Background: Arabs before the Crusades

622 Muhammad withdrew to Medina.

687 The construction of the 'Umar Mosque begins in Jerusalem.

732 Battle of Poitiers.

The 773 Arabic numerals are introduced.

842 Arabs occupy Messina and Talent.

842-902 The Arabs conquered Sicily.

The Persian version of the Arabian Nights was published before 950.

1063 The Burgundians march into Spain.

1076 Jerusalem fell into the hands of the Seljuks.

1086 Alphonso VI was defeated by the Arabs in Spain.

In 1089, Urban II organized the Frankish crusade to break into Spain.

First Crusade (1096~1099)

1095 Urban II called for the First Crusade at Clermont-Ferrand.

1096 Militia Crusade. Peter the Hermit. Massacre of Jews. He was annihilated in Asia Minor and retreated.

1097 The Crusaders clashed with Alexis I and entered Asia Minor.

1098 The Fatimids captured Jerusalem. The Crusaders took Antioch, and Bohemod became monarch of Antioch. Baudouin becomes Count of Edessa. Tripoli became a principality. Battle of Ashkelon.

10997: Crusaders capture Jerusalem. The kingdom of the Franks was established in Jerusalem. When de Froey became king, he accepted only the title of "protector of the Holy Sepulchre".

1100 Venice and the Kingdom of the Franks conclude a trade agreement.

1100-18 King Baudouin I of Jerusalem.

1101 failed several times to send reinforcements.

1102 Baudouin wins at Ramle. Occupy Thessaray.

1103 The Crusaders captured Saint-Jean-Acre and Biblo. The Turks won the battle at Harran. The Byzantines demanded to return to Antioch.

1106 Don Cred captures Apame. Kiriji. Al

Slan captures Melitena.

1107 Doncred captures La Odisse.

1108 Bohemod was captured by Alexis I.

1109 occupied Tripoli and Beirut. The establishment of the Principality of Tripoli.

1110 Baudouin I captured Sidon. Attack Tripoli.

1112 Roger succeeded Doncred as monarch of Antioch.

1113 The Turks marched. Baudouin I was defeated at Tiberias.

The 1115 crusaders entered into an alliance with the Atabek of Damascus. Battle of Teldany. Baudouin I captures Moab.

1116-18 Baudouin I attacked Egypt.

1117-18 The Arabs reoccupied Zaragoza.

1118-31 King Baudouin II of Jerusalem.

1119 Defeat of Trucky Bran. Roger was assassinated.

1124 Crusaders occupy Tyre.

1125 Muslims occupy Alep. Later repelled by Baudouin II in Aziz.

1126 Baudouin arrived in Damascus.

1128 Zeng Ji control zhì Alepu.

1130 Zengi captured Hama and attacked Antioch.

1131-48 King Fulk I of Jerusalem.

1135 Zengi entered the principality of Tripoli.

1136 Raymond became monarch of Antioch.

1137 Fulke surrendered at Baran (Montferran).

1138 Antioch monarch Raymond recognized John. Corinus is the supreme sovereign.

1139 Fulk and Damaturgs formed an alliance against Zengji.

1140 Zengi withdrew his troops from Damascus.

1142 The Crusaders were defeated by Zengi at the Oronte River.

1143-45 The Byzantines and Antiochs had another dispute, and Raymond succumbed.

1143-51 Taurus II expelled the Byzantines from Silesia.

Second Crusade (1147~1149)

1144 Zengi occupies the principality of Idessa.

1146 Nur al-Din succeeded to the throne of Zengji. St. Bernard issued a call at Wezle, and the Crusaders led by King Louis VII of France and the Germanic Emperor Conrad III embarked on a Second Crusade.

1148 siege of Damascus failed. Conrad and Louis return to Europe.

1149 Nur al-Din captured Apame and killed Raymond.

1153 Baudouin III captured Ashkelon.

1154 Nur al-Din occupies Damatug.

1155-56 Renault sacked Cyprus.

1158 Baudouin III recaptured Halim. Nur al-Din was defeated at Butah.

1159 Antioch recognized Manuel as monarch. The Franks united with the Byzantines to lay siege to Alepp. Byzantium made peace with Nur al-Din.

1160 Renault was captured by Nur al-Din.

1162 Amori I, the successor of Baudouin III.

1164 Nur al-Din occupies Harim.

1167 Shirkuh in Egypt. Amory I conquers Cairo.

1168 Amori was frustrated in Egypt.

In 1169, Saladin became Prime Minister of Egypt. The Franks allied themselves with Byzantium. Surround Damietta.

1170 Amori struck Nur al-Din at the Dead Sea and Saladin at Gaza.

1171 Saladin overthrows the Fatimid caliphate in Cairo.

1174 Nur al-Din and Amoli I died. Baudouin IV ascends the throne. Saladin seized power in Syria.

1177 Saladin was defeated by Mongisar and by Baudouin IV.

1179 The Saladins invaded Tyre.

1180 Saladin and Baudouin IV made a truce.

1182 Saladin attacks Nazalet, Tiberias, and Beirut.

1183-84 Saladin captured Alep and plundered Samaria and Galilee.

1185 Baudouin V. The throne was soon taken by De. Lusignnan inherited.

1187Saladin defeated the Crusaders at Hattin and conquered Jerusalem

Third Crusade (1189~1192)

1187 Archbishop of Tyre called for the Third Crusade. Led by the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I the Redbeard, King Philip II of France, and King Richard I the Lionheart.

1188 except Tripoli, Tyre and Antioch. Saladin occupies all the territory of the Franks.

1189 De. Lusignnan besieges Saint-Jean-Acque.

In 1190 Frederick I entered Asia Minor, occupied Konya, and drowned.

1191 Philip II and Richard the Lionheart led the Crusades. Richard conquered Cyprus and captured St. John's Dark. Saladin was defeated at Arsuf.

1192 De. Lusignnan takes Cyprus. Henry II, who was born in Champagne, became King of Jerusalem.

Lord de Tyre. Monteferrat. Assassinated by the Assasins.

Richard fights Saladin in Jaffa. Defeated before the city of Jerusalem. Return to the West. He was later captured in Austria.

Saladin died in 1193.

1194 Amori succeeded de . Cypriot throne in Lusignan.

1197 Henry II died. Recapture of Beirut. John I of Ibelin became lord.

Fourth Crusade (1202~1204)

1199-1220 reign of Muhammad. Fulke announced. The crusade was led by Boniface II of Montferrat and Baudouin IX of Flanders.

1204 The Crusaders occupied Constantinople. Establishment of the Latin Empire in the East (1204~1261).

Fifth Crusade (1217~1221)

by King de Jerusalem de Jerry. Brienna. As well as the Hungarian king Andrei II. 1217 Defeat at Mount Tapor.

1218-19 Crusaders occupy Damietta. Saint. François in Egypt.

1221 Crusader expedition to Cairo. Burning, killing, and plundering along the way. Damietta lost.

Sixth Crusade (1228~1229)

In 1229, the Treaty of Jaffa was signed with Sultan Kamil of Egypt, and Jerusalem was returned to Frederick II for a period of ten years.

Frederick II was crowned in Jerusalem. An elegant and wise court was established.

1232 The Autonomous Region of Saint-Jean-Acre is founded.

1239 The crusaders were defeated at Gaza. The Seventh Crusade begins.

1244 Christians failed in Gaza. The Muslims (Turks of Karzmian) finally occupied Jerusalem.

1247 Turks occupied Tiberias and Ashkelon.

Seventh Crusade (1248~1254)

In 1248, King Louis IX (Saint Louis) landed in Cyprus.

1249 Louis IX occupies Damietta.

1250 Battle of Mansourah. Louis IX surrendered. Give up Damietta in exchange for freedom. The Mamluk cavalry usurped power in Egypt.

1250-54 Louis IX reorganized Palestine and Syria. After leaving the East.

1260-77 Mamluk cavalry of Sultan Baybar

1265 Baibal captured Thesare and Arsuf.

1268 Baibal occupies Jaffa and Antioch.

Eighth Crusade (1270)

1270 Louis IX died in Tunisia.

1274-75 Mamluk cavalry plundered Silesia.

In 1277, Charles of Anjou coveted the throne of Jerusalem and seized Saint-Jean-Acre.

1282 Henry II of Cyprus became king of Jerusalem.

1287 Egyptian Sultan Karavan occupied Tripoli.

1291 Calawin's successor, Calilier, captured Saint-Jean-Acre. The Crusader kingdoms of Syria perished.

Crusades Part II: The Knights Hospitaller and the Knights Templar

The Knights Hospitaller and the Knights Templar -

Balard's Crusades

The Knights Hospitaller and the Knights Templar were the only standing armies of the Franks. Composed of monks. Still, there are doubts about the beliefs of some of them. They were ordered to defend most of the fortresses, and only they were qualified because they had money. To this day, the Knights Hospitaller remain faithful to their duties. The Knights Templar were too rich and powerful to end up tragically in the time of Philippe IVLeBel, the "beautiful man".

Knights Hospitaller

The Hospital Order was founded before the First Crusade. Around 1070, some Amalfi merchants built two monasteries and a guest house near the Church of the Holy Sepulchre for pilgrims to live in. The guest house was the predecessor of the hospital. After 1099, the province of Provence in southeastern France. There was a knight named Geraud. He took with him a few companions and occupied the Amalfi buildings to care for the sick and pilgrims. In 1113, the Holy See recognized them as independent congregations. The order of good deeds gradually turned into a military order: to protect the pilgrims from the Saracens (a slur name for the Arabs in medieval Europe. Meaning a person who lives in a tent) to attack. Guard the road. The knight--priest was recruited mainly from among the nobility. Take part in battles in the Holy Land. From 1126 onwards, it has been mentioned that the order had military powers. Ten years later, the Order was ordered by King Furk. guard

Bethgihelm Castle near Weashkelon. Until 1153, the Congregation drew up its own canon, based on the canon of Saint Augustin.

The Order originally hired knights to fight wars, but in 1179 the hospital became a military order, dedicated to fighting the heathen. The order of the Religious Order in the Principality of Tripoli restored order to many of the fortresses and accelerated the militarization, but some of the monks did not agree. The friars served as clergy, knights, and non-commissioned officers, as well as members or grantees. Each house of the hospital was a monastery, located in a district or a fief of the Knights. The fiefdom was divided into seven large blocks, concentrated in the provinces. The congregation is governed by a head, assisted by a council of clergy and eight judges. The organization of the Knights Hospitaller is similar to that of the Knights Templar, but it is more prominent in terms of philanthropy.

The selfless dedication of the pilgrims led to the rapid growth of the order. From 1110 onwards the Congregation agreed that the property scattered in the kingdom of Jerusalem could be given to the hospital. In the great port of the West, leading to the Holy Land, guest houses were opened. This is because the congregation regularly arranges for pilgrims to come aboard ships, and collects money from pilgrims and returns them when they arrive overseas. The Order gained a large territory in the Frankish kingdom, between the ancient Palestinian cities of Hebron and Ashkelon, west of Jerusalem, and around the Knights' Forts and Margat. The order was concerned about the food crop, which was a necessity for the monks and servants, as well as for many poor people. In the Principality of Tripoli, the Order had a special status, controlling larger fortresses such as Fort Marga and Fort Knights. Like the Knights Templar, the Knights Hospitaller was a well-equipped standing army.

Several major events took place in the Frankish kingdom concerning the Knights: Glibert d'Assailly, the Grand Commander, urged King Amory I to take the plunge against Egypt. In the 13th century, the Order supported the initiatives of Frederick II and other emperors, and from then on opposed the Knights Templar.

After the fall of the kingdom of the Faclam in the Holy Land, the hospital still existed. In 13M, the hospital occupied Rhodes, and it was not until the Ottoman Empire came to Rhodes that the hospital retreated to Malt. The knights of St. John's Hospital in Jerusalem, dressed in red cloaks embroidered with crosses with 8 black dots, are their successors today.

Knights Templar

The Knights Templar were founded after visiting the Holy Land and the Crusades. Little is known about its origins. Around 1118, there was a district called De. The knight of Pain, perhaps a relative of St. Bernard. On the highway to Jerusalem and Jericho, de Tho. Pa Ying and a few friends work together to protect the pilgrims. These "poor knights of Christ" were supported by the Crusader dignitaries such as Fulk of Anjou and Hugues de Champagne in Champagne. They decided to live in poverty and adopted the canons of the Augustinian order. The kings and religious leaders of the Holy Land led them to defend and fight.

In the West, even members of religious orders do not necessarily agree with this code of life, and they are uneasy about setting new goals for those who are dedicated to God. St. Bernard's praise of the "Knights of Christ" and the Crusades were considered the ideal vocation of the soldiers, both of which contributed to the implementation of the canon of the 1128 Tongguò. The friars should fight against those who are hostile to the faith, obeying the synod of the congregation and the pope. They have no other ecclesiastical authority than the Pope.

In 1139, Monosen II confirmed their canons, and after St. Bernard wrote the Praise of the Honors of the New Army, no one doubted the mission of the friars.

The Knights Templar were based on fiefdoms. Most of their fiefdoms were in the provinces, under the jurisdiction of knights or teachers. The 13 dignitaries of the congregation elected a head to govern the congregation. There was also a division of labor among the monks: the monks worked professionally, the priests prayed full-time, and the knights and non-commissioned officers were responsible for the war.

Gifts from outside helped the order grow; The royal palace in front of the temple gave the Order the name Knights Templar. Morality. Pa Ying and his companions traveled around the West, gaining a large estate and laying the foundation for the Templar fiefdom in the West. The Knights Templar had other ways to make a fortune: they had the right to collect donations, bequeath proceeds, form pilgrimages overseas, and engage in banking and trading activities necessary between East and West.

The Knights Templar controlled the trading houses of the East and the West, like an institution with various branches. It accepted regular deposits from the king, and the kings of France and England held the Knights Templar in Imperial Cuto in Paris and London. It also allowed people to store jewellery and treasures, for which interest and deposits were paid, but could be transferred from afar, in order to have dealings with Italian merchants

People compete. In short, the Knights Templar held such an important position in European financial circles that many people thought it was rich and powerful, which was obviously an exaggeration, which led to its destruction.

In the history of the Crusades, the Knights Templar were an important name. From a military point of view, it was an experienced professional army, ready to mobilize three hundred knights, non-commissioned officers, anti-Turkish men and infantry units.

This force is largely under royal command, so in the event of a conflict, the ownership of command can be problematic. On the other hand, it defends the great fortresses of the Holy Land, such as Tortos, Safid, Pilgrim's Citadel, Beaufort, White Shastere, Red Shastere, etc., and thus defends Syria. The Frankish kingdom of Palestine played a decisive role.

From a political point of view, the Knights Templar were also very important. The kingship of Jerusalem was fragile, and from the 1170s onwards, the head of the regiment, De. Ridford was at odds with Saladin, causing the European armies to be defeated at the Battle of Harting. The Knights Templar tended to establish direct diplomatic relations with the Saracens, regardless of other related interests. In the Kingdom of Jerusalem in the 13th century, the Knights Templar supported the aristocratic and anti-imperial factions, in contrast to the more orthodox Knights Hospitaller. In short, in the 13th century, the Knights Templar were the true masters of the Latin East.

In 1291, the kingdom of the Franks collapsed, and the order became a problem. Its mission was already closely related to the Crusades, and some accused the monks of arrogance, violence, and stinginess, so there was a plan to merge the military orders. Everyone knows that Philip, the "beautiful man", was a consultant who skillfully used these criticisms, plus some heresy and baseless accusations. In October 1307, they overthrew the Knights Templar and persuaded the weak Pope Clement V to abolish the Order at the Vienna Synod in 1312. The property of the Knights Templar was transferred to the Knights Hospitaller, and the Grand Master, De. Jacques de Molay, burned at the stake on March 18, 1314, burned on a pyre.

A few months later, the "beautiful men" Philip IV and Clement V also died. (To be continued......)