With bone strength Pero (?) -747), with the Tang army cooperating with the Tang army, overthrew the Later Turkic Khanate (688-744) and established its own Uighur Khanate (744-840) in Mobei.

The capital city (also known as the royal court and the tooth tent) was located in the Orkhon River valley, and the inhabitants were still mainly nomadic. The founding of the Hui Dynasty had a profound impact on Chinese history.

In the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, the relationship between the Hui and the Tang Dynasty had always been very good, and they did not often harass and plunder like other ethnic groups.

In 745, Guli Peiluo attacked and killed the last Turkic Khan, the Baimei Khan, and sent an envoy to Chang'an to report his merits, and Li Longji appointed him as the supernumerary commander of the Fifth Army of the Forbidden Army (Zuo Xiaowei, the outer general).

Through long-term conquests in the south and in the north, the Uighur Khanate controlled more and more areas, and its territory was the largest: it was bordered by Murwei (the ancestor of the Mongols) in the east, Jinshan (now the Altai Mountains) in the west, and the desert in the south, almost completely occupying the territory of the ancient Xiongnu Empire.

After Guli Peiluo's death, he was succeeded by his son Moyan Si, known as Gele Khan (also known as "Heroic Khan",?). — 759).

Gele Khan was a fierce and skilled soldier, but every year he sent envoys to pay tribute to the Tang Dynasty.

After Li Heng ascended the throne, the Hui envoys brought greetings from the khan and expressed their willingness to help in the crusade against the Anshi rebels.

But the Tang Dynasty in the troubled times has lost its aggressive influence, and Hui Hui is not willing to send troops easily or in vain. Li Heng, who is eager to win,

He even accepted his harsh conditions that "on the day of the recovery of Chang'an and Luoyang, the land, gentry and common people will return to Tang, and the gold, silver, treasures and women will be returned to Su". Promising such a bait is undoubtedly a great shame for Yang Datang. Even if Li Heng is helpless. It's also a bit of an open-door thief.

When a big country asks for help, it is obvious that the weakness is highlighted. No one can care so much. Actually, in this case. The introduction of nomadic tribes that have always coveted the Central Plains cannot but be said to be a risk. Mr. Wu Si, a contemporary scholar, has proposed a "law of blood reward",

He believes that the reward for blood is the reward for violence. For the sake of a certain amount of survival resources, the parties (such as Hui Hui) may risk casualties and gamble with their lives. In order to maximize short-term blood income,

Legitimate violent groups can degenerate into banditry. In order to protect his country, Li Heng quickly calmed down the immediate disaster, and did not hesitate to sacrifice his people as a bargaining chip.

September 757. Tempted by the lucrative rewards (some people think that the Hui people are very righteous and simply nonsense), Gele Khan immediately sent his son Ye Hu (the hereditary official name of the ancient Turkic, Uighur and other ethnic groups, second only to the Khan,

It is generally served by the Khan's son or the strong man in the clan) with 4,000 elite soldiers to come day and night to form an alliance with the Tang Dynasty.

Li Yu, the king of Guangping, was ordered to meet Ye Hu and become brothers with him. Ye Hu was overjoyed, and sent the leader Dagan and others to Fufeng to see Guo Ziyi first. Guo Ziyi was very grateful, and wanted to do some of the friendship of the landlord, so she decided to set up a banquet for 3 days to reward the Hui Army. And then to the battlefield.

Ye Hu thanked him and said: "The country is in trouble, we have come from afar to help fight the traitors, how dare we indulge in feasting and drinking?" ”

After the Hui army set out on the expedition, the Tang government provided them with 20 cattle, 200 sheep, and 4,800 catties of rice (40 hu) every day. The good food made the Tang Dynasty government army quite jealous. When the Hui troops arrived at Quwo (northeast of present-day Lingbao, Henan), Ye Hu sent the general Nashi Tupai Peiluo to attack eastward along the Nanshan Mountains to search for the rebels who were ambushed in the valley.

Guo Ziyi and the rebels encountered in Xindian (in the west of present-day Shaanxian County, Henan), and the two armies were engaged, and Guo Ziyi was unfavorable at first.

Just as the rebels were pressing the Tang army from south to north. The Uighur Legion suddenly appeared behind the rebels, who were attacked from both sides, and suffered numerous casualties.

The remnants of the rebels fled in disarray. From Shaancheng (present-day Shaanxian County, Henan) to Luoyang, there were weapons abandoned by the rebels along the way. Yan Zhuang saw this. supported An Qingxu to abandon Luoyang, crossed the Yellow River to the north, and executed the captured and imprisoned in Luoyang Geshuhan, Cheng Qianli, Xu Yuan, etc. before leaving.

The brave and skilled Hui cavalry eventually helped Guo Ziyi's troops recover Chang'an and Luoyang. Moreover, the columnists looted in Luoyang for 3 days, so that the treasury was emptied.

Li Heng's return to Hui even included offering his own daughter. Since Liu Bang, the ancestor of the Han Dynasty, took peace in exchange for temporary peace on the border, a large number of princesses in the past dynasties married away with sorrow.

Among these many princesses, most of them are only clan daughters (such as Princess Wencheng) or palace maids (such as Wang Zhaojun), and those who are really married to the real princess (the emperor's biological daughter) are only in the Tang Dynasty, and Princess Ningguo (later named Princess Xiaoguo) is the first.

In 758, after basically quelling the "Anshi Rebellion", the senile Hui Gele Khan sent envoys to propose marriage to the Tang Dynasty.

In order to express his sincere gratitude to the Hui and to win over the Hui people for a long time, Li Heng promised to marry the widowed second daughter Princess Ningguo to the Hui Khan. Princess Ningguo is the most outstanding among Li Heng's 8 daughters.

Although she was deeply favored by her father, her marriage road was extremely bumpy. She is a hard-working person, and she married twice (first Zheng Xun, then Xue Kangheng) and soon became a widow (in fact, this third time is also).

When Chang'an fell, she was widowed at home, and later fled with her sister Zhenghe Princess, brother-in-law Liu Tan, etc., and suffered from displacement. At this time, she had just returned to her father's side, and before she woke up from the grief of her husband's death, she was selected to be married. Because of her painful experience of the ruin of her country and family, she is clearly aware of the political mission that she undertakes this time.

On the day of departure, Li Heng personally sent his daughter to Xianyang, where he held a banquet to say goodbye. In the face of delicious wine and food, Princess Ningguo had no intention of swallowing it at all.

Before leaving, she cried and comforted her father and said goodbye to him: "The country is not peaceful, even if I sacrifice my life for the country, I will not complain to you!" Li Heng was also very sad, but he had no choice but to send his daughter away in tears.

When the princess of Ningguo arrived in Huifu, Gele Khan held a grand ceremony, named her the new queen (Kedun), and sent the prince to lead the cavalry to continue to help the Tang Dynasty put down the rebellion. But just three months later, the khan died.

According to their own customs, the Hui people prepared to let the princess of Ningguo be martyred. At this life-and-death juncture, Princess Ning Guo showed the majesty and composure of Princess Datang. She argued: "According to the customs of our country." The husband died, and the wife mourned for him for three years.

You can remarry at the end of the term. This is called the 'final rite'.

Now that Hui Hui has traveled thousands of miles to intermarry with the Tang Dynasty, isn't it just admiring the customs and habits of the Tang Dynasty? So. I shouldn't have been martyred for the Khan! Seeing that the princess was reasonable, the Hui people had no choice but to give up.

However, in order to appease the emotions of the Hui people, Princess Ningguo had to cut her face with a knife to show her condolences to the old khan.

This princess of the Tang Dynasty, who was originally like a flower and a jade and loved beauty like her life, did not dare to die at this time in order to continue her lofty political mission, and did not hesitate to destroy her appearance.

One year later, the new khan used the excuse that the princess of Ningguo did not have children. Send her back to Chang'an.

Princess Ningguo is both unfortunate and lucky, after all, there are only a handful of princesses who can return to their homeland.

The Hui Legion relied on its own merits and plundered and had fun in Chang'an before leaving.

Some of the Hui soldiers who stayed in Beijing were extremely arrogant, daring to rob the people's daughters on the main streets in broad daylight, and even dared to use cavalry to storm Hanguang Gate (one of the southern gates of the imperial city of Tang Chang'an).

Li Heng had no choice but to order the gate of the imperial city to be closed, and then send someone to persuade him.

Later, the Hui people forcibly seized the goods of the people, and even robbed the mayor of Chang'an City (Chang'an Order) Shao Shuo's horse, and the relevant departments did not dare to investigate the responsibility.

Beginning in the Qianyuan Dynasty (758-760), the proud Hui people thought of new tricks to blackmail the Tang Dynasty.

They offered a horse for each one. asked the Tang Dynasty for 40 horses (160 zhang, nearly 500 meters).

Their envoys bring tens of thousands of old and weak horses to sell every year (in fact, they buy and sell at high prices, which is no different from robbing), and they all stay in the National Sacrifice Department (Honglu Temple).

Li Heng suffered a dumb loss. and to put them to shame with a rich reward. However, the Hui people pretended not to understand, and still sold 6,000 horses to the Tang Dynasty.

These so-called "allies" of the Tang Dynasty. Just like receiving the consular jurisdiction of the modern powers, the laws of the Tang Dynasty are like a dead letter to them. They don't just loot at will. And you don't have to pay for your life if you kill someone.

The fearless Hui people not only did not seem to appreciate the generous Tang Dynasty, but soon used force against their weak and bullying friends.

In the tenth year of Li Yu's calendar (775), the Hui people killed people on the street. The mayor of Chang'an City (Jing Zhaoyin) Li Gan arrested the murderer, but Li Yu ordered a pardon for his innocence.

Later, they killed people in Dongshi, and the citizens tied up the murderer and sent it to Wannian County, and the Hui leader came to rob the prison and cut many jailers, and the citizens of Chang'an hated these people. Blind compromise and concession failed to bring peace to the Tang Dynasty.

In the thirteenth year of the Great Calendar (778), the Hui attacked Zhenwu (northwest of present-day Inner Mongolia and Lingel) and invaded Taiyuan to the east.

The military and political governor of Hedong (Hedong Jiedu envoy) Bao Fang fought with him, and the Tang army was defeated in Yangqu (now Yangqu, Shanxi) and tens of thousands of people were killed. Zhang Guangsheng, the military and political governor of Daizhou (Governor of Daizhou, now Xinzhou, Shanxi), fought again in Yanghu Valley, and the Tang army won, and the Hui began to withdraw their troops.

Liu Yun lamented in the "Old Tang Book": "Li Henry lured back to Su to recover Chang'an and Luoyang, and Li Yuli lured back to Ping Ding Hebei. The merit of quelling the chaos and stabilizing the order is indeed great.

However, the common people have shed their blood and wealth, and they cannot even satisfy the demands of Hui. The law and discipline of the imperial court were lax and could not curb the bullying of the Hui Hui. Endure shame and affection, tolerate adultery.

Fugu Huaien's rebellion was very harmful to Sheji, because Guo Ziyi managed the army well, so that the Central Plains was protected from another invasion. Comparatively, among the many nomadic tribes, the Hui Hui had the greatest merits to the Tang Dynasty and the deepest harm to the people! In short, Li Heng and his son went through a lot of hardships to calm the Anshi Rebellion, but they still couldn't curb the general trend of the Tang River.

The excessive demands and actions of the Hui people even made the Tang Dynasty bear the infamy of "the first dynasty to sign a treaty to cede land and lose power and humiliate the country".

Later, because of the long-term war against the Tibetans, coupled with the unreasonable rule and continuous internal strife, the Hui were wiped out by the subordinate Huangjia people (the ancestors of the present-day Kirgiz and Kyrgyz) in 846.

The Hui people gave Li Heng and his son a headache, but they had to ask for help many times and endure again and again. Who knows, the Tibetan people are even more unfriendly and powerful.

At the beginning of Li Heng's accession to the throne, Tubo took advantage of the chaos to capture the Tang Dynasty's cities of Xī (present-day Xichang, Sichuan) and Wuwei, and garrisoned Shibao (in present-day Huangyuan, Qinghai).

In 757, the Tibetans sent envoys to repair the situation and asked to join the Tang army in the crusade against An Lushan. Li Heng was afraid that the Tubo people would wait for an opportunity to embezzle again, so he didn't dare to agree, but at the same time, he didn't want to offend this tough neighbor.

Therefore, he sent the ministers to respond and strengthen communication.

Even so, the Tibetans harassed every year, and defeated the Tang army many times, successively conquering Kuo (present-day Guide, Qinghai) and Min (present-day Minxian, Gansu) and other prefectures.

Although Li Heng was well aware of his cunning, in order to temporarily ease the tension, he still sent Prime Minister Guo Ziyi, Xiao Hua, Pei Zunqing and others to swear an oath with him.

In the first year of Li Yubaoying (762), Tubo captured Qin (now Tianshui, Gansu), Cheng (now Lixian, Gansu), Wei (now Longnan, Gansu) and other prefectures.

In 763, Li Yu sent Li Zhifang, an attendant adviser (a regular attendant of the loose cavalry), and Cui Lun, an attendant of the crown prince (Zuo Shuzi), to visit, but they were detained by Tubo.

In 764, Tubo captured Dazhenguan (in present-day Qingshui, Gansu) and captured the prefectures of He (present-day Linxia, Gansu) and Tao (present-day Lintan, Gansu). So far, the territory west of Longshan (Longyou) in the Tang Dynasty has been lost.

Tubo then requisitioned more than 200,000 troops from Tuyuhun and Dangxiang to besiege Wugong (now Wugong, Shaanxi) and Fengtian (now Qianxian, Shaanxi).

Deputy Marshal Guo Ziyi led his troops to resist and defeated him. At this time, Li Yu arrived in Shaanzhou, and Guo Ziyi retreated to Shangzhou (now Shangzhou District, Shangluo City, Shaanxi), and Guanzhong was empty. Tubo made a comeback, and under the guidance of the guard general Gao Hui, occupied Chang'an.

Tubo even set up Li Chenghong, the king of Guangwu (the grandson of Li Xian, the prince of Zhanghuai, and the uncle of Li Yu) as the puppet emperor. The era name was also changed, a general amnesty was introduced, and officials were appointed.

The nobles and gentry of Guanzhong fled to Jingxiang (present-day Hubei) or took refuge in the valleys.

Coupled with the wanton looting of the rebels, the roads were blocked. Yin Zhongqing, the head of the Imperial Catering Department (Guangluqing), led 1,000 men to hold Lantian and sent 200 cavalry to cross the river, shouting to the Tubo people: "Guo Ziyi's army is coming soon!" At this time, the ruffians and hooligans in Chang'an City were also beating drums and shouting in the palace, and Tubo thought that they would be ambushed, so they withdrew in the middle of the night.

After that, Guo Ziyi really killed back to Chang'an, and the traitor Gao Hui was killed by the guard Li Riyue after fleeing to Tongguan. The Tubo army withdrew after occupying Chang'an for 15 days, and Li Yu returned to the capital.

Guo Ziyi took the opportunity to lead elite soldiers to attack the enemy camp at night, killing thousands of enemies, capturing 500 horses and 4 enemy generals, and Tubo retreated. (To be continued......)