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Bai Xianzhong went back to his house happily, he hadn't seen his parents and son for a whole year, but he missed him so much, he walked like a fly when he went out, if it wasn't for the fact that he was still in the barracks, he would have run up a long time ago. As soon as he got on the horse, he couldn't care about anything else, and hurried towards Fuzhou City!

Geng Jingzhong listened to Bai Xianzhong's report, and his mood was also extremely happy, but before he could be happy for half an hour, a piece of news from Guangdong and Macao ruined all his good mood. At this moment, the officials of the Ministry of Political Affairs carried out the task of liquidation and criticism, the Portuguese not only shielded the murderer, but also injured the officials who went to negotiate, and the two horsetail guards were shot through the calf by the Portuguese with their muskets.

"Bastards, they really think of Macau as their own territory!" Geng Jingzhong is really a little angry, in his previous life, what he hated the most was that the foreign hairs showed off their power in China, and now he has developed ahead of time, and many foreign hairs are working for him, and they have also integrated into the East, without the slightest arrogance. But this Portuguese made him see the difference, and it seemed that if they didn't give them a little color to see, they really didn't know how many eyes Ma Wang Ye had!

Historically, Portugal invaded Macao through despicable means such as smuggling trade, sending envoys, bribing officials, and waging war. In order to control the Portuguese living in Macao, the former Ming court set up a gate, but instead led the Portuguese to divide the land and self-government. In previous years, the Qing government had always forbidden the sea, and this policy also indirectly wanted to exclude Portugal, but the Portuguese were more intelligent, they pretended to pay tribute, and then obtained commercial profits from it.

Geng Jingzhong remembered. Before the Opium War, although there were many territorial disputes in Macao, the officials of Macao were all sent by the Chinese government and paid land rent to the Chinese government, indicating that the sovereignty of Macao belonged to China. After the Opium War, the Portuguese both stationed troops and collected taxes in Macao, and abolished the decree that Macao paid land rent to China, severely undermining the territorial and sovereign integrity of Macao. The Chinese industry and trade with Macao as the intermediary is one of the bad consequences caused by Portugal's invasion and occupation of Macao, the bloody crimes committed by the European and American powers against the Chinese people, and a great humiliation in China's modern history. Until the last month of the twentieth century. It was only then that China resumed its sovereignty over Macao.

At the earliest. Columbus's discovery of America, Vasco da Gama's opening of new shipping routes to India, and Magellan's round-the-world voyage have profoundly influenced the course of world history. At the same time, however, the countries of Western Europe also embarked on a bloody overseas expansion and colonial plunder, "presenting a wonderful picture of perfidy, bribery, murder and despicable acts." In the east of Asia, the former Ming Dynasty at that time was still immersed in the dream of the "prosperous era of the Celestial Empire", unaware of the colonial frenzy that was about to sweep away. The first to break the myth of the Ming Empire were the Portuguese colonists, who invaded Macao in 1557, the 36th year of the reign of Emperor Jiajing of the Ming Dynasty. Since then, Macau has been under Portuguese colonial rule for more than 100 years.

One hundred and fifty years ago, Portugal was vigorously engaged in ocean voyages and overseas expansion, and it was at the height of Portugal's heyday that King Don . Noel I was naturally curious about what was happening in the world and wanted to draw something from it that would be beneficial to his rule. Under his hard work, Portugal was a powerful country, and the development of domestic capitalism prompted it to soon embark on the road of colonial conquest and plunder, gradually establishing maritime supremacy in the Indian Ocean in Asia, and establishing a dominating eastern trading empire that reached as far as India, Ceylon, Manchuria, Sumatra, and Java.

While Portugal is vigorously carrying out colonial expansion, China is an extremely closed country. The foreign trade exchanges of the former Ming Dynasty followed the tributary system, and regarded themselves as the Celestial Empire, and the tributary states had to kneel and bow to them three times and nine times to show respect and submission, which was more thoroughly implemented by the later Qianlong. Portuguese Tomei. In the sixth year of the Ming Dynasty, Lacey traveled to the East and wrote the Oriental Chronicles, in which he wrote about China's relations with overseas countries: "Every five and ten years the kings of Java, Siam, Pasai, and Malacca sent envoys to the Chinese monarch with certificates issued by China, and to send the best gifts in their kingdom...... If they carry thousands of gifts, the Chinese monarch will double the gifts. Several of the countries mentioned in the text were tributary states of the Ming Dynasty.

At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, overseas trade was all in the form of tribute, and "non-tribute means that they were not allowed to trade with each other". In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, private overseas trade flourished, many merchants were in the company of pirates, and the Japanese gradually became a major problem in the former Ming Dynasty, and the tributary trade system gradually collapsed. Therefore, the former Ming Dynasty had to adjust the overseas trade policy, in the early years of Zhengde, the trade principle of the Guangdong City Bosi has changed from "non-tribute, that is, it is not allowed to inter-market" to "whether it is a period or a non-period, it is a tribute or a non-tribute, then the tribute and the mutual market are two, and there is no need to pay tribute and often come to the mutual market".

This shows that China's overseas trade is being freed from the traditional shackles of "industrial and commercial food officials" and transformed into non-governmental and private trade. In the long run, this is a commercially prosperous transformation, but the fanatical process of world capitalism's search for overseas wealth will not be satisfied with this snail-like rate of transformation, and will use artillery and force to open the doors of China when their normal trade demands are not answered in time. The Portuguese occupation of Macao was achieved in such a situation where the gap between East and West was very large.

How did Portugal occupy Macau, and the former Ming court ignored it? As early as the sixth year of Zhengde, Portugal captured Manraka, which was located at the throat of the trade between the East and the West and was an important part of the tributary system of the Ming Dynasty, and later arrived in the eleventh year of Zhengde to Tuen Mun Ao, Haikou, Guangzhou, Guangdong, followed by Ningbo and Zhangzhou, and then to Langbaijiao, Oyster Mirror, that is, Macao trade. The Portuguese exchanged cheap goods such as mirrors, pins, dried fruits, pepper, spices, etc. for Chinese tea, raw silk, porcelain, silk and valuables such as gold, precious stones, pearls, and brass, and they could make more than 20 times the profit, so the Portuguese flocked to it. However, none of this trade has been approved by the Chinese government and is a smuggling trade.

In order to further expand overseas trade, the ambitious Manuel I officially sent an envoy to China in the 12th year of Zhengde. Gu Yingxiang, who was the Haidao Affairs Department of the Guangdong Provincial Affairs Bureau at that time, once recorded this incident: in the twelfth year of Zhengde, "there were two large sea ships, until Guangcheng Huaiyuanyi, which was said to be a tribute from the Buddha and the country, and its owner's name was Jiabi Danmo". Gu Yingxiangyun: "Check the "Daming Huidian", there is no tribute from this country, Gu Ben participated in the imperial court, and Xu Zhiqi sent it to the ministry." "Ming Wuzong Record" Zhengde 13th year of the first month also has a special record: "The envoy of the Buddha Lang Ji State and the envoy Jia Bi Dan and other tribute things, please seal and give it to the survey." Guangdong Zhenfu and other officials used Hainan all kinds of useless Buddha Lang opportunities, and the envoy did not have domestic documents, so he was not credible, so he left his envoy to ask. Lower Rite Division. Emperor Zhengde decreed: 'The order is returned to the country, and its materials are given to it.' ’

After reading the records in several books, we can know from these records that after the Portuguese envoys arrived in Guangdong, the local officials had never heard of this country, and the Portuguese envoys did not have documents such as those held by the tributary states, so they did not dare to deal with it arbitrarily, so they had to go to the imperial court and finally get the will of "returning the country by decree". Portugal was bent on expanding the trade from the East to China, but it did not do so, but it went to great lengths without any success. Seeing that the previous trade practices were unworkable and that the tribute could not be obtained in order to obtain the opportunity to enter Beijing, the Portuguese envoys adopted such despicable methods as bribing local officials, sailed the ship into Guangzhou, and raised the flag on the mast and fired a cannon salute in greeting, according to the Portuguese custom, but the Chinese officials and people were greatly shocked and mistaken for a provocation. Soon, the Portuguese envoy "guarded the noble and allowed to enter Beijing". The Portuguese Mission's generalist Yasan Tong guò bribed Wu Zong's favored minister Jiang Bin, and had the opportunity to accompany Wu Zong, who had always been fun-loving, and Wu Zong felt that Yasan, who could speak through the Han Dynasty, was interesting, so he "learned his language for fun". Yasan relied on Wuzong's favor and was very arrogant and lawless, while the Portuguese who stayed in Guangdong "built houses and built villages" and "plundered good people for a long stay". Portugal's fearless indecent acts and misdeeds aroused the anger of the former Ming court and the surrounding people, and the former Ming court and the people continued to fight to expel the Portuguese colonists from the country.

At the end of the fifteenth year of Zhengde, the head of the Imperial Shiqiu Daolong asked for the expulsion of the Portuguese envoys, and when he played, he said: "Manraka is a feudal country, and the Franc dares to merge with it, and he wants to take advantage of me, and asks for tribute, which must not be allowed." It is advisable to send his envoys, express his obedience, and order the return of the territory of Rajia to allow tribute. If you are persistent, you will tell everyone and condemn your sin. Yushi He Ao also shouted loudly: "The Buddha Lang machine is the most cunning, and the weapons are more unique than others." The year before the big ship broke into the city of Guangdong, the cannon sounded, the people who stayed in the post violated the traffic, and the people who entered the capital were rebellious. Listening to its trade now, it is bound to fight and kill, and the disaster in the south is extremely undisciplined. In the end, he also proposed to expel all the Portuguese: "Those who are driven to Australia and those who live in the Fan people are forbidden to fornicate and strictly guarded, and one side is safe."

This was granted, and soon the number of foreign ships in various parts of Canton was greatly reduced. However, the nature of capitalist aggression meant that the Portuguese would not leave the rich land of South China lightly. After the Chinese government strictly enforced the "prohibition of smuggling" and cancelled the connection with Portugal and other foreign countries, Portugal took advantage of the military advantages of "being superior in weapons and weapons" and "no overseas people dared to resist" to launch the Battle of Xicaowan in the second year of Jiajing. The Battle of Xicaowan dealt a heavy blow to the Portuguese and was the first glorious victory of the Chinese people in the history of resistance against the colonizers.

During the reign of Emperor Jiajing, in order to deal with the Portuguese invasion, private trade was also strictly prohibited. In the ninth year of Jiajing, Wang Xiwen talked about the poison of foreigners carrying private businessmen: "Siam, Champong, Ryukyu, Java, and Boni came to pay tribute, and went to Dongguan. Later, because of the private Jiake, he paid more tribute. During the Zhengde period, the franc machine was poisoned, and it was all extinct. In a few years, the proposal was restored, and the donation was very much. …… Please follow the old system and do not mix up. Tong guò his striving, "is a decree, all the tributes are not timely, and those who fail to survey and construct, shall be forbidden." Soon, Guangdong "few goods", "a few unique". As a result of a period of sluggish Portuguese trade in China, Portuguese merchants became more cautious in colluding with local pirates and pirates in Canton.

In the 28th year of Jiajing, there was an impeachment incident caused by the Portuguese rebels. Governor Zhu Zhi advocated that it was strictly forbidden to pass the law, and the Portuguese gathered a crowd to break the law, and Zhu Zhi executed 96 people, including the head of the thief, Li Guangtou, and was impeached by Chen Jiude, the imperial historian, on the charge of arbitrariness. In the matter, Du Ruzhen was sent by the emperor to verify, and he actually said that the beheaded person was a Manchurian merchant who was engaged in normal trafficking. So Zhu Zhi was arrested and committed suicide. "History of the Ming Dynasty" sighed: "I don't know that the full range of Raga is the Buddha Lang machine." At this time, Manraka had been destroyed by Portugal, and the rebels were indeed Portuguese who were among the forbidden ones, and Zhu Zhi's death was really unjust. Since Zhu Zhi's death, no one dared to ask the Portuguese merchants. "The sea ban is relaxed, and the Franc machine is unscrupulous on the sea."

The maritime ban policy during the reign of Zhengde and Jiajing did not stop the Portuguese invasion, but on the contrary, it exacerbated the plague along the coast of Guangdong. At the same time, for China at that time, overseas trade was actually one of the major sources of Guangdong's fiscal revenue and military salaries. Moreover, after the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the germ of capitalist production relations appeared in many areas of the south, giving rise to a merchant class that made a living from the exchange of commodities. Therefore, overseas trade cannot be completely banned. Governor Lin Fu once said that he would reply to the Portuguese city: "Guangdong's public and private expenses are more expensive and commercial,...... Today, there are four benefits in the mutual market. "To summarize carefully, it is: first, all the people who come to China to trade, and the income from the division method is "enough for the royal use"; 2. Assets can be used to "supplement military salaries" to strengthen military defense; Third, "Fanbo circulation, up and down" Fourth, the small people can meet their food and clothing needs from the sale. The above four benefits, "help the country and enrich the people", "because of the interests of the people and benefit". This was allowed, "since the franc opportunity to enter the Xiangshan Ao city, and its disciples crossed the border to Fujian, and the exchanges were endless." Concrete implementation. That is, depending on the local Shang family, you can benefit a lot.

The relaxation of the maritime ban policy created more favorable conditions for Portugal's occupation of Macao, and more and more Portuguese people entered Guangdong, Fujian, Zhejiang and other places, laying a smooth economic and trade network for the invasion of Macao. The local officials in Guangdong colluded with the Portuguese and accepted bribes, which provided them with an opportunity to speed up the occupation of Macao. In the fourteenth year of Jiajing, the commander Huang Qing was bribed by the Portuguese to move the city of overseas trade to Macao. With a tax of 20,000 gold a year, the Portuguese were allowed to live here, so that its buildings were "tall and flying, facing each other". After Zhu Zhi's suicide, Portugal was even more unscrupulous in Macao, "building a house and building a city, and it is far from the seaside, like a country". In the 32nd year of Jiajing, the Portuguese living in Macao bribed local officials in Guangdong with a lot of money under the pretext that the ship's goods were wet and needed to be "borrowed to dry", and they were able to enter Macao. In the 36th year of Jiajing, when Chinese pirates besieged Guangzhou, the Chinese officials begged the Portuguese for help, and because of their meritorious efforts in catching pirates, they were allowed to live in Macao for a long time in return for their work. Portugal finally realized its aggressive intention to lease Macau. It is an undeniable fact that Portugal's occupation of Macao was an act of aggression from overseas.

Although Portugal occupied Macao and was able to live in Macao for a long time, the Ming Dynasty government still exercised effective rule over Macao, collecting more than 1,000 taels of silver from Macao's land rent every year, and the officials at all levels in Macao were also sent by the Chinese government. In the early years of Wanli, in order to effectively control the Portuguese living in Macao, the former Ming court built a wall outside the Portuguese residential area, leaving the gate to guard the gate in the middle. These gatekeepers regularly opened the gates to supply the Portuguese with food, vegetables, and daily necessities.

The original intention of the Former Ming Dynasty was to keep the Portuguese under the strict control of the Chinese government, "so that the Portuguese could look up to me and make it difficult to live for a long time". In the event of a riot, the gate can be closed in time to cut off its food supply. However, the imperial ministers of the Ming Dynasty underestimated the ability of the Portuguese, who made business as a business, and private trade on the Chinese border was never well regulated and controlled, and local officials colluded with outsiders to enrich themselves, which greatly favored the private trade between the Portuguese and the Chinese without interference from the former Ming court.

In addition, the enclosure of the Portuguese with a wall in itself contributed to the Portuguese territorial autonomy. The Portuguese organized a council within the gates, held elections every three years, and also established a guard and customs to collect customs duties from foreign ships in Australia. In contrast, the local officials in Guangdong regarded Macao as a foreign province and "forbade and forbade" the Portuguese aggression and evil acts, which further fueled the arrogance of the Portuguese.

Afterward. The Wokou rebelled. The Portuguese are also secretly fueling the trouble. Divide the Japanese invaders. The ministers of the DPRK and China were also ready to take action against the Portuguese, but at that time there were two views on the expulsion of the Portuguese: one was to exterminate the Aoyi, and the other was to move them to the Langbai Ocean so that they could trade by ships. Governor Zhang Mingfu believed that the Portuguese lived within the gate, and there were officers and soldiers defending the city, and the food and clothing needed were provided by us, so it was easier to subdue. He said: "If you move to the ocean, then the huge sea is vast, and you will be able to control the peace and security." His proposal of "no traitor is allowed to go out of the gate, no one is allowed to enter outside, there is no provocation, no relaxation, and no trouble" was also adopted by the imperial court. In Geng Jingzhong's view, this is completely a strategy of the rat's eyes, and it is a peaceful strategy. As a result, Portugal's long-term residency in Macao was once again officially recognized by the Ming Dynasty.

By the end of the Ming Dynasty, the internal politics of the former Ming Dynasty were rotten, the institutions were scattered, and they were unable to deal with the Portuguese invasion, so the Portuguese hegemony in Macao was more solid, and the trade market was easily cut off. Fifty years ago, that is, in the second year of the Apocalypse, the Dutch admiral Layousun led 15 warships and 2,000 soldiers to attack Macao. The following year, the Portuguese Viceroy in India appointed the first Governor of Macau, giving him the power to administer Macau. The Portuguese colonizer thus hinted at his exclusive occupation of Macao to the other capitalist powers.

In recent years, in order to further control the anti-Qing struggle of the coastal people and block the invasion of Western European powers, the Qing court Shunzhi and Kangxi strictly imposed a sea ban, implemented a sea relocation policy, let the coastal residents move inward, and cut off private trade with foreigners. But it didn't hurt the Portuguese much, until now. The Portuguese are arguably already entrenched in Macau. The power is huge. Officials from the surrounding prefectures and counties also spoke for them. After all, the Portuguese don't have that much money to hold.

"Go and call Chief of General Staff Li, he has sent me such a big problem, and he has to help me solve it!" (To be continued......)

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