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At the same time as the Mexican-American War broke out, on the other side of the Atlantic, the Spanish Civil War was also coming to an end. Pen | fun | pavilion www. ｂｉｑｕｇｅ。 ｉｎｆｏ╔╗．． /Full text of the ad

Although the Battle of Brunette was unsuccessful, the IRA did not give up its efforts, launching a second major offensive in the province of Aragon on 22 August, the Battle of Zaragoza, where 7,000 fascist militias put up stubborn resistance without supplies. By mid-September, the Republican army had captured the important cities of Cado and Belchit, near Zaragoza, but could not recover from the decline.

On 20 October, the rebels captured the last bastion of resistance in Asturias, the port of Gijón, and the Basque nationalist leaders fled to Barcelona to establish a government-in-exile. The fall of the Northern Industrial Zone dealt a serious blow to the republic. ╔╗ In the entire Northern Campaign, 250,000 Republican troops were killed, wounded or captured, and the army and the intervention army paid only 100,000 men due to the air supremacy of the German Condo Army.

In mid-December, 100,000 Republican People's Army marched east of Madrid in Teruel to drive Franco out of the capital he had occupied. This plan was originally drawn up in the fall of 1930 by the chief of staff of the Republican Army, General Rojo, to divide the land occupied by the rebels in half with 120,000 troops and then penetrate deep into their weak rear areas - Andalusia and Estremadura. But Defense Minister Dallesio? Prieto opposed this bold plan, advocating only the capture of Teruel in order to thwart the rebel offensive towards Guadalajara, which was in fact a passive defensive strategy.

On December 17, 1931, the Republican Army surrounded Teruel. On January 7 of the following year, the rebel city defense commander surrendered with 1,500 defenders. The rebels hurriedly transferred the main forces, and the fierce fighting lasted for more than two months. Faced with cold weather in the high mountains at minus 17 degrees Celsius and a lack of preparedness on both sides, the battle became a 60-day slaughter. The rebels attacked with difficulty, and the Republican Army defended every inch of land.

On 22 February, the Republican forces withdrew on their own initiative to avoid being encircled, and the rebel forces captured the city and won the final victory. ╔╗ 2,000 Republican People's Army killed. The Battle of Teruel showed that the fighting power of the Republican Army could no longer be compared with the battles of Madrid and Guadalajara, mainly because of D'Alesio? Hazards of Prieto. Since he became Secretary of Defense, he has tried to turn the IRA into his taming tool. To this end, he adopted the principle of "proportionality" in the Military Leadership and Political Commission, which greatly reduced the number of officers and party members and increased the number of people loyal to him. These new promotions are actually capitulationists who share his scent. Their wavering attitude in the face of a strong enemy seriously weakened the combat capability of the Republican Army.

On 9 March, in a wide area from Huesca to Teruel, the rebels concentrated all their elite forces, including the "Navarre", "Aragon", "Moroccan" and "Galician" regiments, as well as the Italian intervention forces, launched a powerful offensive. The same forces that fought hard for two months in Teruel are still holding out here. Exhausted, poorly equipped, and without reserves, they could only resist and retreat. The goal of the rebels, to break through to the sea and divide the territory of the republic into two parts, is almost there.

D'Alesio? Prieto was so alarmed by this that he proposed to the Supreme Military Council of the Republic that the entire armed forces should be concentrated in Catalonia and that the entire south-central zone be abandoned. ╔╗This capitulationist program was embraced by the Catalan nationalists, but was resolutely opposed by the people. Prime Minister Negrin finally removed Prieto from his post and became his own defense minister, but it was too late.

On 5 April, the rebels captured Lleida, the largest city in Catalonia, and on the 15th, they captured the coastal cities of Venaros and Benicarlo. The 30-kilometre-wide strip divides the territory of the republic into two parts: the north, Catalonia; South-central with the provinces of Madrid, Valencia, Alicante, Murcia and Albacete. This led to a significant deterioration of the military and political situation in the republic.

On 16 April, the Chinese Empire publicly recognized Franco's army as the legitimate government of Spain. The Chinese Empire openly supported Franco, leading the European Non-Intervention Committee to find that the Spanish Republic was powerless and doomed. As a result, Britain, France and other countries began to tear off the veil of hypocrisy in order to protect the interests of Spain. Britain and Italy signed an agreement that formally recognized Italy's armed intervention in Spain. France's newly inaugurated Daladier government came to power on April 10 and in June sealed the Franco-Spanish border, banning the entry of people and goods into the Spanish Republic. In early July, the Non-Interference Committee adopted a plan for the "recall of foreign volunteers". The weak Government of the Republic withdrew 10,000 fighters of the International Column, more than 80 per cent of all foreigners in the Republican Army, and withdrew all its members at the end of October. In contrast, Franco agreed to withdraw 10,000 of the 150,000 German-Italian troops, and in the end he did not even fulfill this false promise.

On June 3, 15,000 rebels stormed Valencia along the route of Castellón della Plana, Sagunto. Under the stubborn resistance of 8,000 Republican troops of the 43rd Division, it was not until 16 June that the rebels captured Castellion de la Plana, suffered heavy losses, and had to rest for a month before resuming the offensive and advancing along the sea towards Sagunto. In order to contain the rebel offensive, the IRA mobilized all its elite and launched the tragic Battle of the Ebro.

From July 25 to December, rebel forces and international columns fought a final life-and-death battle at the Ebro River. The 100,000 Republican troops under the command of General Modesto crossed the Ebro River and established bridgeheads in the areas of Mekinanza and Amposta on the right bank, with the aim of eliminating the Moroccan forces under the command of General de Yag and opening up the link between Catalonia and the rest of Republican Spain. By 1 August, the IRA had advanced smoothly and reached Gandessa.

Franco was forced to halt his assault on Valencia and put his elite and most of his reserves into battle, including almost all motorized units, tanks, artillery, and air force. The Battle of the Ebro was conducted in full accordance with all the methods of modern warfare prepared by Germany, with Messersmitt bombers attacking the supply lines of the Republican Army at will, and the Republican Army only had some anti-aircraft machine guns from the First World War for air defense, and the supply could only rely on the transportation of a small amount of ammunition and other military supplies across the Ebro River at night. With the overwhelming superiority of the rebels and the intervention forces in both the air and on the ground, the result was a catastrophic blow to the IRA.

On 30 October, Franco's army launched a counteroffensive. In this attack, the Chinese Imperial Mediterranean Fleet dispatched 100 H-6 bombers and 100 Jian-10 fighters to test the combat performance of the equipment, and achieved great success. All of the Republic's remaining 122 fighters were shot down, and the 3,000 aerial bombs dropped by bombers caused tens of thousands of casualties in the Republic.

By 18 November, the last IRA had withdrawn across the Ebro River. At the cost of 33,000 men, Franco's army wiped out more than 70,000 Republican troops and captured more than 20,000. The defeat ultimately rendered the IRA incapacitated.

Negrin and General Rojo decided that the only way out was to request a large number of weapons from the Soviet Union, and for this, the commander of the Air Force, Ignacio? Hidalgo? Morality? Sisneros went to Moscow for help. The Soviet Union promised to supply more than $100 million in weapons, which was repaid by a loan from the Soviet government to the Spanish Republic. Due to the naval blockade, the Soviet Union could not send ships to transport these weapons, and could only pass through the Franco-Spanish border, but the French government did not allow weapons to cross the border, and the last hope was dashed.

On the 26th, Barcelona fell. On the city streets, the Italian general Gastone? The tank units led by Gabala did not meet any resistance, and there were only corpses along the way. About 170,000 people fled the city overseas. On the same day, Mussolini delivered a victory speech to a crowd of 200,000 people at the Palazzo Veneto in Rome: "People say 'no pass', but we pass!" ”

After the capture of Barcelona, the situation took a turn for the worse. Negrin's government moved to France. Two days later, the IRA abandoned Catalonia, and the remnants of the IRA and 225,000 civilians fled across the border to France. Only 1/4 of the territory of the republic remains, and the south-central region of 10 million people, including 2 million refugees. Although the IRA reached 700,000 men, it was really just a rabble and poorly equipped. And many of these legions were controlled by capitulationists.

On the 27th, Britain and France recognized the government of General Franco, severed diplomatic relations with the Republic, and assisted the rebels in the occupation of Menorca. The next day, the President of the Spanish Republic, Asanha, resigned and fled to Paris.

In the face of a dire situation, Negrin finally decided to take the advice of the man and remove the capitulationists from their military positions. Appointed by Juan? Modesto to replace Cethysmendo? Casado as commander of the Central Front, Enrique? Listel was the commander of Andalusia, Francisco? Garland, Tagueña and Vega were garrison commanders in Katakina, Murcia and Alicante, respectively.

On the 28th, riots began at the Katakhena naval base, and Garland routed the rebels, but the naval fleet was taken by the mutineers to the port of Bizseta. On the same day, a riot began in Madrid, and General Miaha, who had been a hero of the Battle of Madrid, and Céhismendo? Casado organized the "National Defense Committee", led the rebellion, the anarchist Cipriano? Mela led the 4th Army Corps into the rebellion, and Prime Minister Negrin and about 80 followers fled to the French colony of Dakar. Franco also took the opportunity to attack, and the entire area of the republic was in chaos. The "National Defense Council" announced its unconditional surrender to Franco. The last battle for the defense of Madrid was fought in the university town, in which 3,000 men were captured. Franco soon released them, but all the generals of the regular army were shot - Franco was already thinking about fighting in Valle? Morality? Lowes? Cardos and Sheila? Morality? Guadalama stabilized the situation and he will bury the bodies of both sides of the fighting in both places. The last fortress, Valencia, was captured on the 30th, 50,000 republican troops and refugees fled abroad in various ships, and Casado and other members of the "National Defense Committee" fled from Gondia to Britain on British destroyers. On the 31st, Pope Pius XII, in a letter to Commander-in-Chief Franco, said: "We swear to God with our hearts that we are very grateful for all that Your Excellency has done for the victory of Catholic Spain. ”

The war is over, and the terror begins. All those who had participated in the Peace Freemasons were charged with guilt and tried by a special court of "political responsibility" consisting of two soldiers, two Phalangists and two officials, and the defendants were not entitled to a lawyer. There are four types of punishment: 6 years in prison, 12 years and 1 day, 20 years and 1 day, and death. By the end of 1933, 270,000 political prisoners were in prison, and almost an equal number were in concentration camps. By the end of 1940, that number had grown to 2 million.