Appendix 1: List of Liu Yun's personnel in 1890 (36 in total)

Captain of the Action Team: Colonel Liu Yun, 36 years old, graduated from the Guilin Army Academy and entered the National Defense University for three years of special training.

Military Group (25 students):

Staff Officer: Lieutenant Yang Zhengjin, 26 years old.

Electronics Expert: Second Lieutenant Ma Chengwu (25 years old)

Commando No. 1: Captain Zhong Xiahuo, 26 years old.

Team members: Wang Zhi (sniper), [Sun He], [Feng Rou], Gu Yingyang (23 years old), "Zhu Tao", [Jiang Wanli], Xiao Ruhai (22 years old)

Second Commando: Captain "Ding Jieyun", 29 years old.

Team members: "Wang Zhen", "Lu Zixiang", Wu Dingguo, "He Pengcheng", "Chen Jiayun", Deng Jian (24 years old), "Du Zhuolin"

Support Team: Captain Lieutenant Hook, 27 years old.

Team members: "Wu Beinian", Liu Bailiang (25 years old), Liang Tianhe (21 years old), Zhang Yaoqian (24 years old), Zhang Yiye (20 years old)

Expert Group:

Dr. Wen Yi, aged 37, graduated from Guangxi Normal University with a master's degree in history and a doctorate degree in history from Nanjing University.

Dr. Niu Jin, aged 33, graduated from the School of Science and Technology of Tsinghua University, is an industrial management engineer and served as the deputy chief engineer of Capital Iron and Steel Company.

Han Lang, aged 25, graduated from Nanjing University Business School with a master's degree in finance, and was a teaching assistant at Nanjing University Business School.

Tian Zhenghong, aged 27, graduated from the Business School of Yunnan University with a master's degree in national economics, and was a lecturer at the Law and Business School of Guangxi Normal University.

Mo Ning, 24 years old, graduated from the School of Social Culture of Guangxi Normal University with a master's degree in political science;

Ma Feng, 26 years old, graduated from the Department of Chemistry of Harbin Institute of Technology with a master's degree in industrial chemistry, and was a technician at Anshan Iron and Steel Plant;

Jiang Wentao, 24 years old, graduated from the Ship Design Department of Harbin Institute of Technology, and served as an assistant designer of Dalian Shipyard;

He Xin, 25 years old, graduated from the Department of Mechanical Engineering of Harbin Institute of Technology, and served as an assistant designer of the 773 Design Institute of the Ministry of Ordnance Industry;

Zhang Zhigao, 23 years old, graduated from the Department of Foreign Languages of Guangxi Normal University;

Luo Sulan, aged 22, graduated from the Department of Chinese Language and Literature of Yunnan University.

Note: The man circled by [] was killed in a palace coup d'état in 1890.

The people circled by the "" were executed in the Guangxingding case in 1896

Appendix II: List of the First Cabinet of the Reich in 1890

Prime Minister: [Onn Tong-wa] (Imperial Division, former Minister of Households, Minister of Military Aircraft)

Vice Official: Wen Yi (37 years old, graduated from the Department of History of Guangxi Normal University with a master's degree, received a doctorate degree in history from Nanjing University, and was a professor of the Department of History and vice president of the School of Social Culture of Yunnan University)

Minister of War: [Liu Kunyi] (a famous general of the Hunan Army, the current governor of Liangjiang)

Vice Officer: He Xin (25 years old, graduated from the Department of Mechanical Engineering of Harbin Institute of Technology, and served as an assistant designer of the 773 Design Institute of the Ministry of Ordnance Industry)

Minister of the Navy: [Zhang Zhidong] (one of the leaders of the Hunan army, the current governor of Huguang)

Vice Officer: Jiang Wentao (24 years old, graduated from the Ship Design Department of Harbin Institute of Technology, and used to be an assistant designer of Dalian Shipyard)

Minister of the Interior: [Wang Mingluan] (member of the Imperial Party, Weng Tong and Zhihao, current servant of the Ministry of Ministers)

Vice Official: [Lu Baozhong] (member of the Imperial Party, bachelor's degree, Guangxu close minister)

Chancellor of the Exchequer: Han Lang (25 years old, graduated from Nanjing University Business School with a master's degree in finance, and was a teaching assistant at Nanjing University Business School)

Vice Minister: Mo Ning (24 years old, graduated from the School of Social and Cultural Sciences of Guangxi Normal University, Master of Political Science)

Foreign Minister: [Zeng Jize] (son of Zeng Guofan, proficient in astronomy, arithmetic, foreign languages, former minister to Britain, France, and Russia)

Vice Official: Zhang Zhigao (23 years old, graduated from the Department of Foreign Languages of Guangxi Normal University)

Minister of Industry and Commerce: Dr. Niu Jin (33 years old, graduated from the School of Science and Technology of Tsinghua University, industrial management engineer, and served as deputy chief engineer of Capital Iron and Steel Company)

Vice-Secretary: (TBC)

Minister of Culture and Education: [Zhirui] (Concubine Zhen's brother, the waiter of the Ministry of Rites, and the minister of Guangxu)

Vice Minister: Luo Sulan (22 years old, graduated from the Department of Chinese Language and Literature, Yunnan University)

Minister of Science and Technology: [Liu Mingchuan] (Governor of Taiwan, who once said that he would build railways, and was very interested in foreign advanced science and technology)

Vice Official: Ma Feng (26 years old, graduated from the Department of Chemistry of Harbin Institute of Technology, master's degree in industrial chemistry, and used to be a technician in Anshan Iron and Steel Plant)

Minister of Agriculture and Forestry: Tian Zhenghong (27 years old, graduated from the Business School of Yunnan University with a master's degree in national economics, and was a lecturer at the Law and Business School of Guangxi Normal University)

Vice-Secretary: (TBC)

Minister of Health: [Wen Tingshi] (member of the Imperial Party, bachelor's degree, Guangxu Jinchen)

Vice-Secretary: (TBC)

Note: Those with [] are historical figures.

Appendix III: Major Military Officers and Combat Units (excluding the Navy) in 1894

* General Staff:

Chief of General Staff: Lieutenant General Liu Yun (Marquis)

Chief of the Operations Division: Major General Yang Zhengjin

Chief of the Training Division: Major General Wu Dingguo

Chief of the Intelligence Division: Major General Zhu Tao

Director of the Logistics Division: Major General Ma Chengwu

Chief of the Armament Division: Major General Hook

*Standing Army:

One. Praetorian Guard:

(1) Establishment

The Praetorian Guard Division consisted of the divisional headquarters, divisional teams, and three Janissary Infantry Brigades.

*Divisional teams include:

The divisional artillery regiment has five artillery battalions, three of which are equipped with 150 mm heavy guns, two battalions are equipped with 75 mm field guns, and one guard infantry battalion, one baggage battalion, and one artillery reconnaissance company, with 2,364 people in the whole regiment, equipped with 27 150 mm heavy guns and 36 75 mm field guns;

The Guards Regiment, the same ordinary infantry regiment, 1641 people in the whole regiment;

The cavalry regiment, the whole regiment is mobile with war horses, the establishment is similar to that of an ordinary infantry regiment, there is an additional war horse maintenance company, and the whole regiment has 1,659 people;

The baggage regiment has jurisdiction over three baggage battalions and a guard company, with a total of 1,180 people;

The Engineer Regiment has three engineer battalions and a guard company, with a total of 1,483 people;

The reconnaissance cavalry battalion has one more horse maintenance platoon than the ordinary infantry battalion, with a total of 432 people.

* The Praetorian Brigade consists of the brigade headquarters, the brigade directly subordinate to the brigade, and three Janissaries infantry regiments.

The brigade consists of:

The artillery battalion has three artillery companies, one guard platoon and one baggage platoon, with 255 people and 18 75mm mountain guns;

the guard battalion, the same ordinary infantry battalion, the whole battalion was 426 people;

The baggage battalion has three baggage companies and a guard platoon, with a total of 352 people;

The engineer battalion has jurisdiction over three engineer companies and one special equipment company, with a total of 453 people;

The reconnaissance company, the same ordinary cavalry company, the whole company 110 people.

* The Praetorian Infantry Regiment consists of the regimental headquarters, the regimental direct subordinate team and three Janissary Infantry battalions.

The regimental teams include:

The artillery company has three artillery platoons, a total of 65 people, and is equipped with 9 57-mm mountain guns;

The machine gun company has three machine gun platoons, a total of 65 people, and is equipped with 3 37 mm 10-barrel Grimm machine guns;

the guard company, the same ordinary infantry company, the whole company of 110 people;

The baggage company has jurisdiction over three baggage platoons, with a total of 101 people.

* The Praetorian Infantry Battalion consists of the battalion headquarters, the battalion directly subordinate to the battalion, and three Praetorian Infantry companies.

The battalion teams include:

Machine gun platoon: three machine gun squads, with a total platoon of 20 people, equipped with 7.92 mm Maxim machine guns or 3 ten-barreled Grimm machine guns;

Guard platoon: the same ordinary infantry platoon, the whole platoon is 32 people;

Baggage platoon: 32 members of the platoon, responsible for the delivery and distribution of supplies for the whole battalion.

* The Praetorian Infantry Company has three platoons of 10 men in each platoon, with 7.63 mm revolvers and 7.92 mm Mauser 88 rifles for soldiers. The platoon has a platoon commander and a communicator, both using revolvers, and the deputy platoon leader is a squad leader, with a total of 32 people in the platoon. The company headquarters consisted of a company commander and adjutant, 2 communicators, 5 snipers (using Austrian Manlisha rifles), 3 cooks, 1 medical officer, and 1 accountant. The company consisted of 110 men, including 105 combatants, and was armed with 90 Mauser rifles, 5 Manlisha sniper rifles, and 19 revolvers.

* The Janissaries Infantry Battalion consisted of 426 men, including 372 combatants, armed with 300 Mauser rifles, 15 Manlicia sniper rifles, 68 revolvers, and 3 Maxim machine guns or 10-barreled Grimm machine guns.

* The Janissaries Infantry Regiment had a total of 1,641 men, including 1,400 combatants, equipped with 1,020 Mauser rifles, 53 Manlisya sniper rifles, 246 revolvers, 9 machine guns, 9 57-mm mountain guns, and 3 37-mm ten-barreled Grimm machine guns.

* The Praetorian Infantry Brigade has a total of 6,555 personnel, of which 4,981 are combatants (excluding engineer battalions, baggage battalions and brigade headquarters organs). The brigade was equipped with 3,510 Mauser rifles, 179 Manlicia sniper rifles, 30 machine guns, 27 57-mm mountain guns, 9 37-mm 10-barreled Grimm machine guns, and 18 75-mm mountain guns.

* The Janissaries Infantry Division has a total of 28,581 men, and the division is equipped with 12,750 Mauser rifles, 610 Manlisha sniper rifles, 99 Makqin or 10-barreled Grimm machine guns, 99 57-mm mountain guns, 33 37-mm 10-barreled Grimm machine guns, 54 75-mm mountain guns, 36 75-mm field howitzers, and 27 150-mm heavy howitzers.

Note: Before the start of the war, even the 1st Praetorian Guard Division and the Praetorian Teaching Brigade, the most elite in the country, did not fully meet this standard, and the average compliance rate of heavy equipment of other divisions and brigades was less than 25%: the 2nd Janissary Division did not have 150 mm heavy guns, the division artillery regiment was only equipped with 24 75 mm field guns, the whole division was only equipped with 35 machine guns, and the 3rd Janissaries Division was equipped with 38 57 mm mountain guns and 17 75 mm mountain / field guns, without 1 machine gun. The newly formed 4th Praetorian Division did not even have a single gun, not a single machine gun.

(2) List of principal officers

Commander of the Beijing Garrison Brigade: Brigadier General Chen Jiayun

Commander of the Praetorian Guard Teaching Brigade: Brigadier General Wu Beinian

Commander of the Praetorian Hussar Brigade: [Dong Fuxiang] Brigadier General

Commander of the 1st Praetorian Guard Division: Major General Ding Jieyun

Subordinate:

Commander of the 1st Janissary Brigade: Colonel Lu Zixiang

Commander of the Second Janissary Brigade: Colonel He Pengcheng

Commander of the 3rd Janissary Brigade: Colonel Wang Zhen

Commander of the Second Praetorian Guard Division: Major General Zhong Xiahuo

Subordinate:

Commander of the Fourth Janissary Brigade: Brigadier General Zhang Yaoqian

Commander of the Fifth Brigade of the Praetorian Guard: Brigadier General Liu Bailiang

Commander of the 6th Janissary Brigade: Colonel Liang Tianhe

Commander of the Third Praetorian Guard Division: Major General [Nie Shicheng].

Subordinate:

Commander of the 7th Battalion of the Praetorian Guard: Colonel Zhang Yiye

Commander of the Eighth Battalion of the Praetorian Guard: [Xu Bangdao] Colonel

Commander of the 9th Battalion of the Praetorian Guard: Colonel Du Zhuolin

Commander of the 4th Praetorian Guard Division: Major General [Zuo Guigui].

Subordinate:

Commander of the 10th Janissary Brigade: Colonel Gu Yingyang

Commander of the 11th Janissary Brigade: Colonel Xiao Ruhai

Commander of the 12th Janissary Brigade: [Wang Debiao] Colonel

Commander of the Fifth Division of the Praetorian Guard: Brigadier General Zhang Yao (concurrently)

(3) Development:

By the end of 1894, it had been organized into five divisions and three brigades, with a total of 162,000 men.

Two. Wehrmacht:

(1) Establishment

The combat effectiveness of the Standing Infantry Division of the Imperial Army was slightly inferior to that of the Janissary Division, and there was no cavalry regiment in the direct subordinate team of the division, and the artillery regiment was a four-battalion system, equipped with 36 75-mm mountain guns and 18 75-mm field guns. The brigade artillery battalion is equipped with 27 57-mm mountain guns, and the regimental artillery company and machine gun company are equipped with 37-mm 10-barreled Grimm machine guns, three in each company. The division has 26,536 men, equipped with 11,730 Mauser rifles, 557 Manlisya sniper rifles, 99 machine guns, 81 57-mm mountain guns, 66 37-mm ten-barreled Grimm machine guns, 36 75-mm mountain guns, and 18 75-mm field guns.

Note: Before the start of the war, the 1st Infantry Division, the most elite infantry division in the standing army, had less than 80 percent of its heavy equipment attainment rate, while the average heavy equipment compliance rate of other divisions and brigades was less than 35 percent, the 2nd and 3rd Infantry Divisions were completely unequipped with machine guns and multi-barrel rapid-fire machine guns, and the 3rd Division's entire artillery equipment was only 27 57 mm guns and 16 75 mm guns.

(2) Principal Officers:

Commander of the 1st Cavalry Brigade: Colonel Tsunamisky

Commander of the Second Cavalry Brigade: Colonel Zhao Feixue

Commander of the 1st Infantry Division: Major General Deng Jian

Commander of the Second Infantry Division: Major General [Liu Yongfu].

Commander of the 3rd Infantry Division: Major General [Wei Rugui].

Commander of the Fourth Infantry Division: Major General [Xu Xiang].

(3) Development:

By the end of 1894, it had been organized into four infantry divisions and two cavalry brigades, totaling 115,000 men

Three. Improved Army:

It was reorganized from the Hunan Army and the training and defense armies in various places, with 500 people as a battalion, divided into horse, infantry, and artillery battalions, with ten battalions as one army and several armies as one corps, mainly used for local garrison and border defense. The armament of the 10th Corps reorganized by the Hunan Army was relatively high, while the improved armies in other places basically relied on old-style rifles, mountain artillery, and even bird guns and portable guns. The numbers and strengths of the main troops are as follows:

The 10th Corps: Composed of the main force of the Hunan Army, it has jurisdiction over 85 infantry battalions, 15 cavalry battalions, and 10 artillery battalions, with a total of 55,000 people, stationed in the Liangjiang and Lianghu areas. Later, it was reorganized into the 5th, 6th, and 7th Infantry Divisions.

The 20th Corps: It is composed of the training and defense troops of the Liangguang region, with 70 infantry battalions, five cavalry battalions, and five artillery battalions, with a total of 40,000 people, and is stationed in Liangguang. The latter part was reorganized into the 13th Infantry Division and the 73rd and 74th Independent Infantry Brigades.

The 30th Corps: Composed of the training and defense troops of Sichuan and Yunnan-Guizhou, it has jurisdiction over 75 infantry battalions, 10 cavalry battalions, and 5 artillery battalions, with a total of 45,000 personnel, stationed in Sichuan, Yunnan-Guizhou and responsible for supporting Tibet. Later, it was reorganized into the 11th and 12th Infantry Divisions and the 77th Independent Infantry Brigade.

The 40th Corps: Composed of training and defense troops and local armed forces in Shaanxi, Gansu, Xinjiang and other northwest regions, it has jurisdiction over 60 infantry battalions, 27 cavalry battalions, and 3 artillery battalions, with a total of 45,000 men, and is stationed in the northwest region. Later, it was reorganized into the 17th Infantry Division, the 76th Independent Infantry Brigade, and the 4th and 5th Independent Cavalry Brigades.

The 50th Corps: Mainly formed by the integration of the original Eighth Banner Army and the Mongolian Local Army, it has 40 infantry battalions, 38 cavalry battalions, and 2 artillery battalions, with a total of 40,000 people, and is stationed in Mongolia and Northeast China. Later, it was reorganized into the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Independent Cavalry Brigades, and the 78th Independent Infantry Brigade.

Five corps, 225,000 men, were gradually reorganized into the Wehrmacht in 1894 or were dismantled.

The few remaining remnants of the Eight Banners and the Green Battalion are still in the process of being improved or dismantled.

By the time of the Sino-Japanese war, the total number of troops in the country was about 350,000.

Four. Reserves.

Beginning in 1891, with the successive formation of the Janissary and Wehrmacht, as well as the introduction of quasi-universal compulsory military service, the formation of the reserve army was put on the agenda. In October 1891, with the efforts of the training department, the first supplementary reserve division of the Janissary was formed with the reserve troops of Zhili Province as the backbone, and its function was mainly to train the reserve army in peacetime, and to send the standing army into a establishment or a single reserve personnel to supplement the losses in wartime, with less than 500 standing personnel in peacetime, and 30,000 reserve soldiers could be mobilized to the front line within a week in wartime.

In April 1894, the 1st Janissary Supplementary Reserve Army was formed, with three supplementary reserve divisions, which could mobilize 100,000 reserve troops within a week to replenish the losses on the front.

In May 1894, the Fourth Combat Reserve Division of National Defense was formed, and all the soldiers of the division, except for 500 backbones, were reservists, and they could be put into the battlefield after a month of training during the war. It was later renamed the Fourth Infantry Division of the Wehrmacht.

By the end of 1894, a total of three Janissary Supplementary Reserve Divisions, two National Defense Supplementary Reserve Divisions, and one National Defense Combat Reserve Division were formed, and 180,000 reserve troops could be mobilized within one month.

Note: Those with [] are historical figures

Appendix IV: The five major military industrial giants of the empire during the Guangxing period

Hanyang Ordnance Corporation (Hanyang): Founded in 1891, it mainly produces various light weapons. Later, it was subordinated to Hanyeping Group and became a major manufacturer of various light weapons and ammunition, including light and heavy machine guns, machine guns, and mortars.

Jinling Industrial Group Corporation (Jiangning): Founded in 1891, it mainly produces machine guns, naval machine guns, auxiliary guns, etc. Later, it was integrated into Jinling Heavy Industry, and increased the production of internal combustion engines, aircraft, light ships, tanks and armored vehicles.

Beiyang Industrial Group Corporation (Tianjin): Founded in 1892, it owns the Dalian Shipyard and the former Beiyang Machinery Bureau in Tianjin, which can build various types of warships and produce light artillery and light weapons. Later, it evolved into Beiyang Heavy Industry, adding projects such as internal combustion engines, aircraft, and tank armored vehicles.

Jiangnan Manufacturing Group Company (Shanghai): Established in 1892 on the basis of the former Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau, it manufactures various mountain heavy artillery, fortress guns and warship main guns. Later, it was integrated into Jiangnan manufacturing, mainly producing artillery and ammunition, and can build large and medium-sized warships.

Southern Electronics Industry Group Corporation (Shanghai): Founded in 1892, it mainly produces and installs various telegraph systems and marine electrical equipment. Later, it was integrated into Nanfang Electronics and became a major manufacturer of military communication equipment.

Appendix V: Imperial Military Academies in 1894 (in chronological order of establishment or renaming)

1890 year

Jingshi Military Academy: Army officer and non-commissioned officer school, which was later merged into the Imperial Army University.

Nanyuan Artillery School: Army Professional Artillery Officer and Non-commissioned Officer School, which was later merged into the Imperial Army University.

Baoding Army Academy: The former Baoding Martial Arts School, the army officer and non-commissioned officer college of the Zhili Military Region.

Jingshi Tongwen College: The former Jingshi Tongwen Museum cultivates military foreign language talents.

Army Medical College: located in Beijing.

Year 1891

Imperial Military Intelligence College: Located in the northern suburbs of Beijing, it trains military intelligence officers.

Mawei Naval Academy: The former Mawei Naval Academy, the Naval Officer Academy.

Imperial Army University: The main campus is in Fengtai, a suburb of Beijing, and there is a branch campus in Jiangning, and the Army Military University.

Imperial Naval University: The main campus is in Tianjin, Dalian and Shanghai, and there are branch campuses in Naval Naval University.

Imperial Sniper School: Located in Baoding, the Army Professional Non-commissioned Officer School.

Chengde Cavalry School: Cavalry Professional Non-commissioned Officer and Officer Academy.

Year 1892

Imperial Staff College: Located in the southern suburbs of Beijing, the Army and Navy Staff Officer Academy is a retraining base for middle and senior command and staff personnel.

Beijing Guards Infantry School: Army Non-commissioned Officer School, Guards Teaching Brigade Station.

Beiyang Naval Technical College: Located in Tianjin, it trains non-commissioned officers and officers of naval technical skills.

Jinan Artillery School: Army Professional Non-commissioned Officer School.

Naval Medical College: located in Tianjin.

Year 1893

Imperial Military Science and Technology Academy: Located in Beijing, under the direct jurisdiction of the General Staff, it trains military scientific and technological personnel.

Imperial Joint Logistics College: Located in Jiangning, it trains logistics non-commissioned officers and officers.

Jinan Army Academy: Non-commissioned officers and officer colleges of the East China Military Region.

Fengtian Army Academy: Army non-commissioned officer and officer school of the Northeast Military Region.

Year 1894

Guangzhou Naval Academy: Naval Officer and Non-commissioned Officer College.

Guilin Army Academy: Army non-commissioned officer and officer academy of the Southwest Military Region.

Lanzhou Army Academy: Non-commissioned officer and officer academy of the Northwest Military Region.

Wuchang Army Academy: The former Wuchang Lecture and Martial Arts School, the non-commissioned officer and officer academy of the South China Military Region.