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On July 20, the 29th year of the reign of Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty, when the war in southern Jiangsu and northern Zhejiang was in the ascendant, the main force of the Qing army commanded by Funing arrived at the Tuergeni Yizar (note: that is, the later Mulan enclosure) of the Keshiketeng Banner. (To read the latest chapter of this book, please visit the biquge.info of the Qing army) The Qing army camped on the spot here, the entire camp was 60 miles long, 20 miles wide, and the garrison was nearly 100,000 people.

On the same day, Fu Quan sent an envoy to the Junggar camp and said to Galdan: "If you enter our border, Shangshu Alani and others have to fight. You are good with the Celestial Dynasty to repair tribute, and you have come to chase Khalkha. Now Khalkha has robbed our foreign vassals, wantonly rebelled, and lost with our dynasty. The Holy Lord sent Prince Heshuo Yu and the eldest son of the emperor to come and affirm the law of etiquette with you, and make an alliance forever in the past. ”

Here, the tone of the Qing court changed greatly, admitting that Galdan was going south to "chase Khalkha", and said that Khalkha was the common enemy of the Qing court and Dzungaria, and the emperor sent important ministers to discuss a solution to the problem.

In order to further dispel Galdan's doubts, he also specially explained that the Qing envoys did not bring troops to fight a war, "You don't hear about the former, and we will send troops to Russia, make peace with courtesy, and return without a fight."

However, Galdan had long seen the intention of the Qing court to talk about the real fight, so he planned to deceive the other party, and sent the Qing court to once again state the reason for entering the border: "The Khalkha is also hateful, because of chasing the other side into the border flood." Xiang is in the Taoism of the Chinese Emperor, and he does not dare to act rashly. Kangxi replied to Galdan, explaining that the Qing court did not promise to hand over the Tutu and Zhe duo, "How can there be any serious matter that has not yet been agreed, that is, it can be said that the Tu Shetu Khan and Jebu Zundan will be ruhu." This is all the minister's design to get out of it, and for this reason it is also said."

At this time, Kangxi, who returned to Beijing from illness, sent an order to Fuquan on the sickbed: "What should Galdan do to treat the soldiers and kings of Shengjing, Wula, and Horqin, etc., and the cattle and sheep left behind are old and sharp, and they are suspicious of their soldiers." ”

Fuquan was instructed to immediately send 100 sheep and 20 cattle, and sent a letter hoping to hold peace talks at a jointly agreed place to completely resolve the Khalkha issue. However, this move did not work, and Galdan accepted the gift from Fuquan without revealing the slightest tone about the peace talks, which made the Qing military envoys and the ministers of the camp at a loss.

Fuquan reluctantly reported to Kangxi: "Once the ministers are out, they will know it." The ministers are now rushing to Keyi, and Galdan is stationed in Bilaokou. If you want to go back to visit it, you are afraid that it will go west. Galdan is cunning and unpredictable. The soldiers were suddenly distressed, and their dispatch was not good, so they were temporarily stationed in the place of Habtahai Haitaha, and then decided on their direction. ”

Although there were frequent exchanges of envoys between the Dzungar and Qing courts, and they expressed friendship with each other many times, the two sides were ready to shoot arrows, lacked sincerity, and all efforts at peace talks failed, and a major war between the two sides was inevitable.

On 29 July, Galdan's troops reached the line of Ulan Butong Mountain and camped on the mountain. The mountains of Ulan Butong are densely wooded, the mountains are dangerous, and there are large swampy areas on the east and west sides, so it is easy to defend and difficult to attack, and more importantly, under this terrain, the superior strength of the Qing army is not easy to be carried forward.

On 1 August, the Qing army, which had been deliberately lured by the Jungar riders and discovered the Galdan camp, left the Turgeng Yizar camp and drove to the foot of Ulan Butong Mountain. In the afternoon of the same day, the "Wucheng Yonggu General Cannon" and the "Shenwei Invincible General Cannon" were used to bombard the camp of Galdan with the help of the Taixi missionaries, but although the artillery fire of the Qing army was fierce, it was very poor because it was fired from the back, and only stirred up some dust inside and outside the "camel city" of the Dzungar people, causing a very small number of casualties among people and animals.

The so-called "camel city" is to tie the limbs of the camel to make it lie on the ground, and then pile up wooden boxes and felt moistened with water, so that soldiers can hide between the hump and the wooden box and shoot out. But the Dzungars made a great mistake, that is, they did not realize that the Qing army would have a large number of artillery, so they did not jam the ears of the camels, and when the thunderous explosions sounded one after another, the frightened camels broke free from the ropes that bound them, and the camel cities collapsed one after another.

Seeing that the "camel city" of the Jungger people was unusable, the Qing army thought that the victory was in hand, so they ignored the unfavorable terrain and went to the mountains one after another, but they were violently sniped by the Jungger army's bows and arrows and smoothbore guns.

Leaving thousands of corpses behind, the Qing army wolf bèi fled from Ulan Butong Mountain, although Prince Yu Fuquan, who commanded the battle, encouraged the whole army to fight again, but the Shaanxi Green Battalion that could fight has become an empty shell, and the remaining Eight Banners and Inner Mongolia soldiers are completely useless, so Fuquan has no choice but to stop fighting. In view of the fact that the Qing army was still numerous, Galdan, who was only one-fifth of the Qing army, did not dare to take the initiative to provoke the battle, so the battle of the day came to an end.

In response to this fiasco, Fuquan reported: "General Fuyuan and Prince Shuoyu Fuquan and others reported that on July 29, the ministers heard that Eruttun was in Wuqi Butong, that is, the whole column. On the first day of August, he advanced at dawn, saw the enemy in the middle of the day, set up antlers and guns, and advanced privately. Before the time, they approached the enemy and fired guns and shelled them. At the foot of the mountain, I saw Errut rejecting each other across the high bank of the river in the forest, lying on a camel, thinking that it was an obstacle. From the beginning of the battle, to the time of the lamp, the left flank swept in from the mountainside, and was defeated, killing a lot. The right flank attacked, blocked by the mud of the river cliffs, and returned to its original position. I wanted to destroy the remaining thieves, but it was dangerous at night, and the troops retreated. Whether or not Galdan died in the rebellion or not, it was later found out that it was a matter of defeating the thieves. ”

Regarding the battle on this day, Bai Jin, a French missionary serving in the Qing court at the time, said in his report to King Louis XIV of France: "In a battle against Erut Khan (i.e., the Battle of Ulan Butong), the emperor (referring to the Kangxi Emperor) knew that his army had suffered heavy losses and could not completely defeat the enemy because the Eruts had forced the emperor's cavalry to withdraw from the battle line with the strong firepower of the good platoon of guns. ”

Bai Jin also wrote: "Thereafter, the emperor ordered his cavalry, and even the elite cavalry of the guard, to practice the use of firearms and bows when riding and running, or when standing still. ”

And Bai Jin's statement can be corroborated by the record recorded in the "Strategy for Pacifying the Shuo Desert in the Pro-Expedition": "The Scholar Isan A and others, our army is close to the battle with Erlute, the arrangement is too dense, and it is shot by thieves, and it does not sound the sound of the advance and retreat, which is why it is not used to the battle formation." Since ancient times, the art of war has been pre-trained. The former, the soldiers of the Eight Banners, the Spring and Autumn School Hunt, that is, the meaning of training and armament. However, the school hunt is afraid of the tired soldiers, and the school hunt has stopped now. He ordered the soldiers of the Eight Banners to gather in the open space in the spring and autumn seasons, set up a formation and sound the flute, and coach the pace"

Even Kangxi's uncle Tong Guogang was killed by the smoothbore bullets of the Jungger army during this day's retreat, which shows the tragic situation after the Qing army's unsuccessful attack that day.

Regarding the casualties of the Junggar army on this day, Fuquan wrote in another battle report: "On the first day of the first month of August, Galdan was defeated and the army was collected at dusk. The next day, he marched forward to kill Yu Kou, but when he saw that Galdan refused according to the danger, he asked my soldiers to rest. ”

The situation was already obvious, and after the fierce battle on the afternoon of 1 August, Galdan was not only not defeated, but gathered its troops and held on to it in spite of danger, and its position did not waver.

In this regard, Zhang Cheng, a French missionary who served in the Qing court at the time, wrote about the battle of Ulan Butong: "The king of Erut was well acquainted with their march and made up his mind to meet them at a place about eighty leagues from the city of Beijing (about five kilometers from one league) (i.e., Ulan Butong). The terrain occupied by this king was extremely favorable, and although he lacked the well-equipped cannons of the Emperor's ** team and the number of troops was small, he still met the challenge of the other side despite the disparity in strength between the two sides. At the beginning, his forward suffered heavy losses from enemy shelling, which forced him to change his combat disposition. Since he was behind the Marsh, the Emperor's army could not surround him. He defended with great courage until nightfall, when all sides withdrew their troops and returned to their camps. ”

It can be seen from this that at the beginning of the war, the Dzungar army was shelled by the Qing army, and indeed suffered some heavy losses, but at the end of the day, the forces of the two sides essentially formed a confrontation, and it was impossible to distinguish the victory or defeat, and it can even be said that Galdan won the victory.

Although Galdan won the fierce battle on the afternoon of 1 August, after all, he was alone in the depths of the army, and without a successor, it was impossible for him to persist in fighting for a long time. Although the Qing army suffered heavy losses, its strength was still very strong, and the additional troops from all walks of life advanced into Ulan Butong one after another, and were about to form an encirclement of the Dzungar army. Under this kind of situation, quickly breaking away from the battle and retreating to Mobei is the only way out for Galdan, otherwise the consequences will be unimaginable.

In order to safely retreat with his large army, Galdan, who did not know that the Zheng army had landed in the Jiangnan area, adopted the strategy of making peace with the Qing army and carefully designed a set of negotiation procedures.

On 2 August, Galdan sent the Grand Lama Ilaguk Sanhutuktu to the Qing army headquarters to ask for peace, using his military victory as a bargaining chip to launch a psychological offensive against the other side, insisting on demanding Tushetu Khan and Jebtsundam Bahutuktu, but the Qing army commanders sternly refused. The Kaldan envoy said that he would continue the negotiations and said that "within a day or two, Jilong Hutuktu will come and reconcile the talks."

On 4 August, the Great Tibetan Lama Jilong Hutu Ketu led more than 70 of his disciples to the Qing army headquarters to sue for peace, admitting that Galdan had "penetrated deep into the borders, and his subordinates were ignorant and plundered people and animals, which was a great disrespect." He repeatedly explained that the war was because "Suoqi's hatred of Shetu Khan and Jebzundamba caused this mistake", and he did not mean to oppose Kangxi, the "master of the unified universe". He lowered the terms of the negotiations, gave up his claim to Tushetu Khan, and only demanded that "Jebtsundamba be sent to his teacher, the Dalai Lama." Jilong also said that Galdan would withdraw from Ulan Butong and wait for peace negotiations in a land where there were water and grass.

Fu Quan and the others did not agree to Jilong's request, and threatened: "How can it be because of Kaldan's words that he should be sent to the * Lai Lama?" Because you come, and I will do what I do, I will move forward now. ”

Under military pressure from the Qing army, Jilong said that as long as Galdan was allowed to withdraw from the border, all other demands could be abandoned

In fact, Galdan had not yet been surrounded by the Qing army in Ulan Butong, and the way back was still open. But he was worried that once he left the position, he would be surrounded and intercepted by the Qing army. Therefore, Galdan used peace to stabilize the Qing army in order to take the opportunity to escape. Therefore, on the night when Jilong Hutuketu arrived at the Qing army camp, Galdan led his troops to quickly evacuate Ulan Butong, "carrying water from the Shilamoleng River to cross the Damoi Mountain, and fleeing Gang'a Naoer overnight." In this way, Galdan took the initiative to send an envoy to negotiate peace, and after three days of rest, he took advantage of the unpreparedness of the Qing army and retreated rapidly, successfully throwing off the Qing army and rushing to the border. It's just that on the way back to the camp of Kobdo, Galdan encountered a plague: "Those who have to return to Kobdo are only a few thousand ears." ”

From then on, Galdan lost the ability to get involved in the Qing Dynasty, and only operated in Mobei, and the center of gravity of the war once again shifted to the southeast of the mainland

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