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"All gunpowder is mainly saltpeter sulfur, supplemented by plant ash. (The text was first published in the reading cabinet biquge.info) nitrate to yin, sulfur to yang, yin and yang two gods meet in the gapless, its appearance is also, the characters are gone, the soul is scattered and the spirit is powdered. "-Ming? Song Yingxing? "Heavenly Creation? Gunpowder》

Due to the problems of iron ore and fuel sources, Taiwan's pig iron production could not be qualitatively increased, and under such circumstances, Zheng Kezang, who took the initiative to ask the Ministry of Industry to concurrently lead the Ministry of Industry, did not burn the first fire after taking office on the iron smelting workshop and the expansion of the official road, as Chen Yonghua had said before, but unexpectedly intervened in the production of gunpowder in the Ministry of War.

"The manufacture of gunpowder in this domain was carried out in strict accordance with the records of the "Wubei Zhi" and the "Military Records."

According to the official system of Ming Zheng, under the six officials equivalent to the servants of each department, each ministry has a Lang Zhong to preside over specific ministry affairs, but the military department is very special, first, the military department does not set up military officers, and secondly, the military department is equivalent to the military officer, and Chen Shenwu, who is equivalent to the military officer, was dismissed by Zhu Jin in anger, so it is expected that Langzhong Cai Qian, who is expected to go further, does not intend to Zheng Kezang's overstepping his authority at all, but hopes to use his careful explanation to please a good impression in front of this prison grandson.

"Among them, saltpeter should be prepared in three steps: the first step is to dissolve the saltpeter in clean water to remove impurities such as sediment in it; In the second step, egg whites, carrots, etc. are put into the nitrate solution and boiled many times to adsorb the salt and alkali and slag in it; In the third step, the water glue that has just been condensed is put into the nitrate solution and boiled again, and then the solution is put into the porcelain urn to cool and solidify, the waste water floats on the top, the sediment sinks down, the pure nitrate is centered, and finally the water is removed and the slag is removed, and the pure nitrate is taken out to dry. In this way, the pure nitrate after refining is in the form of white salt grains, and only 30 catties of pure nitrate can be obtained per 100 catties of saltpeter. ”

Zheng Kezhang picked up a pure nitrate crystal presented by the military officials, played with it for a while, and then motioned to Cai Qian to continue to talk for himself.

"The purity of sulfur has a great impact on the explosive power of gunpowder, and it is often said that sulfur is mostly horizontal medicine, and sulfur is less direct medicine. For this reason, the process of steaming is divided into four steps: first, the sulfur is first mashed and the sand and debris are removed; Second, put the mashed sulfur into a pot and boil it with fresh water, remove impurities, pour it into a porcelain basin and precipitate it for a day, and then remove the sediment to obtain crude sulfur; Third, two and a half catties of butter and one catty of sesame oil are injected into every ten catties of crude sulfur and then decocted to make the oil not sticky with sulfur, and then added to the pot with cypress leaves to cook with sulfur to suck off the black slag in the pot; Finally, the coarse sulfur removed from the slag is put into the boiling oil and boiled, and after the oil surface is covered with yellow foam, it is put into a basin to cool, and finally the yellow foam and impurities are removed to obtain pure sulfur in good condition. ”

Zheng Kezhang listened to the explanation, and secretly thought about it in his heart. That is, there is no pyrite, otherwise the production of sulfur would not have to be so cumbersome and expensive. However, it is not good to say this in front of Cai Qian, but it will make the other party feel that he is talking nonsense and picking thorns in the eggshell, and maybe it will also make the other party feel frustrated that the horse's fart is slapped on the horse's feet, not to mention that Cai Qian will be dissatisfied because of this, so Zheng Kezhang just listened quietly and did not put what he thought on his face.

"The advantages and disadvantages of charcoal are related to whether the gunpowder can be ignited quickly and evenly, so only willow charcoal, fir charcoal, and eggplant ash are used to make medicinal charcoal, of which willow charcoal is the top, and the latter two are secondary. However, even if it is willow charcoal, under normal circumstances, you can only choose the wicker before and after the Qingming Festival, because at this time the wicker leaves will not sprout, and the essence is all on the wicker, so the texture is the best. When choosing wicker, it must also be straight and even, and after removing it, remove the skin and knots to dry naturally. Cai Qian explained. Peeling is to reduce smoke, knotting is to avoid explosion when burning, but also to make the fire uniform after ignition, as for air drying, it is to reduce moisture and improve the quality of the charcoal, and then it can be baked into charcoal and finally ground into powder. ”

Hearing this, Zheng Kezhang said: "Yu tried to make a dry distillation kiln in the process of making cement, which also helped the making of charcoal, and the military department can send people over to understand how to produce, or it can be beneficial. ”

"No!" At Cai Qian's level, of course, he also knew what cement was, and he also knew the role played by Zheng Kezhang in cement production, so he agreed on the spot as Zheng Kezhang liked, and even made a decision in his heart, no matter whether the dry distillation kiln is good or not, the military department must build a place, as for which one is better to use, it is necessary to let the people below try to compare and compare, so as not to "cold" the heart of this grandson of the prison who likes miscellaneous studies.

Zheng Kezhang was very satisfied with Cai Qian's acquaintance, so he nodded at Cai Qian with a smile. When Cai Qian saw it, his face was even more smiling, but he understood that Zheng Kezang's smiling face was appreciated by his own attitude, and as for really entering the other party's eyes, it had to be seen what he did next. As soon as he thought of this, Cai Qian, who was hot in his heart, explained even harder.

"When the above three materials are ready, the next step is to actually start making gunpowder. According to the "Records of the Soldiers", the craftsmen of this domain are also divided into four steps: first, nitrate, sulfur, and charcoal are ground into powder with stone mortars; Second, put the three kinds of powder into a wooden mortar and soak it with pure water according to the number of blends, and then mix it into a mud and then repeatedly pound it 9,999 times, during which the mud gradually dries, add water and pound again, so that the mud is uniform and delicate, and then take out the sun; Third, take the finished product and put it on the paper, ignite the gunpowder, the gunpowder burns out and does not damage the paper is the best product, and the rest is inferior and unqualified, and needs to be smashed again until the finished product is in good condition; Finally, the medicine grains are screened, the dry knotted high-grade medicine blocks are broken into granules, and the large, medium and small gunpowder particles used in the large guns (cannons), Franc machines, and bird guns are screened out with different thicknesses, and the non-granules are used as fire gate gunpowder, and the powder is all eliminated. ”

"Slow?" Zheng Kezhang suddenly stopped. "What Lord Cai said appropriately, is the cannon charge of this domain the same?"

In the memory left by Zheng Kezang in his previous life, there was a difference between the propellant of the British army's musket and artillery during the Opium War, could this be one of the mysteries of the Qing army's cannon range in the Opium War?

"No, no, it's the minister who said it quickly, and the prison country has a misunderstanding." Cai Qian's explanation dispelled some of Zheng Kezang's doubts. "In fact, there were more than 50 kinds of formulas for gunpowder in the national dynasty, which were used for different types of firearms, and after the simplification of the domain, one type of cannon such as the big gun and the Franc machine gun, and one type of gun such as the bird gun and the Miru gun."

"I see." Zheng Kezhang thought for a while and continued to ask. "Of the two, how much saltpeter, sulfur, and charcoal are in the medicine?"

"This?" Cai Qian was stunned, this is an absolutely confidential thing, but Zheng Kezang's identity is different, so Cai Qian made a decision that he would never hide it in a moment. "Gunpowder nitrate is seventy and a half, the remaining sulfur and charcoal are half each, the gunpowder nitrate is about seventy into six cents, the sulfur is one into six cents, and the remainder is charcoal."

Zheng Kezhang compared the formulas of the charges used by the British army in the First Opium War that he knew, and found that the two formulas of Zheng Jun were very different from the formulas of gunpowder for guns and gunpowder used by the British army more than 150 years later, but it is self-evident that after more than 150 years of practice, the British formula should be more practical.

"Master Cai, there are two ways to do this, you might want to try it." Zheng Kezhang reported the number of jù. "Nitrate accounts for seventy and a half of the gun, sulfur accounts for one, and charcoal is used for the rest, and nitrate accounts for seventy percent and eight percent for sulfur, and charcoal is used for the remainder," Cai Qian wrote down what Zheng Kezhang said on the paper, and before he could pick up the ink-drenched paper and read it carefully, he listened to Zheng Kezang say. "In addition, whether it is gunpowder or gunpowder, the particles should not be too large, it is best to change them all to the size of rice grains, the finer the powder is the better, as for the benefits, the military department can also compare with before." Cai Qian was already a little bitter at this time, but Zheng Kezang's words were not over yet. "It is best to pack all the charges according to four taels of gunpowder and four coins of gunpowder, and it is best to wrap them in silk, but the financial resources of this domain are not strong, and it is too expensive to use silk, so it is okay to use paper with a slightly better texture."

There may be some arguments about changing the proportion of the charge and the granules of the finished drug before, but at the beginning, as long as the number of batches is small, and then only when it is more successful will large-scale changes be made, and the impact is not very large, but it is not the same with paper packaging.

Not to mention anything else, paper is not a cheap commodity in this era, and good paper is even more expensive and difficult to find, Zheng Kezang will spend thousands of taels of silver on the side of his mouth, even Cai Qian, who has a heart to be attached, is a little hesitant.

"Why is this a matter of asking the prison state?"

"This is a firing table made by the gunners of the French country who were invited by Yu." Zheng Kezhang gave Cai Qian a piece of paper. "Of course, the firing table of each cannon is different, but if you are familiar with the firing table, you can know how the range of the cannon in front of you changes after you raise a few points higher and lower a few points, and you can shoot as long as you want if you load a few packs of medicine or minus a few packs of medicine." Zheng Kezhang looked at the dumbfounded Cai Qian and asked. "Lord Cai, did you say that it was difficult to find a gunner in the past?"

"Is what the prison said true?" Cai Qian's breath was chaotic, of course he knew what it was difficult to train a good gunner with 100 shots, and he also knew that if he wanted to control the range of the gunner, he could only rely on the gunner's feelings, but now, the common sense of the past has been overturned, and it is no wonder that he is sincerely afraid. "It's not that Hongyi kidding."

"He dares!" Zheng Kezhang drank domineeringly. "Lord Cai, rest assured, the boy battalion has tried many times, in addition to the bumps in the sea, the gunners still have to be trained, and the land artillery is already close to ten." In order to dispel Cai Qian's suspicions, Zheng Kezhang even sent out an invitation. "If you still don't believe it, Lord Cai can go to the boys' battalion artillery team to have a look."

"Of course you want to go, of course you want to go." Cai Qian understood that he was witnessing a piece of history, so although Zheng Kezhang had a precedent of taking out an iron model to accelerate the casting of cannons, he still had to go over to confirm it as soon as possible. "Please also ask the prison country to arrange!"

"I'm afraid it won't work today, so let's go tomorrow, you can go to the military department, but if you see it, it's rotten in your stomach."

"Minister's savings." Cai Qian hurriedly promised. "The minister saved it."

"Since you can save it, I won't talk about it." Zheng Kezhang was just about to stand up, but suddenly sat down again. "Charcoal, this domain can be fired and distilled by itself, where does the sulfur and saltpeter come from?"

"Most of the sulfur is sold from Japan and the Ryukyus, and some of it is traded with the inland mountains of Taiwan, as for saltpeter." Cai Qian replied. "It can be extracted from nitrate, and the military department regularly sends personnel to dig nitrate from pigsties and grain reincarnation places in various places every year."

"I'm afraid there aren't many of them." Zheng Kezhang cut him off. "Go and buy it from the Yingguili Merchant House, the Yingguili people have several large mineral deposits in Tianzhu, and if they want to exchange porcelain tea with them, they will be happy."

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