The 364th Leap Forward Socialism VII Ask for a subscription Ask for a monthly pass
The world finally entered September 1921, a month of special significance for the whole world, the beginning of the turmoil and chaos that began in 1914 to temporary peace and tranquility, and the beginning of preparations for another larger world war. The Shanghai Conference, which has been held for nearly six months, has finally made a breakthrough in this month. The Ministers of Foreign Affairs, the People's Commissars for Foreign Affairs, the Ministers of Foreign Affairs, and the Secretaries of State, who had gathered in Shanghai, had finally signed a series of treaties and agreements on behalf of their empires, kingdoms, republics, United States, and the Republic of China, which were said to guarantee prosperity for an entire generation. The new post-war order of the entire world was rebuilt, and the naval arms race, which had been thought to be the trigger of World War II, finally came to an end.
The greatest achievement of the Shanghai Conference was the signing of the "Seven-Power Treaty on the Limitation of Naval Armaments" on September 9, 1921, according to which the seven major powers, including Britain, the United States, Japan, France, Italy, China, and the Soviet Union, determined in the form of a treaty the total tonnage of their naval capital ships and aircraft carriers, as well as the maximum tonnage that these naval ships could have, the maximum thickness of armor, and the caliber of their main guns.
According to the provisions of this treaty, the United States and Britain have the same status as the world's first navies, and both can have 525,000-ton capital ships and 13,500-ton aircraft carriers; Japan is a close second, with 350,000-ton capital ships and 81,000-ton aircraft carriers; France and Italy have also received the same status, which can have capital ships of 175,000 tons and aircraft carriers of 60,000 tons; The USSR, on the other hand, could have 160,000-ton capital ships and 60,000-ton aircraft carriers. to become the sixth naval power in the world; As for China, of course, it is at the bottom of the seven major naval powers, and can only have 150,000-ton capital ships and 81,000-ton aircraft carriers...... China has quite a few aircraft carriers, and according to the plan, the United States is preparing to build two large aircraft carriers of 27,000 tons, and in addition to building one large aircraft carrier of 27,000 tons. However, it is 1921, not 1941, and the development of aircraft has determined that aircraft carriers cannot become the main force in naval warfare, so several other naval powers have not paid much attention to aircraft carriers. Most of China's decision to ask the United States to design and build a new aircraft carrier at the expense of huge sums of money has been laughed off.
In addition, the fourth part of the treaty also strictly defines capital ships and aircraft carriers. All non-aircraft carrier ships used for combat have a displacement of more than 10000 tons. or a gun caliber of more than 8 inches (203mm) will be considered a capital ship. In other words, the Shanghai Naval Treaty imposed restrictions on all cruisers of various naval powers in disguise, and the so-called "treaty ships" came from this.
At the same time as the signing of the Naval Treaty, the Dawes Plan, which aimed to revive the European economy and the German Empire, and the Sino-American and German Educational Cooperation Plan, which aimed to help China develop education, were finalized in Shanghai. Although these two programs were far less eye-catching than the Treaty on the Limitation of Naval Armaments at the time, they far exceeded the Naval Treaty in terms of their impact on the future world.
Of course, for the Chinese in 1921, everyone could not have the ability to be an unpredictable prophet like Chang Ruiqing, in fact, even Chang Ruiqing. There is also some confusion about the impact of these treaties and agreements on the future world. For the Chinese. The main concern was not these international treaties, but the "First Five-Year Construction Plan for China", which was officially announced on September 18, 1921.
In the entire First Five-Year Plan, the most eye-catching and highly praised projects are not the seemingly grand heavy industry projects, but an education plan that is ready for China's education to achieve leapfrog development. Through this plan, the Chinese people finally knew the importance that Chang Ruiqing and the Nationalist Government attached to education. In fact, this kind of thinking that education is the foundation of a strong country has been reflected in the past few years. By the end of June 1921, all provinces in China except Mongolia, Tibet, Xinjiang, and Gansu. A six-year compulsory education system covering all towns and villages has been established! Although it is not possible to enrol every child of school age in primary school, 70 to 80 per cent coverage is always available. For an underdeveloped country with a population of nearly 500 million and a fairly young population, it is not easy to do this in a short period of time.
However, compared with the same five-year education plan, the previous investment in compulsory education seems to be a bit insignificant. After all, the primary schools that barely used to implement the six-year compulsory education provided a low-level education, and most of the teachers hired were outdated private school teachers. The focus of the First Five-Year Plan is to provide more advanced secondary schools, senior high schools, and universities. There is also vocational education. It is planned to open more than 1,000 secondary schools, 500 high schools, 80 universities (colleges) and 300 vocational and technical schools throughout the country. Furthermore. There is also a night school literacy program that covers all county towns, and all youth and middle-aged people who wish to receive an education (up to 40 years old) can have free access to evening education. Of course, the level of these evening schools is very, very low...... But the education services provided by public secondary schools, high schools, universities and vocational schools are not adulterated. Each school has a sturdy and tidy school building, well-made teaching aids, and teachers who feel that they are not bad, including 30,000 professional teachers from the United States, Germany, and Japan! After 6 months to 1 year of Chinese training, they will be arranged to work in more developed and wealthy provinces and regions. The funds for hiring them were provided by a $300 million U.S. education loan and a large amount of education funding from the national government. As for those colleges and middle schools, the principle of free and low fees is basically implemented, and Chang Ruiqing does not intend to turn public education in the socialist Republic into an industry. The children of those who have money can pay to go to that kind of high-fee and high-level private school or church school!
Guided by this idea of making education a top priority, it began in 1921. One of the largest expenditures of the Nationalist Government has been changed from military spending to education spending. Since it followed the line of National Socialism, the Nationalist Government of Chang Ruiqing did not implement a policy of light taxation and light conscription, and according to the estimates of the Ministry of Finance, the total fiscal revenue of the whole country in 1921 was as high as 900 million Chinese yuan! In 1922, it was more likely to exceed 1 billion Chinese dollars, and as for the expenditure budget, it was as much as 1.3 billion Chinese dollars! Among them, the education fund is as high as 350 million! This was followed by 270 million yuan for heavy industry construction and investment and 230 million yuan for transportation construction, while the 600,000 national defense forces and nearly 200,000 local security forces spent only a mere 200 million Chinese yuan, and the bureaucratic contingent of the Republic of China government and governments at all levels received only 200 million yuan from the treasury, and 50 million yuan was used to deal with various emergencies. Moreover, when the Nationalist Government announced the First Five-Year Plan, it also promised that in the next 5 to 10 years, if there is no war, education will be the largest expenditure item of the Nationalist Government!
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The Republic of China was not the only country preparing to begin the implementation of the first five-year plan in 1922. The first five-year plan of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, which had just been inaugurated, was also drawn up in September 1921! The 11th National Congress of the Communist Party of the United Nations, held from 10 to 20 September 1921, discussed three main issues: first, to review the signs of capitalist restoration, bureaucracy, and privilege in the Soviet Union since the implementation of the NEP -- Bukharin, the former editor-in-chief of Pravda, was severely criticized at this congress and labeled as a party establishment that took the capitalist road, although he did not lose his party membership and was not subjected to further liquidation under the protection of Lenin, But everyone knows that the future of this GCD theorist is quite bad.
The second was that the Congress of the Communist Party also discussed Trotsky's proposal for a planned economy in the Soviet Union. Although most of the delegates were not in favour of abandoning the NEP immediately, in the current atmosphere of anti-capitalist restoration in the Soviet Union, how could these GCD bureaucrats really vote against it? The result of the discussions, of course, was that the idea of implementing a planned economy was absolutely overwhelmingly supported. The meeting also decided to appoint alternate member of the Political Bureau Alexei. Ivanovich. Rykov served as chairman of the State Planning Committee and was responsible for the development of the first five-year plan of the Soviet Union.
Thirdly, NKVD Skryansky also proposed to the congress a proposal for a nationwide "cleaning". The "sweep" will be divided into two parts, inside the party and outside the party, of which the party part will mainly target the ** elements and non-proletarian elements who have mixed into the party. The initial target was to expel 20% of the members of the Communist Party and hand over a third of them to the NKVD for further review! The non-party section will mainly be aimed at the bourgeoisie and landlord kulaks who have been "restored" after the implementation of the NEP - that is to say. The former bourgeoisie, landlords and rich peasant families who have become rich again because of the NEP will be the targets of the purge! As for the way of liquidation, it is to confiscate all the property and distribute it to Siberian labor reform! And with the deprivation of them, the construction of heavy industry in the USSR will also receive a valuable amount of money.
The 11th Congress of the Communist Party of China had just ended, and the inhabitants of Moscow, the capital of the Soviet Union, were feeling the atmosphere of the imminent Red Terror! A large number of newspapers run by the party, government, and military organs of the Soviet Union, headed by Pravda, no longer had any slogans encouraging enrichment, but instead were propaganda that looked like the class struggle was intensifying, and the imperialist spirit of the Soviet Union was not dead. In a very short time, all kinds of economic activity with private components in Moscow shrank awkward, and the party cadres, the upper echelons of the city, seemed to have overcome their bureaucratic and privileged alights overnight. The extravagant ones are to buy a little more sugar, and the butter and milk in the nutritious canteen and all kinds of meat have become unsalable commodities for a while!
Of course, it was not without exception that the style of the cadres of the Soviet Red Army, led by Comrade Trotsky himself, was consistently good! Therefore, there was no bureaucracy and privilege among the cadres of the Red Army, and they could continue to enjoy the treatment given to them by the organization with confidence and boldness. The Chika fighters of the NKVD were also very good, and there were so many enemies who wanted them to arrest them - it was very physically and mentally exhausting. So they can also continue to enjoy the same treatment. Finally, there are the cadres of GC International and the comrades of foreign GCD.
In the luxurious and extravagant auditorium of the Liukesi Hotel, a cocktail party was held that evening to celebrate the successful conclusion of the 11th Congress of the Communist Party of China. Central Committee of the Communist Party, GC International, People's Commissariat Committee, Revolutionary Military Council. As well as the big officials of GCD in various countries, they all wore ceremonial dresses and held wine glasses in the auditorium and whispered and laughed. Trotsky, who had won a great victory at the 11th Congress of the Communist Party of China, also attended the reception of the GC International for the first time and delivered an impromptu speech, which aroused thunderous applause from the audience. Many foreign GCD leaders or representatives in Moscow gathered around this high-ranking revolutionary prophet. Trotsky was talking cordially with one of the foreign GCD leaders with good features, but with messy hair and beard, and glasses that looked like the bottom of beer bottles, which caused the eyes of the GCDs in the Great Hall to be hot. Only the members of the Chinese GCD delegation gathered in a corner and pointed fingers at the revolutionary prophet and the German GCD. Talking in Chinese in a whisper.
"Zhijie, isn't that Raddick? I remember that he was a Russian, and he was also an officer in the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs, and I knew him when I first arrived in Russia, how did he get mixed up with a group of European GCD leaders? ”
It was Shao Lizi who spoke, he was the Chinese ambassador to the Soviet Union, and he usually did not have much contact with the figures of the GC International and GCDs of various countries, but he was very familiar with the senior foreign affairs officials of Soviet Russia, so he recognized Radek, who had served as a high-ranking official in the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs, at a glance.
"Radek was a Pole and an important member of the Trotskyists. He went to Germany at the end of 1918 and also took part in the formation of the German GCD. After the murder of Liebknecht and Red Rosa, he led the German GCD with Brandler...... At present, the German and the G are the third largest party in the international communist movement after the Soviet Union and the Chinese Communist Party. ”
Zhong Zhijie stood beside Shao Lizi with a glass of vodka, introducing the relationship between Radek and the German GCD, while thinking about something in his heart. Our internationalist fighter has another layer of identity - the head of the Soviet station of the Military Intelligence Bureau! While observing the 11 th Congress of the Communist Party of China, the agents of Zhong Da felt that the foreign policy of the Communist Party of China would also undergo the same serious changes as their domestic policy. It is likely that the old policy of détente with imperialism and reactionaries in various countries will be suspended and replaced by a more intense policy of support for the world revolution! And does the fact that Dirac, the leader of the German GCD, is now courteous, mean that the German revolution is coming?
While Zhong Zhijie and Shao Lizi were talking in a low voice, they heard another round of warm applause accompanied by the Russian "Ula", and the eyes of the group of Chinese turned to the door. Then Lenin was seen taking an elderly Oriental by the hand and walking in with a smile on his face. Zhong Zhijie and Shao Lizi both knew the old man from the East -- he was the Japanese ambassador to the Soviet Union, Katayama Qian. He is also the deputy leader of the Japanese National Socialist Party and the leader of the left wing of the party.
Trotsky and Raddic met them together, and the two groups gathered in the middle of the Great Hall. The originally noisy auditorium had been quiet at this time, and everyone knew that Comrade Lenin was very fond of speeches, and this time he brought the Japanese ambassador along, and it is estimated that he would also have a speech on Soviet-Japanese friendship, right?
“…… Comrades of GC International, GCD and Workers' Parties of all countries! First of all, I have good news for you. A new member of the GC International family will soon be welcomed. Lenin's speech began as expected, but the content of the speech was somewhat unexpected. The great mentor pointed to Katayama, a Japanese man beside him, and announced loudly in an excited tone: "Comrade Katayama, vice chairman of the Japanese National Socialist Party, the party of the Japanese working class and the working masses. A request has just been made to me for the Japanese National Socialist Party to become an international observer of the GC, just like the Chinese GCD! When talking about Chinese GCD, the mentor glanced coldly at the group of Chinese in the corner. I had an exchange of views with Comrade Zinoviev of GC International and some other leading comrades of GC International, and they all agreed to accept the Japanese comrades as our friends. Then both the Guru and the Prophet began to clap their hands vigorously, and thunderous applause rang out, and everyone was clapping their hands and smiling faces. But most of them were shocked in their hearts. It was only natural that the leaders of the German GCD were treated with great courtesy in the Soviet Union, and they and the Soviet GCD were originally revolutionary comrades. But the Japanese National Socialist Party is not a party of the working class, and the high-ranking figures of this party, including Katayama Qian, are all courtiers of His Majesty the Emperor, and many of them also have aristocratic titles! It's unbelievable that GC International would accept a group of ministers and nobles as observers!