field of military industry lost their jobs, and their incomes fell sharply. In particular, in some cutting-edge industries, a large number of first-class engineers have fallen into abject poverty, and scientific research institutions in the United States, Germany, Israel, South Korea, Singapore and other countries have sent experts to Russia and Ukraine to recruit talents on favorable terms.

South Korea's talent program is very effective, and Ukrainian experts can get visas and air tickets and provide a month's salary as long as they contact the South Korean embassy in Ukraine. There is no unified standard for salary and remuneration, depending on the qualifications and contributions of the experts, generally 1,500 or 2,000 US dollars/month, and well-known experts 3,000 or 4,000 US dollars/month.

China has also joined this round of talent competition, using a recruitment method similar to South Korea, but thanks to the friendly relationship between China and the Soviet Union during the Soviet era, some experts and scholars in the Soviet Union have invited many top experts from Ukraine through academic exchanges, personal friendship and other forms.

During this rare period, China took the initiative and was very purposeful, going straight to the key technologies in the field of military industry, transferring its technological achievements through personal connections. Navy expert Li Jie described the work at that time, saying that the Chinese took a week's train from Manchuria, through Siberia, through Moscow, and then to Ukraine and other CIS countries to find out and fit, and after knowing what technologies the other side could cooperate, a large number of Ukrainian experts immediately went to China to intervene in specific projects.

At that time, China's basic technology was relatively backward, and the level and scale of technical exchanges were relatively low at the beginning. Later, China exchanged light industrial products for advanced equipment, and Ukrainian specialists began to go to China on a large scale. Most of these experts were old Bolsheviks in the old era, who attached great importance to Sino-Soviet friendship, did not have high living requirements, worked rigorously, answered all questions, and provided technology and materials very happily, and even poured out their hearts and lungs.

After about 1993, the relationship between the two sides was not so smooth. "Some technical materials are absolutely not given to you, and you must have some means if you want to." Li Jie said that some people exchanged some things privately with a box of Erguotou or small Chinese souvenirs, but the asking price for serious experiments in the laboratory as in the past is getting higher and higher.

"Later, I just talked about money, and there was no money."

In order to recruit Soviet military talents, the Chinese government at that time launched a "double introduction project" to introduce talents and technologies from CIS countries. It is said that Li Zhu, who was the premier of the State Council at the time, grasped this project and said: "This is a group of outstanding talents who have not been able to train in the past ten years, and it is a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity for our country, and we must not miss it." In order to do a good job in the "Double Introduction Project", the State Council authorized the State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs to formally establish the national "Friendship Award" in 1991 to commend the contributions made by foreign experts to China. Ukrainian expert Otenko? Volodomeer, Kovalenko, Arno? Avchazhuk has successively won the National Friendship Award; Kaqiang? Bowell? Yulievich won the Jiangsu Provincial Friendship Award.

In 2002, an internal report by the Development Research Center of the State Council said that, according to incomplete statistics, over the past 10 years, the "double introduction project" has been carried out through multiple channels and levels through both the government and the private sector, and about 10,000 experts and more than 2,000 technical projects have been introduced from Russia and other CIS countries. Ukraine is a key area of the "Double Introduction Project", and a large number of experts and scholars are invited to China every year to give lectures or engage in scientific research. Li Qianru, first secretary of the Chinese Embassy in Ukraine, said in a signed article: In 2006 alone, China invited about 150 batches of experts and scholars in the field of science and technology from Ukraine to China, with more than 2,000 people.

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For the Weimar Republic on the other side of China's [double introduction project], in fact, it also supports this.

After all, even if these talents were kept in the country, they would not be able to provide jobs to support them, let alone fund their research in advanced technology.

On the other hand, if they are sent to China, they will not only be able to obtain an ideal research environment, but they will also be able to be invited back to China when the situation in Germany recovers.

At that time, all the research results they have obtained in China will naturally be German.

Yan Guang also knows what the Germans think.

Therefore, after recruiting these talents who could not get along in Germany to China, Yan Guang not only provided them with a superior living environment, but also bought them through various means.

The results of the work were still very good, and when the Nazis came to power, Hitler came to power and began to restore the German economy, although a considerable number of Germans returned to their homeland under the call of the German government, at least half of the Germans remained in China, a country where they had lived for more than ten years―――――― gossip, it is said that Hitler lost his temper for this, scolding them for not being worthy of being Germanic...

Because Sino-German relations were not bad at that time, the situation in Germany was also very bad, and the Weimar government at that time was also promoting this project, so there were almost 30,000 or 40,000 people working in China at that time, and in the end, although only half of them stayed, there were nearly 20,000 people...

And these 20,000 people have also made considerable contributions to China's comprehensive catch-up with European and American countries.

As for the other peak, it was during the Great Depression in the United States...

The Great Depression in the United States has affected almost the whole world, especially the United States itself, Japan, and Europe have been deeply affected, and the only thing that can be better at this time is only China, whose economy is completely different from these countries―――――― of course, the Soviet Union is an alternative, because the economic system of the Soviet Union is different from other countries, so the Great Depression that affected the world at that time had little impact on Russia.

It is precisely for this reason that Russia at that time became a shining pearl in the world.

China, on the other hand, was not very deeply affected by the Great Depression, and there was also income from oil fields at the time. Basically, as long as the world's cars, ships, and planes are still fueled by oil, there is no need to worry about the government running out of money.

Therefore, after the Great Depression, taking advantage of the fact that all the above-mentioned countries were devastated, the Nationalist government brought in a large number of talents from the United States and European countries―――――― except for Germany, because at that time German talents had already been almost introduced, so after the Great Depression, even if some were introduced, it was quite limited. At that time, the government of the Kuomintang brought in almost hundreds of thousands of high-tech talents from Western countries, and it was these talents that made China truly surpass all countries before the 40s.

Of course, when the after-effects of the Great Depression subsided, almost half of those hundreds of thousands, like the Germans, returned to their countries. Still, half of them remained in China and continued their research with funding from the government.

It's just that how many of these people are spies of other countries is unknown.

Fortunately, China was inferior to other countries on the basis at that time, and in other aspects, due to Yan Guang, it was better than the European and American powers like a partial student, plus the existence of the Military Defense Bureau, so there was no need to worry about technology leakage...

In any case, in the mid-30s, the first real jet aircraft engine was finally born. By the end of the 30s, the first jet was successfully test-flown and easily surpassed the top speed record set by a piston aircraft that year...

But...

Cough...

Because the jet verification aircraft produced at that time was a single-engine jet aircraft identical to the He-178, the first jet in human history, it fell after only a few test flights after setting the highest speed record...

Ahem, anyway, the history of aviation is basically a history of crashes, a few falls, a few deaths of a few pilots to nothing, the key is to find out the cause of the crash, so that the pilots can die with peace of mind...

In addition, the Wehrmacht generals at the time had seen the incredible speed of the demonstrator beyond the piston aircraft, so although the demonstrator only flew a few times before falling, the Wehrmacht still provided considerable support for the jet aircraft project.

Soon, the second, third, fourth, and fifth demonstrators were born.

Leaving aside the fate of these demonstrators, after seeing the fate of the first demonstrator, the Defence Air Force and the leaders of the project quickly understood that the performance of aero engines at this stage is not very reliable, so if you don't want to murder the pilot, it is better to get some insurance measures.

For example, change the twin engine to a single engine, so that even if one engine breaks down, the other can continue to work, and finally bring the pilot to the ground safely.

As a result, in the process of continuous test flights and crashes of the demonstrator, a new mass-produced jet fighter was quickly designed, that is, the F-1 jet fighter codenamed [Yinglong] in the military, which had just completed the test flight not long ago.

cough, although in later generations there seems to be a certain country that uses a number starting with F, but this kind of thing is like the satellite launch frequency of a satellite navigation system, "use first, win first" is the international law, and now that China uses it, then the United States has to use something else.

(The battle between China and the EU over the satellite positioning system channel stems from the EU's decision to use the Galileo Positioning System in 2002 to break the monopoly of the United States' Global Positioning System (GPS) in the field of civilian navigation, and to invite China to join the Galileo program the following year, making China the first non-EU participant.)

According to the cooperation agreement between China and the EU, the Chinese side has pledged to invest a huge amount of 230 million euros. However, in 2005, according to the China News Agency, with the coming to power of pro-American politicians such as German Chancellor Angela Merkel and French President Nicolas Sarkozy, the United States agreed to support the development of Galileo in technology, followed by the European Union squeezing out China and investing huge sums of money. Involving China in the program is seen by some as an anti-American gesture by Europeans, so the Chinese feel heavily exploited and even humiliated. …,

In November 2006, China announced that it would develop its own global satellite navigation and positioning system, and by the end of 2007, plans for the Beidou-2 system to cover the world surfaced. But the EU did not launch the second experimental satellite of the Galileo system until 2008, a full five years later than originally planned.

By 2009, the Galileo project was well behind schedule, BeiDou was moving forward, and China was making rapid progress in developing its own BeiDou system.

"It's unbelievable" Michel, president of the Belgian Eutralex space agency? In his dealings with Chinese collaborators, Forbes said, "The Chinese prioritize and make decisions." No arguments, no negotiations. This is different from Europe, which has to unify 27 different opinions before doing anything. ”

In addition, the Beidou satellite navigation and positioning system is technically more advanced than Galileo, and the positioning accuracy even reaches 0.5 meters. However, due to the overlap between the channels of the Beidou satellite navigation and positioning system and the Galileo plan, EU officials protested. In accordance with the procedures common to the International Telecommunication Union, China had informed the organization of the frequency of satellite launches it was intended to use, which coincided with the frequency that the Galileo system intended to be used for public administration services. Chinese aviation technical experts pointed out that in accordance with the international law principle of "use first, win first", whoever enjoys the right to use the channel will be the first to activate the channel, and since Beidou is the first to use, then Galileo can only choose the communication frequency again. ）

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In any case, the F-1 [Yinglong] is the world's first practical fighter.

Moreover, unlike Hitler, who used jet fighters as bombers, both Yan Guang and the generals in the army had deep expectations for this new type of fighter.

However, the Air Force and Navy have great objections to the use and production of the F-1.

Of course, this is not to say that they can't see the enormous potential of jets, in fact, the speed that the F-1 alone possesses, as long as these people are not blind, will never be blind.

But even so, in the Air Force and Navy there are a significant number of generals who oppose the launch of the F-1 into production. The reason why they will do this is because in their opinion the performance of the F-1 is not mature enough, although today's F-1 fighter is equipped with four 30mm cannons, plus a speed of 900 kilometers per hour, it is definitely more powerful than any fighter of this era, especially the F-1 with a twin-engine design, and it is much stronger in reliability and safety than the earliest demonstrators.

The problem is that the range of the F-1 is simply too short ...

Although the F-1 reached a speed of 900 km/h, it had a range of only 1,050 km, just like the Me-262 in history. And the ZD-20 of the same period and the later P-51 Mustang both had a range of 4000 km ...

With a range of only 1000 km, the ME-262 is simply too short for both the Air Force and the Navy. This is especially true when there are fighters like the ZD-20 for comparison, not to mention that even the Japanese Type 4 and Zero have a range of two or three thousand kilometers ...

In addition, although the F-1 was the first practical jet fighter of this era, his weight was too heavy compared to the ZD-20 and others. At present, most of the existing airports in China are unable to take off and land this kind of fighter very well, as for aircraft carriers, only the Kunlun class and the Lingbo class can take off and land this kind of fighter, and other types of aircraft carriers cannot catapult this kind of fighter even with hydraulic catapults, which leads to the fact that at least most of the aircraft carriers cannot use this kind of fighter as their own carrier-based aircraft.

Therefore, the opinion of the Air Force and the Navy is to continue to invest heavily in the research of jet aircraft, and the F-1 will not be put into large-scale service for the time being, and when the performance of the jet aircraft is mature, the Air Force and Navy are in service, after all, it is enough to have ZD-20 support scene now, and there is no need for this kind of fighter ...... with immature performance and quite expensive at the same time, and the opinions of the Air Force and Navy are not unreasonable, if Yan Guang is not from later generations, he may really be persuaded by them. However, Yan Guang knows very well that even if it is the so-called third-generation fighters of later generations, it is very difficult to reach or surpass top piston aircraft such as the P-51 in terms of range, not to mention anything else.

So if it's just something else, it's fine, but if it's a voyage...

Moreover, the technology in the military industry can only be advanced on the battlefield, how can it be possible to get accurate data just by studying in the laboratory.

Therefore, although there are a considerable number of people in the Air Force and Navy who have a dissenting attitude, under Yan Guang's insistence, the F-1 not only continued to fly test activities, but also made a decision early, and when the F-1 test flight ended, that is, when he served in the National Defense Air Force.

On the other hand, in response to the opinions of the Air Force and Navy, Yan Guang also ordered the refurbishment of the country's military airfields so that they can take off and land heavier jets. At the same time, in view of the problem that jet aircraft cannot take off and land on small and medium-sized aircraft carriers, Yan Guang also invested a lot of money in the development of steam catapults...

In the future, early jet carrier-based aircraft, unless the aircraft carrier is as big as the Limbo class or Kitty Hawk class, can only take off with catapults, which Yan Guang is still very clear...

"Jets..."

Looking at the jet fighter in front of him that had just landed and stopped taxiing, and looked very similar to the ME-262, Yan Guang nodded and said to Yang Wei.

"I hope that speed of your war will surprise me somewhat..."

Yang Wei on the other side obviously had a lot of confidence in himself, so after hearing Yan Guang's words, he was just quite confident.

"Rest assured that 42 years ago, this fighter would have been included in the Wehrmacht Air Force..."

Hearing Yang Wei say this, Yan Guang was much more satisfied.

In fact, at this time, the Nationalist government was not only carrying out projects such as jet fighters, but also jet bombers, jet airliners, and so on.

After all, the jet engine is definitely a great leap forward for the history of human aviation, and it is too wasteful to only use this high-performance aero engine in fighter jets.

Especially for bombers, piston planes are approaching the limit of 750 kilometers per hour and 12,000 meters of ceiling. To make the aircraft fly faster and higher, the engine must be replaced. And jet engines undoubtedly allow bombers to fly faster and higher, to heights that even enemy interceptors cannot fly ...

"In this way, even a heavy bomber like the B-52 will probably not take much time to achieve..."

Before leaving the base, Yan Guang thought faintly in his heart. (To be continued.) If you like this work, you are welcome to subscribe to the mobile network (.), reward, your support is my biggest motivation. )……，