The era of 1850 was the era of crazy leaps in rifle technology, and if you distinguish it by the level of technology, there are roughly several generations of rifles. Arquebuses such as shotguns have been eliminated around the world, and are still used in large quantities only in a few countries and regions, such as the Qing Empire, Afghanistan, and Japan. The flintlock pistol (mainly the smoothbore gun) has advanced a generation over the arquebus, but after nearly 300 years of popularity, it has been completely eliminated after 1850 because of the progress of technology, and the armies of the major advanced countries in the world have been reequipped. Among them, the Brown Bess smoothbore flintlock pistol, which began to be produced in the early 18th century and was fully decommissioned in the 1840s, can be said to be the absolute main equipment of the British army during the Napoleonic Wars and the Opium Wars, and the production of the Indian type used by the army alone exceeded three million.

The breech-loading pistol, which is more advanced than the flintlock pistol, adopts the fire cap firing technique, which is more reliable, more convenient to load, and can be used in rainy days, and can also be used intensively, which gradually became popular at the beginning of the 19th century, and soon squeezed the flintlock pistol out of the market. One of the famous is the Krenswick rifle (Brunswick front-loading smoothbore firing pistol), this rifle began to equip the troops in 1838, ready to be fully replaced with the front-loading flintlock pistol commonly equipped by the British army, but before it was fully equipped with the troops, the newer Mini rifle (the Mini rifle appeared, and many other techniques made the effective range of the rifle jump from one or two hundred meters to more than five hundred meters) appeared and began to equip the British army in 1851, As a result, the obsolete new rifle had to be quickly withdrawn and sold, and the Mini showed an absolute performance advantage in the Crimean War, completely overpowering the old Russian rifles, and then the great powers were all completely replacing the Mini rifles.

The good days of the Mini rifle were not long, and all kinds of breech rifles were eliminated in the next 10 years, and breech rifles evolved into all kinds of repeater guns, but the correct direction of breech rifles was the magazine rifle, and the subsequent progress was replaced by smokeless powder, and by the end of the nineteenth century, pointed bullets replaced round rounds. Since the 1850s, there has been a revolutionary change in rifle technology every five to ten years, and many rifles have just been fully equipped with the fate of the army, and there has never been an era in the history of rifles that has undergone such drastic changes.

It can be seen that from the First Opium War (around 1840) to the Second Opium War (around 1858), the progress of the British army's armament with rifles can be described as a leap, directly from flintlock pistols to Mini rifles. It seems that in the first Opium War, most of the British expeditionary force was just a flintlock pistol (in 1838, the British army began to use a front-loading smoothbore musket to replace the flintlock pistol, and not much was reloaded, and it was changed to a Mini rifle because of the appearance of the Mini rifle), to be precise, the Brown Bess (Brown Bess smoothbore flintlock pistol), the Qing army's green battalion soldiers used a bird gun (an arquebus in the early 17th century, or a product of the Ming Dynasty, this gun was used in the Qing Dynasty until the beginning of the 20th century, and the British invaded Tibet in 1903, At that time, the Tibetan army under the local Tusi was equipped with arquebuses, and the British used a plan to extinguish the arquebuses under the pretext that the Tibetans wanted to show sincerity. At that time, the Tibetan army did not think that the rifle could not need the arquebus, and it saw that the British army did not light the arquebus at all, and as a result, when the arquebus was extinguished, the British army said that the negotiation could not be successful, and immediately opened fire, while the Tibetan army was annihilated because the arquebus could not be ignited), there was a certain gap between the two sides (according to the comparison of experts, it was said that a Brown Bess could completely suppress 2-3 green battalion soldiers' bird guns, if it was the quality of soldiers, this gap was even greater), but it was far from the second Opium War later (at this time, the British army was a Mini rifle with a longer range and a greater rate of fire, And the Qing army is still dominated by shotguns) The gap is large.

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