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"Transgression?!" Huang Shi felt inexplicable when he heard it at the time, because he knew the word Lang Dao, it refers to the transcendence of duty, in ancient times, it specifically referred to the name or utensils used in the status of the subordinate, etc., especially referring to the use of royal special items, he only used a few pieces of marble, which can be talked about what is not transgression.

But after thinking about it, I was relieved, in the feudal era of the 16th century, everything good had to be the emperor's, royal, such as good wine, good stones, good cloth, in short, the best things, that were all to be enjoyed by them, and if the grass people below ate and drank indiscriminately, it was trespassing.

Even the Ming Dynasty was even more bizarre, because in the early days of its founding, Zhu Baba suppressed the status of merchants very seriously. For example, in the "Encyclopedia of Agricultural Administration. In the fourth volume, it is said that in the fourteenth year of Hongwu: "The intention is to emphasize the original and suppress the end, and it is ordered that the peasant family is allowed to wear silk cloth, and the merchant family is only allowed to wear cloth." In the peasant house, if there is a merchant who is a merchant, he is not allowed to wear veil. ”

That is to say, in the Ming Dynasty, merchants were guilty of wearing silk clothes, their status was low, and they could only wear cloth clothes, of course, at the end of the Ming Dynasty, these bans were in vain, and rich merchants wore these silk clothes, and swaggering through the market abounded.

In addition, the "well-dressed beasts" also began in this era, because in addition to prescribing the color of the robe like other dynasties, Lao Zhu also decorated their chests and backs with complements, and used the different patterns embroidered to indicate the difference in official rank. In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, the officials who were corrupt, oppressed the people, and committed crimes, this word naturally became a derogatory term, just like the modern "Miss".

Thinking of this, how could Huangshi, who didn't have much of a good impression of the old Zhu family, go to the rules set by the Ming Dynasty, so he smiled at those workers and said, "It's okay, it's okay, these stones are very ordinary and ordinary in our upper realm, we all use them to pave the floors of buildings, halls, and halls, even like ordinary hotels and shops, and even the high-end toilet floors are also covered with this." ”

Hearing these words, the people next to them gasped, the paving hall in the sky should be magnificent and beautiful, so it should be paved with these elegant marbles. It's just a "toilet", they know that it is a "hair toilet", and the chief often says that the place of the "bathroom" is actually paved with this kind of stone.

"That'...... That...... Could it be that the toilet in the sky is like the emperor who wants to make it out of gold? Niu Dali thought that even the floor was so magnificent, and the toilet would definitely not be an exception.

Huang Shi laughed when he heard the "Ha Lu Ha Ha", to say that in modern society, there must be toilets of various materials, especially like those in the Middle East who wear yarn scarves and oil tycoons, the toilets in their villas are estimated to be made of pure gold, because their money is not earned by labor, but all rely on the rich black gold hidden in the ground.

Therefore, they are extremely poor and luxurious, burning money in different ways, and living all kinds of strange lifestyles, not only do they marry more wives, but they also give birth to many children, and there are more than 1,000 people who are called princes. Huang Shi naturally didn't like them, he thought about one day he could get there, let them all go to the desert to plant grass, and have a good labor reform.

"Not really." After Huang Shi finished laughing, he patted Niu Dali's shoulder, lifted his open mouth with the boss, and then explained.

"The toilet above us is generally made of white porcelain, because first it has to be a flushing machine; Second, it must be waterproof, clean and hygienic; The last one is that it has to be sturdy, because people are meant to sit on the toilet and not collapse it because of someone's weight. ”

"With white porcelain?!" Although it is not as exaggerated as the golden toilet, it also makes the minds of the people present unable to turn around, because they have the impression that porcelain is thin, brittle and heavy, and is generally used to make small objects, such as bowls, basins, bottles, etc.

"Yes, it's white porcelain." Huang Shi nodded, in the modern flush toilet seats are made of various styles and use a variety of different materials, but as far as the toilet itself is concerned, the materials have hardly changed in the hundreds of years since it was invented, and they are still mainly ceramic.

Originally, there was a neighbor named Wei Yuchao in Huangshi, who was a big worker in an auto repair shop earlier, but later he didn't want to do it anymore because he was dirty and tired, so he changed his career to sell toilets, but they were all imported TOTO brands. Huang Shi once went to his shop and heard him talk about the reason for the porcelain used in the toilet.

The first factor is naturally because of the cost, as ceramic toilets like glass are made of clay and water. The process of producing toilets includes blank manufacturing, body molding, and porcelain sintering. Therefore, the process of using ceramics to produce these products is relatively simple, and the cost is still very low.

If you change to another material, plastic, the process of making it into an article is extrusion, or injection molding. For something as structurally complex as a toilet, the cost of manufacturing it from plastic is prohibitive.

This is also for what, in the toilet where plastic generally appears is only the seat, and using it as the leading material will lead to the high cost of the toilet. The toilet must be a durable good, but it must be replaced frequently.

So the second factor is durability. Everyone needs a toilet in life, whether it is sitting or squatting, when people squat on the toilet, it is best not to leak, or spray something, so it must have super durability.

Ceramics are very strong, stiff and strong, and will not deform over time. And this is not guaranteed by plastics, because once the days go by, the plastic material will definitely gradually deform under the strong impact of people sitting on it.

The third factor is that the ceramic can be waterproof. This may sound simple, but the fact is that many porous and permeable materials not only contain water, but also provide conditions for bacteria to multiply, which is not the case with ceramics.

Therefore, it is very important that items such as toilets, which are used to clean up waste, are not affected by bacteria and water currents. And the secret of ceramic waterproofing lies in the glaze. As with the aforementioned process, the glaze allows bacteria and water to stay on the outer surface of the glaze, making it easy to clean.

Therefore, ceramics have been the first choice for toilet and bathroom materials for so many years, which is really impressive. As someone said, everyone in the world may use the toilet differently, but the same thing is that it must be comfortable and clean.

Of course, Niu Dali didn't know this, although he didn't open his mouth when he was closed by the chief, but he scratched his head, and he still couldn't understand what this toilet made of white porcelain would look like. ”

Huang Shi also had a headache when he saw the questioning look on his face, because don't look at the ordinary people just press the flush button, and then those poop and other substances are washed down the drain or septic tank with the water whirlpool.

This process may seem simple, but it is actually very complex to design. Because the water tank, valves, overflow pipes, and sewage pipes, each of these parts is very fine, and it contains a lot of intricate engineering applications.

So he had no choice but to say, "Okay, what about the toilet, when your house is built, we will install one in each house, and you will know what's going on, and now this problem will be stopped." ”

Everyone's curiosity had to be forced to be pressed in their hearts after a "oh" sound, according to the specific requirements of the chief, with a good proportion of water, cement, sand, the marble water grinding tablets, piece by piece on the top of the guardrail, all pasted and then look, the marble texture is indeed soft, but also beautiful and solemn.

Then they continued their efforts and plastered the four walkways with cement, but this time the ratio of mud and sand was different. Different uses should have different proportions, these are all the chiefs and they said, there are also specific written materials on the side of the superintendent Li Chengpeng, and they themselves have tested it with various proportions, and the effect is indeed so magical.

Of course, these things in Huangshi Zhilu Dao are also what Jiang Hualong said to him, saying that the ratio of water to cement is generally 0. 5 up and down, if the more water, then the strength of the concrete will be lower, there is a calculation formula, generally try not to exceed 0. 7, theoretically 0. Concrete has the highest strength in the case of 24 proportions, but it is generally not possible to do so fine in practice.

However, the ratio of sand to cement is not fixed, and it depends on the actual situation. For example, do not put any sand in the plain cement slurry used for jointing. The cement slurry for other functions is generally placed according to 3 to 1, the sand is 3 parts, and the cement is 1 part.

The main purpose of putting sand is to reduce the cost and reduce the hardening and shrinkage of the concrete. As long as the concrete can be mixed evenly, you can put as much sand as possible. However, it is more cement efficient to put stones than sand, so many modern projects are to put a large number of stones, and sand is used to fill the gaps between the stones.

But if it is to repair the ground, then the cement grade should be usually higher, the comparison of cement and sand is best in accordance with the ratio of 1 to 2, and the ground that needs to be repaired should be cleaned first, it is best to wash it with water, and then brush the plain cement slurry, and then wipe the cement mortar.

If it is glossy, it should be calendered several times before the initial setting of the cement. If it is a rough surface, you should wait for the moisture on the surface of the mortar to dry slightly, and then use a brush or broom to pull the hair, so it is definitely not a simple mix of cement sand.