Author: Jing Man's descendants

E-mail: [email protected]

Due to the death of the military doctor Jiang Wanli in the palace coup d'état in the sixteenth year of Guangxu, the work that originally belonged to him in the plan was changed to Ma Fenglai.

In October of the 18th year of Guangxu, the General Administration of Medical and Health of the Imperial Republic of China was formally established in Beijing, with four major departments under its jurisdiction: the Department of Western Medicine, the Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Supervision Department, and the Education and Development Department (until the 25th year of Guangxu, the drug function was separated from the two departments of Western medicine and Chinese medicine, and the Drug Administration was established separately), as well as various general affairs agencies such as personnel administration. Xu Ruji (this person was originally a folk doctor, but later cured Cixi's illness and was rewarded with three products) served as the first director of the General Bureau, Huang Kuan (Doctor of Medicine in the UK) served as the deputy director, and Ma Feng, the vice minister of science and technology, served as the chief adviser. Subsequently, each province set up a medical and health bureau with reference to the organizational structure of the General Administration. By the 20th year of Guangxu, all prefectures (cities) had successively established medical and health bureaus.

In the 19th year of Guangxu, at the meeting of the Imperial Cabinet, the "Outline of the 15-Year Development Plan for the Imperial Medical and Health Care" was adopted. Among them, several points are clearly proposed: first, on the premise of retaining traditional Chinese medicine, the empire will vigorously promote Western medicine; Second, the empire encouraged all civilian and military institutions and individuals to develop new Western medicines and improve the dosage forms of traditional Chinese medicines; Third, the empire will accelerate its investment in pharmaceutical infrastructure, establish a large-scale pharmaceutical production base as soon as possible (more than a year later, the first phase of the Beijing Zhonghua Pharmaceutical Factory will be completed), and will encourage farmers to try to grow some medicinal plants; Fourth, the plan was made 30 years ago in Guangxu, so that 50 percent of the urban population could enjoy the subsidized supply of "essential medicines for daily life," and 35 years before Guangxu, so that 90 percent of the urban population and 50 percent of the rural population could enjoy the subsidized supply of "essential medicines for daily life."

Timeline of the early medical and health development of the empire

In October, the 18th year of Guangxu, the General Administration of Medical and Health of the Reich was established

In April, the 19th year of Guangxu, the "Outline of the 15-Year Development Plan for the Medical and Health Care of the Empire" was released

In August of the twentieth year of Guangxu, the first modern industrial pharmaceutical factory in the empire, Zhonghua Pharmaceutical Factory, began production and operation; In the same year, the Imperial Health Law was promulgated.

In February, the 21st year of Guangxu, the "Imperial Drug Administration Regulations" and the "Imperial Physicians Law" were promulgated. The "Imperial Drug Administration Regulations" stipulate that all drugs in the empire must be produced, circulated and used in accordance with the regulations, and no drugs prohibited by the regulations shall be produced, traded, or traded, and no unauthorized institutions and individuals shall engage in the production and trading of drugs. The Imperial Medical Practitioners Act stipulates that all practitioners in the Empire must take the qualification examination of the local medical and health bureaus within two years, and those who are recognized will receive a "medical license" issued by the Imperial Medical and Health Administration. In June, the Imperial Drug Subsidy Program (Draft) and its implementation rules were announced.

In the 22nd year of Guangxu, Dr. Huang Kuan, deputy director of the Imperial Medical and Health Administration, with the assistance of Lu Zhengliang, a lecturer at the School of Chemistry and Biology of Imperial University, discovered the antibacterial effect of sulfonamides. In the same year, with the help of the Imperial Institute of Industrial Chemistry, the sulfonamide drug was put into full-scale production at the Zhonghua Pharmaceutical Factory. For this contribution, Huang Kuan and Lu Zhengliang were awarded the Order of Xuanwu of the Third Class, and Huang Kuan was later awarded the first Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology in 1901.

Dr. Huang Kuan recalled in his later letters: "At that time, Ma Feng, the vice minister of science and technology of the empire, often muttered in his ear the words 'sulfonamide' and 'antibacterial', and when questioned, Ma Feng flatly denied it. So, I went to Lu Zhengliang of the Imperial University to ask what sulfonamide was......"

Note: After Dr. Huang Kuan took office, he soon implemented surgical sterilization and anesthesia surgery across the country, which greatly increased the recognition of Western medicine in China.

In the 23rd year of Guangxu, the General Administration of Medical and Health of the Imperial Republic of China introduced cinchona trees from South America and planted them in Hainan, Yunnan and Liangguang, and achieved success. Four years later, Chung Hwa Pharmaceutical Factory began refining quinine from cinchona bark.

In the 24th year of Guangxu, in the same year that the German Bayer invented the industrial production method of aspirin, Zhonghua Pharmaceutical Factory bought a concession from Bayer through the German government and began to produce aspirin.

In the twenty-fifth year of Guangxu, the empire realized the plan of vaccinating the entire population with cowpox. In the same year, due to the great advancement of the design of medical construction (mainly because of the antibacterial drug sulfonamide and the antimalarial Chinese medicine Artemisia annua powder

The large number of exports of new special drugs represented by the General Administration of Medical and Health has been exchanged for a large amount of funds, so that the General Administration of Medical and Health of the Imperial Republic has enough funds to implement the drug subsidy plan), which was originally scheduled to be realized in the 35th year of Guangxu

The target of 90 per cent of the urban population and 50 per cent of the rural population being able to enjoy the subsidized supply of 510 "essential medicines" was achieved 10 years ahead of schedule.

In the twenty-seventh year of Guangxu, after the discovery of the ABO blood group system in Landsteiner, Austria, the imperial military first intervened in the research, and its research results were transferred to military and civilian use. Soon, blood transfusions were widely used in surgery and in the care of the wounded.

With the two magic weapons of sulfonamides and blood transfusion, in the subsequent Sino-Russian war, the mortality rate of the wounded on the Chinese side was greatly reduced, and the lives of tens of thousands of wounded soldiers were saved.

……

After Ma Feng stepped down, he left behind the "Imperial Medical and Health Outlook (Draft)" which also guided the development of a large number of new drugs such as tuberculosis vaccines, vitamins, penicillin, and streptomycin.

*510 "Essential Medicines"

The Imperial Drug Subsidy Program (Draft) stipulates that these "essential medicines" shall be managed and purchased by the state and sold by the Chinese Pharmaceutical United Store or designated licensed stores. In terms of production, the state finance subsidizes the ex-factory price, and the ex-factory price is not profitable or has a small loss, and the sales of such goods in the Chinese Medicine United Store only add the necessary transportation and storage costs, and if they are sold by licensed stores, they are only allowed to earn a profit of less than 5%. Other stores are not allowed to deal in drugs that are subsidized by the state, or even if they deal in the same drugs, the state does not subsidize and manage the drugs they sell.

The 510 kinds of essential drugs are divided into three parts in terms of types: first, crude drugs; 2. Traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions; 3. Western medicine. In terms of management methods, there are two kinds of drugs, namely free drugs and restricted drugs, which are allowed to be purchased in limited quantities by citizens of the empire, and restricted drugs can only be purchased with a prescription issued by a doctor who is licensed to practice medicine.

List of 510 essential medicines:

First, crude drugs

There are 308 species of licorice, rhubarb, coptis, forsythia, atractylodes, bupleurum, and bellflower

Second, traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions

There are a total of 165 kinds of anti-inflammatory and detoxification pills, Hegan San, Xuanjiang Soup, Qi Replenishing and Raising Intestine Drink, Kidney and Bone Soup, Stomach Decoction, and Dilong San

3. Western medicine

There are 37 kinds of carbolic acid, sulfonamides, etc