Chapter 1013: The End and a New Beginning
Eventually, after some haggling, agreement was re-established within the Allies. The crisis of internal division was finally over, and after long and arduous negotiations with the Entente powers, the two sides resumed consultations on a number of key issues, culminating in the following disposition of the entire North African and Mediterranean region. The results of the disposal from west to east are as follows.
Spain recovered Gibraltar, but it could not be used for the construction of any military installations, and the forts, bunkers, and various warehouses and other facilities built by the British army had to be demolished, and no country's troops could be stationed within 20 kilometers of the coastline. Similarly, the Moroccan coast, across the sea from Gibraltar, would be subject to such restrictions. Spain occupied parts of southern Morocco for 15 years while withdrawing its troops from Portugal.
The western part of the French colony of Algiers was preserved. Italy occupied parts of eastern Algiers and withdrew its troops from Tunisia. The island of Malta is owned by Italy, but Italy cannot build any new military installations on the island. Egypt would exist as an independent state, no country could become a protectorate of Egypt, and the Suez Canal would be internationally managed, and its profits would be owned by Britain and Germany. No military installations can be set up within 20 kilometers of the banks of the canal. Once Africa is disposed of, the Middle East will follow, and the Ottoman Empire will maintain the 1914 borders. Withdrawal from the countries of the invaded Arabian Peninsula.
On June 21, 1919, the peace talks between the Central and Entente powers in Bern officially came to an end, with the signing of the Treaty of Berne, which aimed to end the war and redivide spheres of influence. Accompanied by the signing of the treaty. The countries began to end hostilities, and according to the predetermined plan, the first to act were the British, American and German troops. The British took the steamer back to England, and the United States, which had planned to take advantage of the opportunity, had to accept the reality and began to withdraw its troops, and the retreat of the German troops was more troublesome, and according to the treaty, the Germans could not remove or damage any facilities and public or private property on the territory of the former Allied countries. Observers composed of the Entente, the Central Powers and China will be responsible for the implementation and supervision of the withdrawal. In this regard, Huaxia is still doing very well. Any item that has anything non-German on it will be asked to stay. It took nearly three weeks for the German troops in France to completely withdraw from northeastern France, Belgium and the Netherlands. Millions of German and Austro-Hungarian troops returned home.
At the same time, the settlement between the two sides in North Africa has also begun to be formally implemented, although the North Africa is large, but the settlement process is very fast. It's just a barren land relative to Europe. Throwing the French is also not very heart-wrenching. By August 3, 1919, the Allies and the Entente had fulfilled their obligations under the treaty. The war is over, but there is still a lot of work left.
In this war, tens of millions of people died on both sides. But unlike history. The belligerents on the Western Front, such as Britain and France, lost a much smaller population than they did historically, while Russia lost far more people than they did historically, and the Central Powers such as Germany, Austria-Hungary, etc., lost less people than they did historically, that is, from a population point of view alone, the population losses of the belligerents other than Russia and Turkey were lower than in history.
But from an economic point of view, the consumption of the countries involved in the war is much greater than historical. After all, the sea forces of both sides in this plane can be described as losing both, and the army side has used a large number of armored vehicles. This has led to a significant increase in fiscal expenditures of various countries. Taking Britain as an example, Britain spent a total of 11.8 billion pounds in World War 1 and owed 4.4 billion pounds of foreign debt to Americans. And the British on this plane have lost all 18 billion pounds in 5 years! The debt to the United States has reached nearly 7 billion pounds. But unlike history, the British clearly could not pass this cost on to the Germans! If the United States does not let go, every penny will have to be paid off by the British themselves!
The British lost a lot of money, can the Germans be good? Of course not, although Germany is much stronger in this plane than in history! Not only did the war end in a draw, but also received a lot of benefits from Russia, but unfortunately, these benefits eventually fell into the hands of the Germans, and the hard currency ratio of a large amount of gold and silver looted from the Russian aristocracy and the imperial family was almost just shipped out of Russia and moved to the merchant ships bound for China, in order to support the consumption of the war, the Germans spent almost all the gold reserves of the government and plundered the hard currency ratio, not only that, but in the end Germany had to collect gold and silver from the country to pay. In order for China to continue to support Germany's war effort, the Germans also forced the Ottoman Empire to agree to Huaxia's investment in Mesopotamia. Prepare to drill and drill as soon as the level of science and technology arrives!
By the way, there is another country that must be mentioned, and that is the United States. It can be described that the United States on this plane has contributed much more than in history, but the United States has not gained anything except a bunch of death notices and debts! What's even more terrifying is that the debts of Britain and France and other countries may not be able to be fulfilled for a long time, which is undoubtedly a heavy blow to those money-hungry guys on Wall Street! However, the US government cannot force Britain and France to repay their debts this time, because this will be a devastating blow to these two countries, and if the other side is forced to a point where there is no way back, and people directly say that they will not admit their debts, what can the United States do? Could it be that the copyist hit the past? Obviously impossible.
And the United States not only can not force Britain and France to repay their debts, but has to lend more money to these two countries, the reason is very simple, in this Europe can only resist the Allied bloc of these two countries, and if these two countries fall, I am afraid that the United States will have to face the strong Allied bloc independently, Germany has always been very thoughtful about the backyard of the United States, and South American countries also have a certain dissatisfaction with the United States, the United States as a country trying to become the second empire on which the sun never sets, Naturally, no one else will be allowed to make small moves in their own backyard!
In addition to the warring parties, China, as the only major power that was not involved in the war, can be said to have gained a lot in this war. In terms of gold reserves alone, China almost depleted the state coffers of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia, Italy and Turkey, plus a large amount of private gold. The orders of the Allies and the Entente also contributed to the industrial growth of China, which increased by more than 120% during the short five-year war! According to the folk saying, as long as there is money to invest in industry, you will definitely be able to make money! More crucially, China acquired almost all of North Asia from Russia. The construction and development of North Asia also required a lot of materials and money, and the factories built in China to supply the war with the Allies would not go out of business because they lost customers, and they would then switch production to the development of China's new land. The hard currency such as gold provided by the allies provided sufficient financial support for the subsequent construction of China! In addition, during the war, as another means of paying for materials, various technologies and machinery and equipment also arrived in China in a steady stream, and machinery and technology that were impossible to export in peacetime were replaced with various resources, and in this way, the technological level of China was also improved!
When the officers and soldiers who participated in the war were glad that they had finally returned to their hometowns alive to see their long-lost relatives, civilians who worked in factories and endured scarce supplies celebrated the end of the war. While the politicians are using this war to fight for power and profit and liquidate, the real strategists are thinking about how to fight the next war! Historically, the Germans thought that the signing of the Treaty of Versailles was nothing more than a truce, but 20 years later they did once again engulf Europe. And on this plane, the treaty signed in Switzerland is also a truce, and the god of war has not left this world, he is just taking a nap. The roots of the war are still there, and both sides also believe that they have the strength to fight again, then the war will break out sooner or later.
"What is peace? It's just a break between the two wars! Although this sentence is very mean, it is true! Thankfully, the war was much longer than they expected, consumed a lot and was much more difficult, but in the end they won the war. The vast amount of land and resources obtained from the collapsed Russia allowed the Germans and Austrians to quickly regain their strength, and they were not afraid of future wars! Even not long after the contract was signed, the German Navy and Army Department had already begun to consider formulating a new battle plan!
Britain and France are licking their wounds, and this war will definitely do more harm than good for them. The situation on the Western Front was the same as when the war began, but they lost a strong ally. However, Britain and France did not lose their fighting spirit! Because at this moment, there is a more powerful ally who is firmly on his side! The name of this ally is the United States! The United States not only did not fall into the trap and demand that Britain and France repay their debts to the United States, but continued to spend a lot of money to support these countries, of course, these help is definitely not free, Britain and France need to use their own markets and some important overseas islands in exchange, for example, Diego Garcia Island, which was originally handed over to the United States during World War II, has fallen into the hands of the Americans in 1920.
History is advancing according to the huge inertia, after the 1st World War, there will inevitably be 2nd World War, but what is unexpected is that this inertia is much more than in history, the war has just ended, and even the retired soldiers have not been fully arranged, and an arms race is quietly opening, "Although the war is over, the admiral-class battleships have not been able to show their skills, but for the troubled Royal Navy, this super battleship with a displacement of up to 38,000 tons will lead the Royal Navy back to the top!" "This is how the commander of the Royal Navy's Grand Fleet, Admiral Jericho, commented on the battleship that was about to enter service!
Thanks to book friends zhouyu1976, ynn7817, hukaikaka for their tips~~~. (To be continued......)