[The last chapter of the European tour is about to turn back to the South Seas to usher in the magnificent era. 】

"In the summer of May, Zheng Boke Duan was in the ministry."

"Confucius's work "Spring and Autumn", the meaning of this sentence can only be explained clearly by writing millions of words. If it weren't for Minister Li's tireless explanation, and Lang Shining's comparative translation of Latin and French, it would have been difficult for me to grasp the essence of it. And when I roughly understood the far-reaching meaning of this sentence, I understood the vastness of Chinese culture. ”

Can you understand that a sentence does not write anything, but embodies a rich meaning? For Chinese people, the first point of this sentence is what is not written, which is very strange, right? ”

"Spring and Autumn" is the history book of the Lu State, since it is a history book, the first sentence should indicate the year, but it is not written here, it can only be determined from the comparison between the front and back and the annotations of the descendants, this account is the first year of the Hidden Dynasty of the Lu State."

"Duke Lu Yin is the eldest son of Duke Lu Hui, but he is a concubine, this ding) concubine" is similar to the illegitimate son of our French, and it sounds very much like the illegitimate son of the Sun King, the Duke of Maine. ”

"After the death of Duke Lu Hui, his son-in-law was young, and Duke Lu Yin was in charge of state affairs, but he was not an official monarch, which is very similar to the current regent Duke of Orleans. Because it is only a regency, the first account of the Spring and Autumn Period cannot be written in the first year of the Yin Dynasty, which means that the Yin Gong is recognized as the official monarch. Duke Yin was regent as the monarch, and then he was killed, and not many people thought that he was wronged, because he did not follow the Duke of Zhou and only lived in the phase. ”

"We haven't even begun to decipher this sentence because it doesn't write anything.

The practice of not writing the first year of the Yin Dynasty is emphasizing the most important principle that the Chinese people abide by: passing on the descendants but not passing them on. This is not only related to the inheritance of family property, but also the inheritance principle of Chinese politics. ”

"Now we officially begin to analyze these words, the three words summer and May, it seems to be a simple time, but in the interpretation of the sages of the country, it is still necessary to analyze why the season and the specific month are written together, summer or May is enough. But this interpretation is too profound, and I still haven't fully grasped it. ”

Montesquieu patted his feverish forehead, so that he could continue to calm down, not to be disturbed by the vast and complicated harvest that had been before. By this time, the Seris mission had left Paris and was on its way to visit Britain. He stayed at Voltaire's house in Paris, where he wrote the "Letters of Seris".

"There are only six words in the back, and these six words tell the story of Zheng Zhuanggong, the monarch of Zheng State, who defeated his younger brother Gongshu Duan, who was planning to launch a rebellion in a place called the Ministry."

"The background of this matter needs to be clearly explained, and it takes a lot of pen and ink. The brief description I have given is only a glimpse of the matter, and it is far from clarifying the essence of the matter and the significance of Confucius's account. ”

The beauty of the Chinese script is vividly reflected in this point. They would give endless meaning to a word, and it took me a few days to grasp the meaning of just those six words. ”

"Minister Li told me about the different interpretations of these six words, each of which at one time or another became mainstream."

Minister Li said that every account in the "Spring and Autumn Period" has a positive and negative meaning. The description was accompanied by an evaluation. Therefore, in this article, Zheng Zhuanggong, who was written first, has already been praised and criticized. Judging from the interpretation of later generations, this account is a criticism of him. ”

, as if saying that this Uncle Zheng "is talking about Zheng Zhuanggong, but the description is Uncle Zheng" This Ding Uncle is the meaning of the elder brother. is used in this cannibalistic matter, which is to satirize Zheng Zhuanggong's failure to fulfill his brother's duties. ”

And the two words at the end of these six words, Yu Bu, are criticizing Zheng Zhuanggong for not abiding by the etiquette of the monarch. In the Chinese National Rites Law, there must be a bottom line in the dispute between the monarch and the courtiers and even the brothers, and these two words show that the younger brother Gongshu Duan has been defeated once near the national capital According to the etiquette law, Zheng Zhuang Gong should not continue to chase again, but he chased down the ministry to defeat Gong Shu Duan again, which is to criticize Zheng Zhuang Gong for being rude. ”

This sentence is not only a criticism of Zheng Zhuanggong, but also a criticism of his younger brother Gongshu Duan. Gongshu Duan's identity is called Gongzi in the book "Spring and Autumn", and he is called by his name directly here, which is to belittle him. But in the end, who criticizes this sentence more, later generations have different interpretations. ”,

"The difference is reflected in the gram, the word, one interpretation is to criticize Gongshu Duan more than Zheng Zhuanggong, with the word gram, because there are many people who follow Gongshu Duan, this is to emphasize that the fight between Zheng Zhuanggong and Gongshu Duan is not a brotherly dispute, but a rebellion of courtiers."

"Another interpretation is that Ke, the word is criticizing Zheng Zhuanggong, the courtiers are in chaos, "Spring and Autumn" is killed, described, this is the fixed mode of "Spring and Autumn" words, just like the courtiers killed the monarch, must be killed, the same."

The use of the word gram here indicates that the narrator does not think that this is a mere rebellion by a courtier. Zheng Zhuanggong's mother loved Gongshu Duan and asked Zheng Zhuanggong to give his younger brother a fief. If Zheng Zhuang Gong didn't give it, or gave him a fief that was not enough to make a rebellion, he wouldn't let Gongshu Duan have the power to rebel. Gongshu Duan's rebellion has not yet become a fact, just the rumors, Zheng Zhuanggong attacked him. This gram is criticizing Zheng Zhuanggong for not fulfilling the dual responsibilities of the monarch and his brother, and even satirizing him for planning to eliminate his younger brother a long time ago. ”

At this point, Montesquieu paused for a moment, proud that he had been able to summarize these words so succinctly, and then wrote an essay that made him feel extremely relaxed.

"I asked Minister Li which of these different interpretations was correct. He said that he had previously believed that there must be an interpretation that was correct and always would be correct. But now he felt that no interpretation could always be correct, and whenever a dynasty was just rising, it was necessary to emphasize the evil of Zheng Zhuanggong, so as to proclaim the justice of their overthrow of the previous dynasty. And when the rule of the dynasty is stable, it is necessary to emphasize the evil of Gongshu Duan, so as to criticize those who undermine the rule. ”

"I am very dissatisfied with this answer, can history be smeared at will, like the prostitutes on the streets of Paris, without allowing for the real objective truth?"

Minister Li said that when Confucius wrote "Spring and Autumn", didn't he feel the collapse of etiquette and music at that time, so he used etiquette to recount history, and there was such a small meaning? The reason why later generations will interpret "Spring and Autumn" in different directions is not because "Spring and Autumn" itself is an interpretation of history, rather than a simple account? ”

"This sentence made me suddenly enlightened, but I was extremely desperate, is it really as Minister Li said, all history is contemporary history?"

When Montesquieu inadvertently snatched the lines of the Italian philosopher Croce 200 years later, the delegation led by Xiao Xie was encountering the cold wind of Britain in London.

At this time, Britain's "South China Sea Company bubble" had just detonated, and the shares of the South China Sea Company, which used to be as high as 1,000 pounds a share, were plummeting downward. And the bag companies that relied on all kinds of new concepts, such as "perpetual motion machines", to make money on the London stock market have also been revealed.

The Britons who greeted the mission were all grim, and their net worth had been greatly reduced in this turmoil. When the mission entered London, it saw with its own eyes that people had jumped off the Thames, and more than one. When the mission submitted a list of people to Britain that they wanted to visit, the other party neatly crossed out Sir Newton's name, saying that Sir Newton had lost tens of thousands of pounds because of the South Sea Company bubble, not to mention the Cyris Mission, and he probably didn't have the heart to meet the Pope when he came.

Walpole, the first chancellor of the exchequer, was in talks with the banks and all parties in the hope of saving the British people's purse strings, and the arrival of the Seris mission was also portrayed by the Walpole government as a lifeline to save the country's crisis, but it was only a gesture.

It was the Second Foreign Secretary who was present to receive the mission, showing how much the Britons cared about their trading routes. Not long ago, the Walpole government had just issued a ban on silk, for which British Customs and Excise strictly inspected the goods carried by the mission. Let the low-ranking personnel block the Seris who may be in trouble for this, such diplomatic skills are like doing business with Chinese merchants, and their minds are extremely delicate.

In contrast to the treatment the mission received in Portugal and France, the mission felt a visceral arrogance wrapped in strict etiquette. Although there was no "The Times" at this time, several newspapers were published in London. In these newspapers, the news of the visit of the Seris Mission did occupy a lot of space, but unlike the overwhelming welcome and praise of Portugal and France, the Mission saw a lot of suspicion, apprehension, and even disparagement. ,

On the one hand, it was indeed influenced by the Manchu era, but more from the merchant class's understanding of the Chinese state. They not only regarded China as a large and backward old empire, but also were suspicious of the rising Anglo-Chinese in the south. There are even silk weavers who are vaccinated, claiming that if the Walpole government is forced by diplomatic pressure to open up the import of silk from China, they will organize ** or even more radical actions.

It was a country that in some ways was vaguely similar to the home country of the Mission, so much so that some people began to wonder if the emperor had deliberately taken this Europa country, which was originally called "English" among the Chinese people, as an object of study

As far as business is concerned, London is a very different atmosphere than Paris. Even in the midst of the recession, the port was thriving, with countless merchant ships coming and going, and the cargo was constantly being carried out. The people on the streets also came and went, all busy with their work, and the pace was noticeably faster than in Paris. I have to say that the taste is also much fresher than in Paris. Outside the port of London, it once rubbed shoulders with a British battlefleet, and the majestic posture of the cannons of the giant ships also shocked the mission.

Although it is indeed a fashion to drink Chinese tea, use Chinese porcelain and wear silk, the British do not care about Chinese culture as much as the French.

Liu Dan said that this is natural, like the Dutch, the essence of the British is businessmen, and they pay more attention to practical interests.

After listening to the interpreter's reading of the newspaper, Xiao Xie said with a calm face that the mission would not gain anything in Britain. It can be seen from the newspapers that the ban on silk in China was the beginning, and many articles described China as a closed, ignorant and uncivilized ancient country, even almost like those ancient countries of Kunlunnu.

On the one hand, the bubble of the Nanhai Company ruined the hearts of a country, and on the other hand, the government had just banned the import of Chinese silk, and the mission came, naturally because it was worried about some-for-tat conflict. And the courtesy received by the mission in France also gave the Britons some rebellion. Originally, some bad impressions of China were only scattered among the people, but now they have gathered and surfaced.

Xiao Xie concluded: "Earlier, the missionaries went to our Central Missionary Country, and in order to implement their global missionary policy, they directly chose the benefits of our Central Chinese Missionary Theory. And the merchants in order to sell the goods of the Chinese country, also contributed to the flames, dyeing our Chinese country as bright and bright as flowers. In those books of Europa, the history of our country is really splendid, and it is completely their ideal paradise. ”

"But now it's starting to be a little different, and it's not obvious in Portugal, France, etc. In Britain, it's all businessmen, and they only think about their own interests when they have a global layout. Now that silk is banned, it is just picking up some small disadvantages and saying that we are in the country. When they can make porcelain and grow their own tea, at that time, they will say that our country is useless. Even with the arrogance of civilized people against barbarians, we will be indoctrinated.........

Lu Hanshan didn't think so deeply, his mind was still full of Europa's naval pomp, and he sighed: "Judging from the scene in front of us, we are indeed lagging behind. ”

Li Fangying said in a sullen voice: "If Huaxia is still trapped in the shoe Qing, I am afraid that history will really go like this" ......

Song Ji said loudly: "But now it's different!" We have already looked at the world and seen through this chess game, and it is not too late to catch up at this time! ”

Tang Sunho was high-spirited: "Well said! Why be presumptuous!? ”

Xiao Xie looked around at everyone: "The history of this time, we have left a name, the history of the future, I hope you will encourage me!" ”

Everyone said in unison: "Revive China, the country is proud of the world!" ”

In Gong Nian, this group of young people from "Seris" introduced the history rewritten by Li Shi into a more magnificent stage. This is not only the beginning of China's history of looking at the world and renewing itself, but also the beginning of the re-division of the global trend...... [This is how the rejection of China works, it is the prelude to colonialism: who has the audacity to turn into a colony an ancient civilization that has given so much to the world? Well, first there is only a denigration of it, and then it is up to the artillery to destroy it. *, Ai Tianpu, "Europe of the Chinese Countries: Western Admiration and Rejection of the Chinese Countries", flat volume, p286. ）