Q: Who is the worst country in Europe?

Answer: Pingde Town, Lu Daqi Pippo.

How much has Poland, Europe's most bizarre country, died?

After the end of World War I, the Russian civil war continued, Germany was weakened by Yanzhòng, and the newborn Poland, with the support of Britain and France, stepped on the hair in the east and bit Hans in the west, which was very unhappy.

In Europe, provoking the two traditional powers of the Soviet Union and Germany is just a matter of pulling out the tiger's beard, and on issues outside Europe, this country is also extremely strange.

When Japan invaded Northeast China, Poland was the first to recognize Manchukuo. In the Anglo-Japanese intervention war against China in 1935, Poland obviously did not lose any interests in China, but it also jumped out and loudly declared war on the "Bolsheviks in China", constantly showing off its "sense of existence" in the international community. 、

Who knows that twenty years in Hexi, twenty years in Hedong. Less than two decades later, with the re-emergence of Germany and the Soviet Union, by 1938 Poland's national strategic situation had reached a precarious level.

However, even in such a dangerous situation, in January 1939, when Germany, which was becoming more and more powerful in the west, forcibly annexed the Czech Republic, Poland, a strange country, actually followed the Germans and enthusiastically participated in the feast of carving up the Czech Republic and forcibly seized thousands of square kilometers of land.

In January 1939, at a "Czech" feast for the Germans, Poland slipped in and shared a glass of wine. Less than nine months later, the Poles were punished for selling their allies for petty gain.

October 7, 1939. The Soviet Union and Germany spoke out at the same time, and together they demanded the "return of territory" to Poland. At this point, Germany and the Soviet Union had openly and nakedly demonstrated to the world the posture of "Soviet-German" alliance, and the whole world was taken aback, but it was also quickly understood that this was a matter of course. After all, in the past few years, the German table has been too "red".

While the British and French politicians had not yet figured out how the natural rivals of fascist Germany and the socialist Soviet Union could be so good as to join hands in a pair of trousers, the Soviets and Germans declared war on Poland at the same time, twenty-four hours after the ultimatum was issued.

To the west of Poland, Germany had ten armored divisions. Six motorized rifle divisions are the main assault forces. Following Hitler's order, he crossed the German-Polish border and entered Poland on 8 October to launch an attack on all fronts. Thousands of No. 2 tanks, armed with 40-mm guns, poured into Poland. And the Luftwaffe took only three days to make the Polish Air Force cease to exist on the Western Front. The rapid and in-depth advance force of the German armored forces and the air force quickly tore apart and surrounded the old and huge Polish army.

The eastern side of Poland is dominated by the new BT5. BT7 as the main body of the torrent of Soviet armor. Hundreds of thousands of Soviet Red Army. Also at the same time launched a fierce assault on Poland.

The attacks of the Soviet Union and Germany were completely synchronized, and the big Pipo, known as the "Pingde Zhenlu", died more than ten years later. Finally begged for benevolence, suffered "retribution", and was attacked by the two rogue uncles of the Soviet Union and Germany, one after the other, broke his body and exploded the chrysanthemum, and he was sandwiched into a big meatloaf.

Compared with the German-Polish War in history, due to the help of the traversers, the German Army has stronger combat effectiveness and a more complete combat theory of armored forces, while the "ally" of the Eastern Front, the Soviet Union, also cooperated in the operation at the same time, and the Poles, who were enemies on both fronts, had a weaker effective resistance on the Western Front.

War was declared on 8 October, and by the end of the 30th month, Warsaw, the capital of Poland, had fallen, the Warsaw government had surrendered, and Poland had been partitioned for the seventh time.

Then, according to the agreement of the "Leningrad negotiations", the Soviets and Germans roughly divided Poland into two along the line of the Narev-Vistula-San River. Due to the faster progress of Germany in the early stage, the German army attacked too fiercely at the end of the war, crossed the pre-agreed demarcation line in the pursuit, and had to take the initiative to withdraw after the war and return the "over-occupied" territory to the Soviet Red Army on the Eastern Front.

Then, after the Soviet Red Army on the Eastern Front and the German Army on the Western Front met, the two sides began a warm celebration. The senior generals of the two sides met and celebrated each other's victories in joint operations, and together they had an in-depth discussion on the topic of "the use of armored forces" (which has happened in history).

Due to the intervention of Linhan, Marshal Tukhachevsky, who put forward the theory of "large-depth operations of armored forces", was not killed. At that time, when Linhan and Stalin talked about why Germany had achieved a stunning victory in the early stage, they deliberately vaguely explained to Stalin that it was the Germans who used the theory of armored forces similar to that advocated by Tukhachevsky to guide the army. Lin Han deliberately only lightly "brought along" this matter, and at that time he was too shocked by everything he said to Stalin, and Stalin did not pay much attention to this.

Later, when dealing with the issue of Marshal Tukhachevsky, although Stalin overthrew Marshal Tukhachevsky, his theory of great depth was retained.

During the Polish Campaign, the Soviet Red Army's use of armored forces on the Western Front on the basis of the theory of great depth was also very effective, and the organization was extremely chaotic in its implementation, and many problems were exposed in the course of the operation -- in fact, there was a big difference between Marshal Tukhachesky's theory of large-length operations and the tactics of the armored forces that the Soviet Red Army gradually matured in the Soviet-German war. Tukhachevsky's ideas were a little too far ahead of his time, and the mechanization and organizational capabilities of the Soviet army at that time were far from meeting the requirements of the "great depth" of operations he advocated (I will not go into the details of the details, so as not to cheat money). -- Historically, it was probably not until the sixties and seventies that the Soviet Union's armored forces were able to meet the technical requirements envisaged by Tu Shuai.

Of course, the "blitzkrieg theory" of General Guderian, a contemporary of Tukhachevsky, also exposed a bunch of deficiencies and defects during the Polish campaign, and the German blitzkrieg tactics in history did not fully mature until the end of the French campaign. However, in this plane, thanks to the help of the traverser, Guderian's "blitzkrieg theory" was perfected a lot, but in the Polish campaign, the German army also exposed the problem of expanding the army too quickly, and the comprehensive elements of the army fell strictly.

(Note: After the end of the Polish campaign in history, why did Germany delay nearly half a year before launching France on the Western Front.) The most important reason was in the Polish campaign. The German Army exposed a bunch of problems and shortcomings, and during the "sit-down war" in the winter of 1939, after learning various lessons from the Polish campaign, the German Army took advantage of the winter to train desperately to improve the overall quality of the army, which led to the great victory in the French campaign. The so-called strong army is not innate, and it must be found out all kinds of problems and deficiencies through actual combat, and then carry out corresponding training to fight out. Practiced)

When Su De expressed an ally-like attitude. At the same time, when they "spoke" in one tone, declared war at the same time, and cooperated together to divide Poland like one person, Britain and France, who had just woken up from a dream, only then found out. They are already at a very disadvantageous strategic disadvantage.

The Soviet-German relationship was as good as wearing a pair of trousers. The worst fears of Britain and France are becoming a reality.

Since the Soviet Union and Germany made territorial claims to Poland at the same time. At the same time, war was declared on Poland, and Britain and France, which had already sold their allies once on the Czech question, had to face the same question: should they sell Poland again as if they were Czechs?

Selling the Czech Republic can be prevaricated by being deceived by the untrustworthy Germans. But if Poland, which had been protected by the "treaty", is sold again, then it is impossible to say. If Britain and France continue to allow the Soviet Union and Germany to act against their "allies" in a substantive way, their credibility and influence on the European continent will be minimized.

After two days of exchanging telegrams, the British and French governments were forced to make the most painful and reluctant choice: to declare war on both the Soviet Union and Germany. Britain and France now have to fight, because the Soviets and Germans seem to wear the same pants to carve up Poland together, which has made Britain and France understand that if they continue to appease like this, their "allies" in Europe will only be eaten by the two families one by one, and they have reached the point where they have to fight.

During the Polish campaign, the British and French tables on the Western Front were called the "Sit-down War". But in fact, the two families were not idle, but they also tried to launch a diversionary attack on Germany from the Western Front, but after the "Siegfried Line" on the Western Front was blocked, they quickly retreated, and then hundreds of thousands of troops sat together on the Marzino Line to "watch the battle". Due to the speed of the Soviet and German attacks, the speed of Poland's defeat was even faster, and due to the lag of the general mobilization, by the time Poland was defeated, the Anglo-French forces assembled on the Western Front were also seriously insufficient, and the "sit-in" of its hundreds of thousands of troops did not sit for a few more days before the Polish campaign ended.

After the end of the Polish campaign, when the news of the "peaceful" meeting of the Soviet and German armies and the reunion came, when they thought of the terrible shadow of the Soviet-German alliance and the fact that the two countries together had more than twice their military and population advantage, how could the British and French coalition forces have the courage to climb out of the Maginot Line and fight a war of attrition similar to the Battle of Verdun like World War I?

After October 1939, the German Western Front was plunged into a peaceful "sit-down war" on the ground, as in history. On the Eastern Front, the Soviets and Germans divided Poland's territory as agreed in the Leningrad Agreement, and then the two sides gradually withdrew their main forces from Poland according to the agreement, retaining only the "security forces" used to maintain local order.

In the winter of 1939, both the Soviet Union and Germany did the same thing, which was to demolish factories in Poland and deindustrialize the country. In addition, they set up observers for each other and withdraw troops from each other's borders to reduce each other's "sense of insecurity". So far, both sides have maintained a "friendly" posture as much as possible.

Germany's eastern front was stable, but the western front was not calm. Although the armies of the two sides on the ground played a wait-and-see war and a sit-down war, the air forces of the two sides fought and exchanged fire in the sky as in history. The combat power that replaced the BF109 as the main force of the Luftwaffe was the HE112 fighter, whose performance was already above the relatively backward Hurricane fighter in Britain and France and the crooked neck fighter MB.150 fighter in France.

In order to "strengthen" the "stability" of the Soviet-German alliance, Stalin also sent the Soviet Air Force to join the air battles on the Western Front under the leadership of Lin Han, and these Soviet Air Force pilots flew German-made HE112 fighters. Compared with history, Germany not only has a stronger army, but even the air force has more pilots because of the help of the Soviet Air Force.

In terms of weapons production capacity, the mobilization capacity of the German military industry has been extremely poor in history, and in addition to its own poor organizational and mobilization capabilities, the lack of mineral resources is also an important reason. But. In accordance with the requirements of the Leningrad Agreement, in the first months after the start of the war, the Soviet Union supplied Germany with a large amount of mineral resources. Germany in this plane had also completed important strategic resource reserves and oil reserves at home before the war, and in the short term, its military production capacity could still be free to carry out general mobilization production.

When it comes to military production, many people always unconsciously apply the problem of German tank production to aircraft, but in fact, this is a wrong view.

During World War II, the man-hours and raw materials consumed to build a fighter jet were much lower than those of a tank. And Germany during World War II, from 1939 to 1945. There is never a shortage of planes. All they lacked was pilots. Even in 1945, when the Allies were on their doorstep, the Luftwaffe faced only a lack of fuel and the problem of pilots being "overwhelmed" by a "massive" number of aircraft. The problem of insufficient aircraft production capacity has never happened to the Luftwaffe.

And the Soviet side was so "enthusiastic" to send pilots to participate in the air battles on the Western Front. In addition to strengthening friendly ties between the so-called "Soviet-German". Another factor was Stalin's desire to involve the Soviet Air Force in modern air warfare as soon as possible. In case the "disconnect" of the development of the Air Force is caused behind closed doors. Hannah's acceptance of the Soviet Air Force's assistance was not only to demand an increase in the share of the Soviet Union's mineral exports to Germany, but also to "show" its strength to the Soviet Union. Let the Soviets see the "generational gap" in weapons between the Soviet Union and Germany, at least before 1941, be honest and don't make small moves.

Historically, the Soviet Red Army did not begin to enter the 1000-horsepower era until after 1940, and it was not until 1941 that it began to equip German fighters with similar performance to the MiG-3 and Yak-I fighters. Before 1941, their air forces were still heavily equipped with outdated I16 fighters, and the Soviet Red Army in this plane was no exception.

Historically, Stalin, although enthusiastic about expansion, was at the same time a very careful man. His attitude towards Germany was more cautious and defensive. Later generations have always said that one of Stalin's greatest regrets before 1944 was that he could not divide the world with Hitler, and the two sides fought a lose-lose war instead. Germany in this plane is stronger than in history, and although the two sides are now "allies" and Chinese friends are colluding to support "Soviet-German friendship", Germany has put more pressure on the Soviet Union than in history.

In order to deepen the friendship between the "Soviet Union and Germany," Stalin also sent his air force to join the air battle on the Western Front after Lin Han's lobbying and the suggestion of the Chinese comrades, so that on the one hand, he could personally experience the performance of German-made fighters, and on the other hand, he also had the idea of figuring out the "side by side" combat between the two sides and deepening the "friendship" between them.

The current relationship between the Soviet Union and Germany is very delicate, in fact, the two sides are afraid of beating the wolf with a stick, and both sides want to maintain this "peaceful" state of not going to war with each other for a long time, and they are both afraid that the other side will tear their faces and make a move.

Hannah agreed to the Soviet Red Army to participate in the air battle on the Western Front because she believed that the experience of air combat on the Western Front could not be used on the Eastern Front. In World War II, the altitude of air battles on the Eastern Front was less than 3,000 meters, and the air forces of both sides were fought around each other's tank forces

In air combat, what was needed on the Eastern Front was low-altitude fighters. However, the altitude of air battles on the Western Front is often above 5,000 meters, and then with the emergence of the B17, the air forces of the two sides are fighting higher and higher around the escort and counter-escort.

In the future, the MiG-3 fighter developed by the Soviet Union was a standard high-altitude, high-performance, low-altitude performance fighter, which was eliminated because it did not adapt to this and was eliminated because it grabbed engines with the IL2 attack aircraft. Hannah also hoped that the Soviet Union, after participating in the air war on the Western Front, would be led into the "evil way" and create more MiG-3s.

In addition, Hannah wanted to pull the tiger skin of the Soviet Union to suppress Britain and France, and the Soviet Air Force also participated in the air war on the Western Front, the consequences would only deepen the hostility between Britain and France and the Soviet Union, which would also be more conducive to preventing Germany from falling into the embarrassment of a two-front war. Between countries, there are only eternal interests, no permanent friends, and Hannah has to be wary of the dangerous ally of the Soviet Union and the fragile alliance between the Soviet Union and Germany. The participation of the Soviet Air Force in the air battles on the Western Front was regarded by her as another "letter of surrender" handed over by the Soviet Union to Germany.

Historically, after the end of the French War, Germany took the initiative to offer an olive branch to Britain for peace talks, but Britain refused to hold peace talks to the end. Now that the Soviet Union has joined together and started a war together, Hannah also wants to see if after adding the Soviet Union as a bargaining chip, will the British still hold on to the death with Germany as they did in history?

With the addition of Soviet pilots, the Luftwaffe was able to organize a larger air force engagement with Britain and France on the Western Front. In the winter of 1939, the newest HE112E fighter had the upper hand in air battles on the Western Front.

In the UK, although the RAF's newest Spitfire I entered service in 1938, the Spitfire, as historically, has been slow to produce and equip as it has been.

The main reason for the slow production of Spitfires is mainly due to the fact that the new fighters are completely different from the old ones in combat production, and the requirements for production equipment are higher. The conservative British were too slow to change their minds, and the negative effects of the Spanish Civil War.

After the end of the London negotiations in May 1937, according to the requirements of the negotiations. The air forces of various countries gradually withdrew from the skies over Spain. But the Spanish Civil War continued, but the British still supplied Franco with the latest Hurricane fighters.

After September 1937, with the mass production of the 1,000-horsepower Merlin engine, the long-awaited engine was finally used in the Hurricane fighter. And began to fight in the skies over Spain. At the same time, the new Hurricane fighter according to the performance of the adversary. Targeted improvements have been made.

And at the same time. On the Republican side, the main force of the air force is still the old 900 hp BF109 and HE112, and the performance has not been improved in any way.

The German military deliberately did not upgrade the Republican fighters in order to fight in the air against Spain. Let the British give the illusion that the performance of the Hurricane fighter is enough.

Franco's National Army air force began to gradually regain air supremacy over Spain, which lasted until the end of the Spanish Civil War in 1939, when Hurricane fighters maintained the upper hand over Spain.

The Hurricane fighter that was in service with the Nationalist Army at the end of the war in early 1939 even used the 1,050-horsepower engine of the Merlin 12 originally intended for Spitfires.

As a result of the deliberate release of water by the Germans, from 1938 onwards Hurricane fighters in the skies over Spain began to change from the initial "smile" to "laughter". In addition to helping the Royal Air Force regain confidence in its own fighter jets, it also brought more orders for aircraft for the Hurricane fighters.

After the crushing defeat on the battlefield in China in 1936, the Royal Air Force cried for a replacement of fighter jets. According to the table of the Spanish battlefield, the British government fulfilled their demands. At the end of 1938, almost all of the Royal Air Force's fighters on British soil had completed the refitting of Hurricane fighters.

But the consequence of this is that when the newer Spitfire fighter enters service, in addition to facing the problem of competing for engines with Hurricane fighters with the same engine, it also faces the embarrassment of higher manufacturing costs and insignificant performance advantages.

The Hurricane fighter was heavily equipped and became the biggest enemy of the Royal Air Force when the new Spitfire was equipped.

As a result, by the time Britain and France declared war on the Soviet Union and Germany in October 1939, the Royal Air Force's production of Spitfires was only a pitiful 120, less than one-third of the same period in history, and more than 30 of them were damaged due to training accidents.

Since 1937, it has been an era of rapid upgrading of the world's aviation technology, and it is common for the last year to become obsolete goods the next year. Where is it possible for the British government, which has suffered heavy losses in China, to "take off the shelves" of the Hurricane fighter jets that have just been equipped with troops to make room for the more advanced Spitfire?

Compared with the Spitfire, due to the use of the same engine, the performance of the Hurricane fighter and the early model of the Spitfire I is not much different, that is, the dive performance is poor, the maneuverability is worse at high speeds, and the speed is a little slower. These things almost accumulate little by little, in fact, they are very fatal in air combat. But the old councillors in Downing Street don't see that. In peacetime, they will only shout for the common reason that "I just changed to a new plane a few months ago, and now I have to change to a new plane, how can this be justified?" ”

Then the RAF was tragic.

As a result, the RAF fought on the French front, and after October 1939, the tragedy began. The Luftwaffe, which had previously deliberately released water on the battlefield in the West Class, came up with the HE100 fighter jet, which was an upgraded version of the HE112, which was specifically designed for the performance characteristics of the Hurricane fighter. As soon as the HE100 appeared on the Western Front, it immediately caught the Royal Air Force, which was intoxicated by the illusion of victory on the Spanish battlefield, by surprise. In the last three months from October 1939, the British and German fighters maintained an embarrassing ratio of 2:1 in the air battles on the Western Front, and the Royal Air Force suffered a great loss. As for the French Air Force, the pace of replacement of French fighters at the same time in history was even slower, and its main crooked neck fighter MB150 was even swollen in the face by the opponent in air combat.

Compared to the Spitfire, the biggest problem of the Hurricane fighter is that its wing design is too "simple", its fuselage is also small, and the potential for improvement has reached its limit. And as the speed of air combat has become faster and faster, the design of its wings has become less and less suitable for high-speed air combat. In addition, the space and structural strength of the fuselage are also difficult to fit into a more powerful engine - not impossible, but shoehorning it will severely affect the aerodynamics of the aircraft, and the effect of improving performance is not as good as that of a Spitfire with the same engine.

Simply put, the Hurricane fighter is a good aircraft, but his potential for improvement has been exhausted. But at the outbreak of the war, the entire British aircraft production line was occupied by Hurricane fighters. When the news of another defeat in the front-line air battle came back, the British woke up like a dream and finally made up their minds to switch to the production of Spitfires, but it was already after February 1940.

It takes time to transform a production line. Hurricane fighters are being shot down on the front line every day, and even if it is known that it is "outdated", it is impossible for the aircraft factory to immediately stop producing Hurricanes and switch to Spitfire, because such a consequence will lead to an interruption in the supply of fighters to the front line. The war had just begun, Britain had just begun its general mobilization, and aircraft production capacity was still low.

It takes time for airfield workers to adapt to the production requirements of new aircraft.

It also takes time for front-line pilots to get used to the new aircraft.

At this time, the British Empire lacked the most time.

As has happened in history, by May 1940, when Germany launched the French campaign on the Western Front and blitzed Western Europe, only one Spitfire fighter was sent to France for the "reference" of the French Air Force in the entire Western European theater. Even more wolfish than in history is that at this time the Royal Air Force had fewer Spitfires in its hands than in history.

Compared with the British, the Luftwaffe did not go down the wrong path at all in terms of "dotting the technology tree". In the process of the development of the Luftwaffe, Hannah personally inquired about the development of aircraft and the design of engines, and formulated various "unreasonable" upgrade plans.

In order to prevent the people in the armaments department from being deceived and deceived by them, she even mobilized the secret police and gendarmes to supervise the replacement of the air force - in history, the personnel of the German armaments department had a bad record, and often acted on their own in the upgrading of equipment, and Hannah really had to guard against them.

Since the C model, the HE112 has completely abandoned the elliptical wing, which is difficult to produce and has not improved much performance, and replaced it with a relatively simple and easy straight wing, and its model name has been changed to the HE100 model to distinguish it from the old model. Then he did not pull a step in replacing the engine and upgrading the aircraft, and never refused to be stingy. (To be continued......)

PS: This chapter is a transitional chapter explaining the strategic situation of various countries in World War II, and the next chapter is the climax of the long-awaited naval battle.