Since the German government did not financially support the Bolsheviks, at least the rumors that the patronage of 50 million gold marks was unfounded. Then the obvious question arises, where did the Bolsheviks get the money they needed to carry out revolutionary activities?

After all, the vast number of Bolsheviks, whether old revolutionaries or small revolutionaries, were the masters of clean faces, and it was almost a fool's dream to expect to maintain normal activities by collecting party dues. At least Li Xiaofeng knew very well that the party's ability to fight the autumn wind was not weak, and he snatched 200,000 rubles from him, so when he heard that Dzerzhinsky and Ganetsky were out to make money again, he couldn't help but wonder who the unlucky guy like himself was.

"Felix. Comrade Edmundovich, where have you been? Li Xiaofeng asked half-jokingly.

Dzerzhinsky smiled self-deprecatingly and said, "We are not fate. Cal. Comrade Moore is more conscious than you, and he has supported hundreds of thousands of Swiss francs in the party! ”

Scold! Li Xiaofeng was also taken aback, there are still Bolsheviks who are as rich as his brother in these years (you kid is not a Bolshevik yet!) ）。 But then he remembered this Carl. Moore came, a man who was not well-known in history, or even had nothing to do with the rumor of the 50 million German gold marks.

Cal. Moore was a Swiss-born German, born in Switzerland in 1852, and joined the party in the late 1870s (when Lenin was still under 10 years old and Stalin was probably not yet born). From 1889 he lived in Bern, where he began to pay attention to the Russian Revolution and was engaged in the study and support of the Russian revolutionary movement for a long time.

Cal. Moore organized many rallies and demonstrations to expose the shameful crimes of the tsarist government, to show solidarity with the Russian revolutionary movement, and to provide valuable advice to the Russian revolutionaries in a timely manner. He had provided substantial assistance to Russian political exiles, including the Narodnaya Volyata and the Bolsheviks, and in 1908 alone he provided a grant of 150,000 Swiss francs.

At the same time, Moore provided hundreds of thousands of Swiss francs to revolutionaries in Germany, Switzerland, Italy and Scandinavia. It was under his influence that the International Association for the Support of Revolutionary Fighters was established in Europe, which provided important assistance to revolutionaries in various countries in difficult situations.

In 1904 Moore became acquainted with Lenin in exile. During his tenure as a member of the Executive Board of the International Socialist Party from 1913 to 1914, he supported the Bolsheviks in the dispute between the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks over the ownership of the inheritance of Schmitt (a Moscow factory owner who had provided financial support to the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party during his lifetime). At the beginning of the First World War, Column

Nim and Zinoviev were expelled by the Austrian authorities, but were able to remain in Switzerland without Moore's guarantee and escape from exile.

The following year, Moore also paid a deposit of 100 Swiss francs for the extension of his stay by Lenin and others. In April 1917, he financed Lenin, Zinoviev and others to return to Russia from Switzerland via Germany to lead a new revolutionary upsurge. Before the October Revolution, he provided 113926 Swiss francs (equivalent to $33,214 at the time) at the request of the Bolshevik Foreign Office. As a personal friend, columns

Ning has always maintained a high level of trust in Moore, and the contact between the two has never been interrupted, directly or indirectly, when they have been separated.

It can be said that Moore at that time, in addition to not knowing medical skills, was simply a contemporary Bethune, how could such an internationalist warrior have anything to do with 50 million gold marks? The bad is bad because of his German identity, whether he has a dime relationship with the Second German Reich or not, malicious slander is not simple. Whoever allowed Germany and Russia to be at war at that time, and it was natural for them to hate each other, regardless of whether Moore wore the same pants as Wilhelm II, as long as the Bolsheviks accepted the financing of German friends, it would be a heinous crime. What's more, Milyukov and Kerensky and the gang are worried about how to clean up the columns...,

Rather, this is not a target to be sent to the door.

For a time, rumors about Lenin's secret collusion with the German government, Lenin's acceptance of large amounts of funding from the German government, and so on, were rampant. In order to draw a factual conclusion, to clarify right and wrong, to dispel all kinds of suspicions and accusations, and to smash all kinds of rumors and slanders, Lenin and Moore wrote to the Bolshevik Foreign Bureau to find out the true identity of Moore, although they had been friends for many years.

In the letter, Lenin wrote solemnly and earnestly: "Who is Moore? Has it been completely and absolutely proven that he is a man of integrity? Was he and is colluding directly or indirectly with the German social-imperialists? If Moore is really in Stockholm, if you know him, then I wholeheartedly, earnestly, and repeatedly demand that all measures be taken to give this the strictest and most well-founded scrutiny. Here, there is no room for suspicion, blame, rumour-mongering, etc......"

At that time, Lenin's comrades-in-arms and the top leaders of the Party Central Committee were also sharply opposed to each other in their understanding, evaluation, and attitude towards Moore for various reasons. Lenin was explicitly told that Moore was an "agent of the German government who had been bribed with money" and that the source and real purpose of his funding were dubious.

Others, such as Radek, who was well acquainted with the situation in Germany, firmly told Lenin that he must not be listened to and that he must condemn the false accusations and slander against Moore. Lenin himself insisted that criticism of all kinds should not be taken lightly without solid factual basis, and that this international friend, who had financed the revolution in the difficult years, should be treated with frankness and responsibility. Thus, after the October Revolution at a critical juncture in the peace talks on Debrest, columns

Ning still hired Moore, who was well versed in the German situation, as his special adviser to negotiate with the Germans.

In March 1919, Moore was invited to attend the First Congress of the Communist International, presided over by Lenin. In the days when the international situation was complex and changeable, Moore still used his special and advantageous position to run between Soviet Russia and Western Europe. The famous Bolshevik Cradik, who had a special mission, was also spared by the warm care and help of Moore during his arrest and imprisonment by the reactionary German government (Moore spent money to open up official channels and turn Radek's cell into a special salon). ）

Four years after Lenin's death, Moore finally left Soviet Russia and died in Berlin in 1932. Until his death, he was politically active as a leftist of the International Socialist Party, and in the end no one could prove that he was an "agent of Germany", just as it could not be proved that the Bolsheviks had ever accepted subsidies from the reactionary German government.

But the most chilling thing is that the Bolsheviks were not at all friendly to this old friend when Lenin was seriously injured in his assassination. The peculiarity and complexity of the relationship between the Bolsheviks and Moore are not only manifested in the fact that the revolutionary party, which was in an underground state and in a difficult state, had received huge financial support from this foreign friend, but also that after the Bolsheviks had changed from a revolutionary party to a ruling party, the two sides had experienced six or seven years of entanglement and unhappiness in order to settle this debt. Moore himself almost lost his life to it.

If the former is a comforting comedy and drama, then the latter is a puzzling and even sad tragedy and farce. It is not known whether the debt collection of this mysterious German figure was due to his normal economic concept (borrowing to be repaid) or because of the suspicion, indifference and hurt of the Bolshevik Party after he came to power.

As early as the beginning of the victory of the October Revolution, as a friend of Lenin, Moore did not have a good time getting a passport to Soviet Russia, and had to turn to Lenin for help. In 1919, while attending the Congress of the Communist International, Moore asked Lenin for the first time to return his loan, and Lenin immediately expressed his full understanding and approval. …,

Two years later, with the help of Lenin, Moore came to Moscow and formally demanded the return of all money lent to the Bolshevik Foreign Office before the October Revolution. Since he did not receive an answer, he gave a list one after another

Nin Molotov (then secretary of the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party) wrote a letter reiterating his demands.

Lenin not only replied to Moore with cordial concern, but also promised that "all matters may come to me" and that he had clearly instructed "to settle accounts with Moore immediately". Because of the blame-shifting of the specific executors, Moore had to "send countless letters and telegrams" to the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party and the relevant departments of the Soviet government, and "did everything he could."

After Lenin's serious illness in 1922, Moore's demand for repayment became even more difficult. Especially after Lenin's death, he was almost in an embarrassing situation where no one paid attention to him. For more than six years, the poor German made enormous and multifaceted sacrifices and costs in order to claim back what was rightfully his/her own:

Financially, since some of the money he lent belonged to his private deposits from inheritance, and most of them were interest-bearing loans, he was unable to repay the loan on time, so he had to mortgage the securities to the bank and pay huge interest and security deposits. For this, he suffered an economic loss of nearly $10,000. At the same time, he lived an embarrassing life.

In terms of health, due to the deterioration of material living conditions and the harsh climate of Russia (the cold and humidity of the long winters), the elderly in their old age suffered from heart disease, lung disease, rheumatism and asthma, as well as diseases of the nervous system. Since then

The medical conditions in Russia were poor, and he was not cared for by the Russian Government, and he was not able to receive timely and effective treatment for many diseases, thus causing extremely serious damage to his health.

More serious injuries are in the mental and psychological aspects. As a foreign friend who "gave the party [the Bolsheviks] great help in their most difficult times," he deserved the respect of the Russian party and the government that had been in power after the victory, and at least he should be treated fairly in the matter of settling his debts.

However, the ending is quite the opposite. Especially after Lenin's death, the Russian party and government did not follow Lenin's instructions to hurry up the problem and solve the problem, but also became extremely arrogant and unreasonable, openly indifferent and disgusted with the former funders, and simply regarded them as a nasty burden, as if it were not the Russians but Moore who owed the debt. All this made him mentally miserable to the point of collapse. From his cold basement, he made a pitiful plea to the Russian party and government: "Don't let me die in Russia!" ”

Politically, the long stay in Russia deprived Moore of the opportunity to return home to participate in elections and work in parliament. In an almost desperate situation, Moore had to turn back to her comrades in her own country's party, who was widely respected in the international community at the time. Ms. Zetkin asked for help.

It was thanks to Zetkin's direct intervention that the seven-year-long debt dispute was resolved. This "lovely old comrade Moore" (Zetkin), who had cared for and supported the Russian Revolution for more than 50 years, enthusiastically protecting and financing Russian revolutionaries in distress, finally left Soviet Russia, which broke his heart. He died of illness in Berlin five years later. During this period, there was a lot of anti-Soviet voices in the world, but people did not see any anti-Soviet remarks made by the heartbroken Moore

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