The Spanish king's state-owned unit, the Mesta, was prosperous, and the king not only received large taxes from it, ranch rent, but also loans.

Of course, the king has no reason to abandon it to protect the domestic folk wool industry, and the right path for the dictator to go is to advance the country and retreat from the people.

Therefore, Spain's opening up to the outside world not only did not promote the differentiation of its traditional social structure, but further widened the gap between the rich and the poor in all social strata, and strengthened the efforts of sheep herders to destroy agriculture and the processing industry.

At this time, Spain, together with the rent in lieu of servitude, tithes, and all kinds of harsh taxes of the king, made the whole Spanish countryside lifeless.

Whenever possible, the peasants went to serve as soldiers, as monks, servants, as food carriers, or vagabonds, and went to the cities on their own initiative to earn a living—which naturally hollowed out agriculture, and then to talk about commercial agriculture.

As a result, the wealth absorbed by the opening up of the sheep industry has further strengthened the traditional social structure of Spain, made it more stable, and the gap between the rich and the poor has widened.

This result of the sheep herding industry also foreshadowed the fate of the gold, silver, and wealth that would later flow into the Netherlands and the new Da6.

According to statistics, in three centuries, Spain imported a total of 2.25 million kilograms of gold, 100 million kilograms of silver, and a large number of tropical agricultural and sideline products, such as sugar, cocoa, cotton, indigo, etc., and the income from the Netherlands overshadowed other incomes.

However, the basis for the redistribution of these inflows of wealth is, of course, determined by the structure of property rights in Spain.

It has always been true that whoever really owns the property rights of the Kingdom of Spain will also receive the benefits of this property rights, and it has always been true that whoever brings the wealth is the natural beneficiary.

The Netherlands had been brought over by King Charles V of Spain when he succeeded to the throne, so it was only natural that the Netherlands' taxes belonged to the royal family and nothing else had anything to do with them.

The ocean voyage and the new big 6 are also under the auspices of the royal family, the royal family is the first beneficiary of course, the nobles are the leaders and organizers in the process of developing the colony, and they play an irreplaceable role, and it is natural that they become the other main beneficiaries of the new big 6.

Of course, if it was a nobleman who presided over a large project in the country, then his family naturally had the right to benefit from it, where could it be shared with the commoners?? Do your Spanish dreams......

Thus, in addition to the wealth that the Spanish king had directly acquired and the taxes collected from the Indians in the New Great 6, every Spaniard returning from the New Great 6 had to hand over to the king two-fifths of the gold and one-tenth of the rest of the property they had received from there, and the colonists had to pay over to the king one-tenth of the income they had received from mines, plantations, and direct plunder.

In addition, a qiē merchandise imported from the New 6 is subject to a tariff of 9.5% of its value, while imported foreign goods are subject to a tariff of 29% of its value.

In the 16th and 17th centuries, Spain's annual income of 10,000 to 15,000 escudos was about 18o, and the number of Catholic monks reached 160,000, less than one-fifth of the population, but they had one-half of the national income.

The kings, the aristocracy, and the industrialists and merchants naturally used their income where they were most interested and where it was most valuable, and as a result, it determined the role of foreign wealth in Spain.

The primitive political structure of Spain concentrated state power in the hands of the king, and once the king sat on the pinnacle of power, he could never automatically give up this power, because power was not only related to his position, but also related to his personal safety, and the wealth he obtained naturally had to be used to maintain his power first, so maintaining stability was the key issue and the first choice.

Of course, this kind of stability maintenance is also mainly reflected in the ideological field.

Successive Spanish kings were shrouded in the aura of Catholic kings, and they were also very concerned about the image of the main defenders of the Catholic world, the purity and unity of the people under their rule, coupled with the disorderly nature of the Spanish political structure, so that the king's power was almost unchecked, and the king could do whatever he wanted.

As a result, a great deal of money was spent by the king to maintain his vast and ever-expanding state apparatus, and in the fifteenth century administrative expenses accounted for half of the revenue, rising to 8 o% in the seventeenth century.

The proportion of administrative office expenses is frighteningly high.

What's more, vast amounts of wealth were invested in "inconclusive and endless European wars" in pursuit of its Catholic values, and Spain participated in almost all the major wars that arose in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

Successive Spanish kings led an infinitely loyal Catholic people, often fighting against the kings of France, the Turkish Sultans, and the German Protestants, defending the Catholic world with the blood and wealth of the Spaniards, and at the same time determined to establish a red Catholic world and save the people living under the hands of the infidels.

When they threw themselves wholeheartedly into the cause to which they had dedicated their lives, they never cared about the fate of their domestic economy and often came to foreign aid on a large scale...... Not only has the domestic industry, commerce, and agriculture never been implemented, and the support policies for industry and commerce that have been widely practiced by European governments at this time have also been imposed on all walks of life.

The monks and aristocrats, as vested interests, also gained a lot of wealth, but their main concern was, of course, their identity and status, and they clung to the feudal economic form, refused to change anything, and never gave up a little profit...... They were content with the primitive sheep husbandry and the parasitic life of exploiting the colonial peoples, and lived a parasitic life with the money that flowed into their pockets, always disdainful of capitalist corporate activities.

But at this time, the weak Spanish industry could not meet the requirements of the aristocracy in terms of variety and quality, so they naturally used the gold and silver obtained from the colonies to buy foreign industrial goods for their enjoyment.

These acts have brought the country's industry to the brink of collapse - due to the increase in prices and labour costs due to the increase in the amount of precious metals in the country, coupled with the influx of foreign products - Spanish industry can no longer play.

Through the above-mentioned means, the large amount of gold, silver and wealth that Spain had obtained from the Netherlands and the New Day6 eventually flowed to the rest of Western Europe, where it turned into the primitive accumulation of these countries and promoted the modernization of these countries.

The primitive cultural structure of Spain was also destined to make it unable to use the foreign wealth to become endogenous modernization, which not only made the king do his best to devote a large amount of money of the country and the countless lives of his citizens to defend the purity of Catholicism, but also fought abroad and grudges everywhere, and acted as a religious gendarme in Europe, so that Spain not only wasted a lot of money that could have been used for domestic economic development, sacrificed countless lives of its citizens, but also eliminated countless national elites and destroyed the national productive forces. Because religious heresies are often found among businessmen and intellectuals, they are either put to death or expelled, or converted to Catholicism, they will not be trusted and will be persecuted sooner or later.

What is even worse is that the primitive homogeneity of the Spanish cultural structure not only prevents Spain from becoming an endogenous type of modernization, but also inevitably makes it a laggard in the later wave of modernization, because any later exogenous modernization is more or less the product of human free will, and not only the result of history itself.

It is precisely on this point that human modernization is undoubtedly the premise of modernization, and human modernization first refers to the fact that the country's leaders and national elites should have a sense of modernization and knowledge of modernization, and this requires extensive absorption of the ideological achievements of mankind and the historical experience of the success or failure of modernization, which also means eclecticism, cultural pluralism, ideological pluralism, religious tolerance, political tolerance, and the cultural structure of the country from unity to pluralism.

Obviously, Spain will not be able to do this for a long time, and because of this, it is impossible for Spain to overcome economic and political obstacles to achieve modernization in a relatively short period of time, as the Netherlands and Italy did, and the difficulty of transforming the cultural structure of a nation is, after all, far greater than overcoming political and economic inertia.

In short, the primitive and homogeneous social structure of Spain determined that although it could rely on foreign wealth to become a strong and rich country, it could not achieve modernization.

On the contrary, foreign wealth will be converted into poison within this social structure, destroying its national economy, corrupting its aristocracy, corrupting its citizens, and driving its kings and clergy mad that they are truly world powers.

The whole Spanish society promotes cynicism and a happy life, and don't care so much...... All kinds of Catholic chicken soup for the soul nourish the soul of the nation, live in the arms of the Lord, don't think so much......

No matter how long the dream is, it will end, but when they wake up from their Spanish dream, they will finally realize that their workers, peasants, and commerce have long since withered, and that the more industrious and impoverished their people are, it is better to do nothing.

By the late sixteenth century, extreme poverty in Spain had reached unprecedented levels. By the beginning of the seventeenth century, there were more beggars than ever before, hundreds of thousands of people were feeding in monasteries, the population was declining rapidly, many towns and villages had completely disappeared from the face of the earth, the means of transport were abandoned, and the roads were empty.

And the rest of the Spaniards are generally. Despise labor. It is better to endure hunger than to work. Thus, a century of prosperity left Spain with only abandoned lands, countless monks and beggars, and aristocrats who despised industry and commerce.

Therefore, the farce of the rich country staged by Spain in the sixteenth century fully proved that opening up to the outside world may bring about the prosperity and strength of the country, but it does not necessarily bring about the modernization of the country.

Spain was still a feudal and agrarian country at the time of the Great World Business Exhibition. In order to realize the Catholic values on which kings and nobles depended, they would still spare the lives of their citizens and the wealth of their country.

One nation, one voice, one leader, it's a joke here.

As a result, Spain has flourished and declined, becoming a latecomer to later modernization, whether or not it was once the world's second-largest economic entity.

Hence Douglas. North's summary of Spain is classic:

As long as the government of a place dominates, the economy of that place will wither and decline, and Spain provides us with an excellent example of this.

"It also gives us a warning!"

When the report went online, a lot of the technicians' eyes went red -- it was fucking like it -- and I said what's going on.

Chairman Wu Dapeng hurriedly threw out the plan designed by himself and the other directors -- and let them talk nonsense, and it would be off topic again.

Chairman Wu Dapeng severely criticized Secretary Yang Youxing in a private chat: "You can't be vague in your fucking writing, so detailed, aren't you afraid that others will say that you are water?" Besides, it's easy to get people to think, you know? ”

Secretary Yang Youxing also said aggrievedly: "Damn, what point am I telling a lie?" Come on, point it out? ”

Chairman Wu Dapeng snorted angrily and said, "You just hit the street, who wants to take care of you-"

Secretary Yang Youxing said: "I'm cāo, don't you blame me for hitting the street, okay?" It's that there are too many people watching pirated copies-"

After waiting for a while, he didn't see Chairman Wu Dapeng's reply, so he got off the net angrily and didn't say anything more to you.

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