Chapter XXIV: Counteroffensive
August 16, 1894, Korea neutralized the front.
Since the "meat bullet" offensive launched by Major General Nogi Noshinori, commander of the Japanese Fifth Brigade, was crushed two weeks ago, the Qing army's positions have experienced too long of calm. As the orders of the General Staff were transmitted by telegram to Pyongyang, and then by the corps headquarters of the Northern Army Corps to the relevant units, the dull calm was about to be destroyed.
On the defense line of the Chunghe Bridge, which had been repeatedly baptized by the blood of Chinese and Japanese soldiers, the 1st Regiment of the 1st Praetorian Division, which arrived in Pyongyang on August 3, replaced the 10th Regiment of the 2nd Praetorian Division, which had suffered most of the casualties in the bloody battle that day, and began preparations for a counteroffensive.
The headquarters of the 1st Regiment of the Praetorian Guard was set up on the original site of the headquarters of the 10th Regiment of the Praetorian Guard, and the commander of the 10th Regiment, Xiao Lieri, gave all the tents of the regiment headquarters to the 1st Regiment when he handed over the defense, and the commander of the 1st Regiment, Xiao Lieri, was a classmate of the 91st class of the Imperial Army University, Lieutenant Colonel Lei Yuming, gave him three cans of Shanxi rice wine, and as a result, he was exhausted by the officers above the battalion level of the 1st Regiment and the 10th Regiment that night.
At this time, Lei Yuming was summoning his three battalion commanders and Captain Liu Xuedong, an operational staff officer at the regimental headquarters, to assign tasks, and he had just returned from the brigade headquarters and had taken over a key task from the brigade commander, Colonel Lu Zixiang.
"The brigade headquarters has given us the task ofβ"
Lei Yuming nodded to Captain Liu Xuedong, an alumnus of the 91st class of Lu University, who had just stepped out of the school gate six months ago, Liu Xuedong immediately unfolded the battle map for the seniors, and handed over a magnifying glass and baton, Lei Yuming continued: "As the vanguard of the whole brigade, our regiment will break through from the front of the enemy line in the early morning of the 17th with the support of the artillery directly under the regiment, and at the same time, the cavalry regiment of the 2nd Guards Division will attack the enemy from the left flank of our army, and the 1st Division of the 2nd Brigade and the 4th Regiment will attack from the right flank of our army to carry out a feint attack to attract the enemy's attention, Cooperate with our army to tear through the enemy's defenses. After completing the breakthrough, our regiment immediately handed over the defense of the position to the follow-up troops, turned to the southeast direction to break through, and occupied Sui'an with the support of friendly forces, and then further accepted orders from the brigade headquarters. Okay, that's basically it, just now I have made an operational plan with the staff officers of the regimental headquarters, and now we are assigning tasks according to the operational plan. β
Lei Yuming paused, and asked Liu Xuedong to take the plan and draw the book, and used his baton to knock on the map that marked the combat area with colored pens and began to issue tasks: "The second battalion is responsible for the blue zone on the left flank, the third battalion is responsible for the red zone on the right flank, and the first battalion is equipped with an artillery company and a machine gun company to be responsible for the green zone in the middle. The time of the general attack was set at 3 a.m. on the 17th, and the regiment had previously prepared for four intermittent artillery fire of one hour each from 7 p.m. on the night of the 16th. After the general offensive began, the battalions formed into three waves of stragglers, leaving two minutes apart. At first, it marched quickly, and when it approached the enemy's position, if it was blocked by the enemy's dense fire, it would change to crawling forward, but it was necessary to launch the most rear-end assault before dawn, enter the position, and destroy the enemy's main firepower point. Because the attack was launched in the dark, the commanders of each battalion must give full play to their initiative and make timely decisions in light of changes in the battlefield situation; they should pay special attention to avoiding as much as possible a clumsy attack that will only increase casualties, but should find ways to find the enemy's weak points and concentrate their forces to make a breakthrough. This is all taught in school, and I want to emphasize here that everyone can keep a clear head even in the most nervous state. That's how the plan is, what do you still think? β
Major Zhao Minhe, commander of the 1st Battalion, who was born in the 92nd class of Lu University and graduated first in the infantry major, said: "My subordinates think that it seems inappropriate to carry out an attack with such an even distribution of troops. β
Lei Yuming let out an "oh" and motioned for Zhao Minhe to continue.
Zhao Minhe explained: "Although there is artillery directly under the regiment to support, in the dark night, the destructive power of artillery fire on the enemy's position and the lethality of personnel are very limited. Under such circumstances, an equal division of forces and a rush of attack will allow the enemy's firepower to be fully utilized on the entire front, increase the losses of our troops, and most likely fail to achieve the goal of breaking through. β
Lei Yuming immediately continued: "Then you are planning to change the plan and concentrate your forces to attack a little?" β
Zhao Minhe: "This is what my subordinates mean. β
Lei Yuming asked again: "Then you say, which direction is more appropriate to concentrate the troops?" β
Zhao Minhe got up and clicked on the area painted blue on the map: "Left flank, subordinates think that it is more certain to concentrate forces to break through from the left flank." There are two reasons, one is not to attack from the center, so that the enemy can be surprised, and the other is that the left flank has the cavalry regiment of the second division to assist in the breakthrough, which can echo each other. β
"Finished?" Lei Yuming said expressionlessly.
"Also, the subordinates thought that the first and second battalions could be equipped with artillery companies and machine gun companies to attack from the left flank, and the third battalion was responsible for the central green zone with two companies and one company in charge of the red zone on the right flank, respectively, to carry out a feint attack and cover the main force to complete the breakthrough."
"Anything else?"
"It's gone."
Lei Yuming stared at the map and pondered for a while, then nodded: "Okay, according to what you said, the first battalion and the second battalion are equipped with artillery to attack the enemy's left flank, and Battalion Commander Zhao is responsible for unified command." The commander of the 3rd battalion led two companies from the center, and the deputy commander of the 3rd battalion led one company to make a feint attack from the right flank to attract enemy fire. Staff Officer Liu, make a note of it. β
Liu Xuedong answered, lowered his head and wrote violently.
Lei Yuming said again: "Night combat should be based on hand-to-hand combat, everyone go back and let everyone prepare to fight bayonets."
In order to support our regiment's breakthrough operation, the brigade headquarters sent 200 revolvers and 600 broadswords, which were originally intended to be evenly distributed among the battalions, but now the plan has changed, and it has been decided to distribute all the left flank assault troops. Battalion Commander Zhao, wait for you and Staff Officer Liu to get the equipment. All right, you go back and take a break after you have finished your assignment, and the artillerymen are not going to let us fall asleep after seven o'clock tonight. Meeting! β
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In the evening of the same day, the Japanese positions on the front line of Zhonghe were busy, and groups of soldiers poured from the communication trenches to the front line trenches, which was the atmosphere before the war. Among them, the commander of the 24th Wing, Date Mori Kiyomasa, who had the rank of Osa pinned to his collar, secretly complained in his heart: "The commander of the Kamigawa Division is really an accountant, two weeks ago Nogi a fool buried the entire Fifth Brigade in front of the enemy position, and now it is our turn to suffer the same pain in the Sixth Division." It's funny to attack at night, and there is no artillery support yet, isn't there a front guard and flares on the other side? If it was so easy to sneak attack at night, the commander of the Oshima Division would not have agreed to Nogi using that method to storm the positions of the Shina Army. β
"Date Daisa, you're in the way." It was the voice of the commander of the Kamigawa Division.
Date Shengqing hurriedly leaned against the wall of the trench and raised his hand to salute: "Your Excellency the division commander!" β
Sixty-one-year-old Lieutenant General Kamikawa Kitakahara raised his hand to return the salute with his sword, and Date saw through the dim light that the general's face looked very tired, and it is no wonder that since the landing in Busan, the heat was unbearable along the way, and he was constantly attacked by the Korean scattered troops, and as soon as he arrived at the front line, he immediately threw himself into the work of preparing for the attack, and for more than half a month, the commander of the Kamigawa Division hardly slept well. Date was ashamed of what he had just thought, the commander of the Kamigawa Division had worked so hard to make an attack plan, but he was taunting his old man behind his back, which was simply shameless.
"Date Osa, how's the preparation?" Lieutenant General Kamigawa asked in a calm tone.
Date hurriedly replied, "The 24th Wing is entering the attack position, and it will soon be able to complete the deployment and ensure that the attack will be launched on time." β
"Well, that's good, Date Daisa, this battle will definitely go down in history as a turning point in the entire Korean battlefield."
"Yes, Your Excellency, Division Commander."
Kamigawa became excited and began to gush: "The 5th and 8th Divisions should be attacking Gangdong and Sungcheon now, everyone is going all out to advance towards Pyongyang, and we must not lag behind." Those incompetent people in the navy will only line up in Sasebo's military port for the Minister of the Navy to review, and the war will be a mess. Look at our army, Pyongyang is only the first step, and then we have to cross the Yalu River, go to Mukden to dig up the ancestral tomb of the Qing Emperor, go to Beijing to overturn his dragon chair, and Shanghai, Guangzhou, these places will be ours sooner or later. Vice Admiral Kawakami told me that the Russians would send warships to protect our sea transport lines, that supplies would be coming in a steady stream, and that without the navy we would still be able to achieve the ultimate victory. β
Date nodded frequently: "What His Excellency the Division Commander said is true. β
"From tonight onwards, the people of China will have great suffering." Kamigawa looked at the fading sunset, and suddenly an ominous premonition came to his heart, and he immediately suspected that he had just spit out a lot of words.
Lieutenant General Kamigawa's hunch was not wrong, and two minutes later, he and Date Morikiyo were reduced to scattered pieces of flesh and bones almost at the same time.
The first round of intensive artillery fire of the Qing army came to the trenches crowded with Japanese soldiers.
First a howl of panic, then a scream of pain, then a bark of despair, and finally the moans of a survivor.
Corpses could have been created so quickly, death could have been created so simply, and humans could have been slaughtered so easily.
War is a complex creature of innumerable inevitability and contingency, sometimes with the former having the upper hand and sometimes the latter being more arrogant.
What was the main decision on the outcome of the second neutralization campaign?
The dead don't have to think about it, the living have more important things to do, and a few historians are left to quarrel about it β war actually has a role in sustaining the livelihood of several historians.
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At the end of the third round of shelling by the Qing army, it was 1 a.m. on the 17th.
In order to support the offensive launched with two and a half regiments as the lead, Major General Zhong Xiahuo, commander of the Northern Army, mobilized most of the heavy artillery on hand to neutralize the front line, including 27 150-mm heavy howitzers and 27 75-mm field guns, 56 75-mm mountain guns, a total of 110 heavy guns, and a large number of 57-mm mountain guns for direct fire support to the front-line troops. In addition, half of the stocks of artillery shells were called up specifically for this operation.
The commander-in-chief of the artillery was Lieutenant Colonel Hu Jingwei, commander of the artillery regiment of the Second Forbidden Division, who did not disappoint Zhong Xiahuo as a high-achieving student of the 91st class of artillery majors of the Lu University, and fired 15,000 heavy artillery shells within five hours, almost all of which smashed on the frontal defense line of the Japanese army.
In addition to the old and proud commander of the Kamikawa Division and the captain of the Date Wing, who could only nod his head, were blown to pieces by a 150-millimeter heavy artillery shell that happened to fall into the trench, the Japanese officers and men who squeezed into the forward trenches and prepared to attack suffered extremely heavy casualties, and the entire 24th Wing had lost more than half of its combat strength after the first three rounds of shelling, and the 23rd Wing assembled at the main attack point of the Qing army suffered more than two-thirds of the casualties. The 21st Wing fared slightly better, but it was also reduced by two-fifths of its strength by the end of the campaign.
At 2 o'clock in the morning, the last firepower preparation of the Qing artillery began, at this time most of the Japanese officers and men had withdrawn to the safer rear, and some of the alert troops had also taken refuge in the anti-artillery holes, and Zhao Minhe, the commander of the first battalion of the first regiment of the Qing army's janissaline guards, had already led 200 daredevils, carrying pistols and big knives, or trotting or crawling sneaking, regardless of the possible accidental damage from their own artillery fire, and touched a place less than 200 meters away from the front trench of the Japanese army. For Zhao Minhe, the concept of 200 meters means that his lightly armed death squad can kill the Japanese position in half a minute, entangle the enemy troops in the trenches, and buy time for the main force less than 800 meters behind to cross the enemy fire blockade line.
But this time the Japanese did not shoot artillery, only put some flares, Zhao Minhe knew that this was the result of the artillery intermittent artillery bombardment strategy.
During the first three Qing artillery preparations, the Japanese artillery also followed closely and bombarded the opposite position, until half an hour after the Qing artillery fire was interrupted. At this time, the Qing attacking troops had not yet entered the position and suffered almost no losses. In this way, after three times, the Japanese army lost its supreme commander, and was unable to judge the true intentions of the Qing army for a while, and their poor ammunition reserves prevented them from squandering as much as their opponents, so they had to stop blindly following the bombardment, which reduced the resistance to the attack of the 1st Janissary Regiment.
"Give the order, stay put, and wait for the shelling to end." Major Zhao Minhe whispered to the herald beside him, and the herald slowly crawled backwards and slowly crawled to the back, giving orders to a detachment leader, who in turn conveyed it to others, and passed it on to the whole team one by one.
Dazzling flashes, shocking sounds, shaking earth, splashing earth and stones, the Qing army death squad members did not move like a mountain, lying on the ground, waiting for the end of all this.
Before the loud sound of the last cannonball passed, Zhao Minhe had already stood up, held up the big blade with the red spike ribbon floating high, and shouted: "Brothers, kill." β
Two hundred daredevils jumped up almost at the same time, the snow-bright broadsword shone with the light of the flares, the dark revolver showed a solid texture, everyone swept across the earth like a whirlwind, and dozens of seconds later, the forward positions of the Japanese army were already in a killing voice.
As soon as Zhao Minhe jumped into the trench, he saw a Japanese soldier digging his ears out of the anti-artillery hole, and immediately raised his knife and cut off half of the opponent's head, and then ran into a Japanese soldier Shaozuo, without waiting for the opponent to draw his knife, he first shot his head at a distance of three steps, and in this way led more than a dozen personal guards to attack and kill, killing more than 100 enemy soldiers in a row, and capturing three machine guns.
The entire line of the Japanese Sixth Division was under pressure, and Major General Kitayu Jingneng, the deputy division commander who had just taken the post of division commander, was at a loss, and did not know where to throw the reserves, and the news from the front was often contradictory: after a while, the 23rd Wing came and said that the position had been infiltrated by the enemy and had the ability to support it; A minute later the 24th Wing reported that the position had been broken through and could not be supported; A few minutes later, the 23rd Wing said it was facing a collapse on all fronts and called for reinforcements; After a while, the 24th Wing reported that it had repelled the onslaught of the entire regiment of the Qing army, annihilated hundreds of enemies, and so on and so forthβMajor General Beiliu was so tormented by this information that he almost scratched his head.
Until he was forced to order a retreat, Major General Beiliu failed to give a single meaningful order in the most critical hours, and the collapse of the Japanese Sixth Division's front was irreversible.
The 1st Regiment of the Qing Army broke through the left flank defense line of the 23rd Wing of the Japanese Army within three hours, and after dawn, the thunderstorm drove the whole regiment to advance to the depth of the enemy, and together with the 2nd Cavalry Regiment of the Janissary Division, repelled the 6th Cavalry Wing of the Japanese Army that counterattacked, and together with the 3rd Janissary Regiment, it defeated the retreating artillery units of the Japanese division and captured a large number of artillery.
By the night of the 17th, the 50-kilometer-long front of the Japanese Sixth Division had completely collapsed, and the 1st and 3rd Guards of the Qing Army from the center, and the 2nd Cavalry Regiment and the 2nd Forbidden Regiment of the Forbidden Division tore through the enemy's front from the left flank, and together with the 4th and 5th Forbidden Regiments, they crushed the defenders of the Japanese right flank, annihilating more than 13,000 enemies in one day, and pressing the remnants of the enemy to retreat to Shariyuan.
The situation began to take a sharp turn for the worse.
Three days later, led by Lei Yuming's Forbidden 1st Regiment, the 1st Praetorian Brigade captured Suian, an important town in the southeast of Pyongyang, annihilated 1,000 enemies, and then routed the headquarters of the 31st Infantry Wing of the 8th Division of the Japanese Army, which came to counterattack, and severed the direct connection between the Wonsan Group of the Japanese Army and the Seoul Group. In the next nine days, the 1st Janissary Brigade and the 1st and 2nd Marine Regiments after recuperation and replenishment swept southeast, and the two strategic groups of the Japanese army were completely separated from the land by land at the mountains of Liankegu (August 23), Icheon (August 26), and Pingkang (August 29).
On 20 August, the 1st Praetorian Division, together with the 3rd Janissary Brigade, totaling 16,000 troops, was organized into the Southern Army Corps under the command of Major General Ding Jieyun, and landed at Asan, about 80 kilometers south of Seoul, with the support of 18 warships of the Navy's Zhenyang Fleet, crushing a small number of Japanese alert troops nearby and establishing a beachhead. This attracted the headquarters of the Japanese 7th Division, which was tasked with maintaining the supply lines of the Seoul group, and prevented it from moving north to support the defenders of Seoul and the 6th Division at the front.
On August 22, the 7th Brigade of the 3rd Praetorian Division and the Janissary Hussar Brigade arrived in Pyongyang and were immediately incorporated into Zhong Xiahuo's Northern Army.
On 24 August, General Zhong Xiahuo formed the First Assault Group, which commanded more than 28,000 troops directly under the 2nd Janissary Division, the 4th and 5th Janissary Brigades, and the Praetorian Cavalry Brigade. On the same day, they conquered the pine forest 10 kilometers southwest of Zhonghe and cleared the remnants of the 24th Infantry Wing of the Japanese Army entrenched here. Immediately after that, he drove the division into the army, and went down to Sariwon (August 27), Ruixing (August 29), and Kaesong (September 2) with the momentum of destroying the withering and decaying, and approached Seoul. The rest of the Japanese 6th Division was crushed and fled to Seoul by separate routes, where they were harassed and ambushed by Korean rebels along the way, abandoning almost all their baggage. It was not until September 4 that Major General Beiliu Jingneng, the acting commander of the 6th Division, contained the remnants of less than 10,000 troops who had withdrawn and retreated into Seoul, and began to organize the defense of Seoul together with the rest of the 3rd Division stationed in Seoul.
On the side of the Southern Army, Major General Ding Jieyun's command post withstood the repeated counterattacks of the Japanese Seventh Division and held out until September 1, when the first batch of reinforcements, the 10th and 11th Brigades of the Fourth Guards, landed in Asan and were incorporated into the Southern Army Corps. Ding Jieyun organized a counteroffensive in a timely manner, and on September 3, he conquered Suwon, Cheongju, Gongju and other places, severing the direct connection between the Japanese Seventh Division and Seoul, and completing the strategic encirclement of Seoul.
On the Pyongyang side, the Japanese Wonsan Group, under the unified command of Lieutenant General Takemichi Zoten, commander of the 8th Division, attacked the Qing Army's Pyongyang defense line from east to west, and sent the 1st Guards Brigade to break south in an attempt to restore contact with the Seoul Group. Brigadier General Wu Beinian, deputy commander of the Northern Army of the Qing Army, carefully arranged the defense, and ordered the commanders of each position to sign a military order, vowing to defend the position to the death and never retreat, otherwise he voluntarily sacrificed his head. The front-line defenders of Pyongyang, together with the 1st Janissary Brigade and the 1st and 2nd Marine Regiments marching to the east coast, totaled less than 29,000 men, and fought fiercely with more than 60,000 men of the Wonsan group in front of them for a week, withstood the frantic attack of the Japanese army, annihilated more than 7,000 enemies, and suffered considerable losses on their own side. On September 3, the 8th and 9th Brigades of the 3rd Praetorian Guard Division and the newly formed 5th Praetorian Division, totaling 42,000 men, arrived in Pyongyang and incorporated them into the Northern Division.
Within two weeks, the Qing army successfully completed the first phase of the "Annihilation" operation, annihilating nearly 30,000 Japanese troops and dividing the remaining 100,000 people into three unrelated units: 53,000 troops from the 5th and 8th Divisions and the 1st Guards Brigade assembled at Wonsan; The remnants of the 3rd and 6th Divisions retreated to Seoul were 26,000 men, and the 7th Division, which was stationed in southern Korea, was 23,000 men.
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The entire situation on the Korean land battlefield was decisively reversed, which made Liu Yun and others, who were sitting in the Jingshi, very proud.
At this time, Wen Yi thought of asking Yang Zhengjin: "What does it mean that you have named the battle plan 'Extinguishing Feng'?" β
Yang Zhengjin said with a smile: "I thought you knew the Tao of the Devil for a long time, it's very simple, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, the big idiot who tried to conquer Korea, China, India and the whole world with the land of Japanese projectiles more than 300 years ago. β
Wen Yi nodded and said: "I see, Toyotomi's old monkey threw a large number of his elite troops into Korea, and was taught a hard lesson by the Sino-Korean coalition army, after his death, Tokugawa Ieyasu, who was not sick and did not go to North Korea and preserved his strength, raised troops to clean up his loyal retainers, and refused to stop until he killed his entire familyββ"
Liu Yun came over and interjected: "Now I don't know if there are Tokugawa Ieyasu-like characters in Lu Dao, and if we fight a civil war again, I don't know what the result of Lu Dao will be." β
Wen Yi shook his head and said: "After this war, we need a unified and pro-China government to maintain the stability of Japan, the civil war will give the great powers a chance to intervene, so that we cannot dominate Japan alone, the coup d'Γ©tat can be considered, and the degree of chaos should be controlled." In short, we must be given sufficient time to control its lifeblood economically, while avoiding excessive interference by the great powers. β
Liu Yun nodded in agreement, turned around and asked Zhu Tao, the director of intelligence: "Is there any new movement on the part of the Russians?" β
Zhu Tao handed over several documents: "There is no new movement of the Russian army, except for the small build-up of Russian troops on the border of the Tumen River since August 15, there is no alarm in other places. The Russian Navy is carrying out large-scale operations near Vladivostok, and the intelligence that came just yesterday indicates that the main force of the Pacific Fleet has left the port and escorted a large number of transport ships in the direction of Hokkaido. β
"It seems that the Russians are trying to take advantage of the fire." Wen Yi Dao.
"Lao Maozi has always been like this, and it seems that the plan to dominate Japan will be discounted first." Liu Yun frowned.
Wen Yi said: "Fortunately, they chose to bite Japan, if the Russians bite us in turn, the problem will be serious." A few days ago, the Russian envoys sent a series of notes demanding that we recognize Russia's special interests in Japan. β
Liu Yun said angrily: "If it's just economic interests, it's nothing, now it seems that what Lao Maozi wants is territory, and this polar bear will not let go of any opportunity to grab land." β
Wen Yi shook his head: "No way, anyway, it's not our territory that we grabbed this time, our strength is still very limited now, we can't openly turn against them, wait, sooner or later give them good fruits to eat." β
Liu Yun took a deep breath and asked Zhang Zhigao, vice minister of foreign affairs: "How are the negotiations going?" β
Zhang Zhigao flipped through his notebook and replied: "The Japanese side's conditions are very outrageous, and it is a joke to ask our country to recognize Korea as a subject country of Japan, and in turn to ask us to compensate 20 million taels of silver for military expenses. What is even more incredible is that the British minister said that Japan's demand was very reasonable and asked us to give serious consideration. β
Wen Yi asked: "What about the attitude of the other powers?" β
Zhang Zhigao said: "France believes that the two sides should sign a fair treaty that does not harm the interests of other countries, the United States hopes that the situation will return to the pre-war situation, the German minister demands that the negotiations not harm Germany's interests in the Far East, and other countries basically follow Germany and the United States." β
Wen Yi picked up a small notebook and fanned the wind, and the meeting room of the conspiracy department with the windows closed and the curtains was sweltering, making everyone start to miss the computer-controlled constant temperature air conditioning of that era.
Putting down the small notebook, Wen Yi wiped his sweat again, and then said: "This is the only way, we must step up efforts to win over Germany, the United States and France to suppress Britain, and in accordance with the strategic rules of diplomacy, we must step up the revision of the "Sino-US Treaty of Commerce and Navigation" with as many benefits as possible promised to the United States, but we must persuade the Americans to postpone the formal signing of the treaty, so as to prevent other countries, especially Britain, from obtaining the same benefits through one-sided most-favored-nation treatment." In addition, we should strengthen the process of revising the Old Testament, strive to abolish the one-sided most-favored-nation status of all countries and fully restore tariff autonomy within two years, but do not overly provoke Britain, and our approach to Britain should be based on both pressure and pull, and small interests should be exchanged for its neutrality on key issues, and the Foreign Office must do this. β
Zhang Zhigao nodded frequently: "Yes, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs is focusing its efforts on solving these problems. β
Liu Yun stood up, stared at the huge map of North Korea on the wall, and said word by word: "In any case, the diplomatic problem can only be finally resolved by military victory, and when the Korean War ends with the complete victory of our army, I think that little Japan still has any conditions to talk about, and the British still have any nonsense to talk about." β
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[Note 1] In 1891, the Imperial Army University was established in Fengtai, a suburb of Beijing, and initially had four academic systems: short-term (one year), mid-term (ranging from six months to two years), junior college (three years), and undergraduate (four years). In the short term, only the 91st and 92nd editions were held, and the students were mainly officers of the first company and above of the former Praetorian Guard, some officers of the former training and defense battalions, and third- and fourth-year students selected from various places in the military equipment and martial arts schools. The short-term 91st class is divided into four infantry professional classes, one staff professional class and one artillery professional class, with a total of 260 cadets; The class of '92 increased to three hundred. Lu Da trained a large number of middle-level officers for the early Imperial Army in a short period of time, most of whom served as company-level commanders in the Korean War, and a few served as section-level cadres in the General Staff. In the middle of the Korean War, most of the officers above the regimental level received mid-term training of different academic systems.