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In the north in December, it is a land of ice and snow. The Outer Mongolia region north of the desert has long been blocked by ice and snow. Even the newly opened Beijing-Kulun railway had to be temporarily suspended. The construction of the railway from Kulen to the city of Buying and Selling was also stopped due to wind and snow, and construction will have to wait until next spring, when the snow and ice melt.

There are four main tribes of the Mongols in Outer Mongolia, namely the Tushetu Khan, the Chechen Khan, the Zaktu Khan and the Saiyin Noyan Tribe. Due to the suppression of the Manchu Qing Dynasty, the total population of the four major tribes of Outer Mongolia was less than 400,000. However, the land area is more than 2.6 million square kilometers, and the land is really vast and sparsely populated. This also made the northern Tsarist Russia constantly encroach and try to steal the territory of northern China.

After the overthrow of the Manchu Qing Dynasty, in order to maintain the stability of the Mongol region. Wang Yuze maintained the system in Mongolia, and the four major tribes of Outer Mongolia and the three major tribes of Inner Mongolia continued to rule during the Manchu Dynasty. It's just that the power of the Mongol nobility was much smaller. Especially the three major tribes in Inner Mongolia, with the development of reform, although the Mongolian nobles have a high status, they can no longer exploit the herdsmen at will. The judicial and administrative powers of the entire region of Mongolia were confiscated by the central government. The Mongol aristocracy could no longer dispose of their herdsmen as freely as they had done before. In addition, Wang Yuze lifted many restrictions on the Mongols, such as being forced to be a lama, etc., which made the lowest class of Mongols almost all support the imperial government. The Mongol aristocracy had lost the basis of their rule.

The Inner Mongolia region south of the desert is next to the hinterland of the empire, and although the Mongolian nobles are a little unwilling, they have no other way but to admit it. If they dared to resist, the Imperial army would be able to destroy them lightly. However, the Outer Mongolia region north of the desert is blocked by the desert, and it is too far away for the empire to control. However, with the opening of the railway from Beijing to Kulun, a large number of imperial troops could be stationed in Mongolia, which made the nobles of various departments in Outer Mongolia more and more uneasy. In their eyes, ordinary Mongols were their slaves, their property. And now, the Imperial Government wants to deprive them of their powers, which is unacceptable to them in any way. In addition, the Russians continued to encroach on the Mongols, which made the Mongols more and more dissatisfied with the empire.

Outer Mongolia was the northern frontier of the Qing Dynasty and a Chinese territory adjacent to Russia. The Russian invaders have long wanted to seize this region for themselves. In September 727, China and Russia signed the Treaty of Brenski, which demarcated the middle section of the border between China and Russia. On 2 December of the same year, the two sides signed the Kyakhta Boundary Treaty, in which China and Russia further demarcated the border between China and Russia, and Tsarist Russia also obtained the privilege of trade in Kyakhta and Outer Mongolia. However, Tsarist Russia did not abandon its ambitions to invade Outer Mongolia. Especially after the middle of the 9th century, it regarded the annexation of Outer Mongolia as one of the main contents of its foreign aggression policy. In 54, Muravyov, the Governor-General in Eastern Siberia, stated in his "Acting in Accordance with the Intentions of the Supreme Government with regard to the Chinese Empire" that "in the event of a coup d'état in China, the new Chinese government should not be allowed to extend its power to Mongolia, in which case Mongolia should be protected by our country." Later, when the British and French forces attacked the coast of China, Tsarist Russia had deployed tens of thousands of troops on the Sino-Russian border, and was ready to send two troops: "one to capture Kulen, the other to capture Aihui." Muravyov also openly shouted: "If we can gain a foothold in Manchuria and Mongolia, so that Manchuria and Mongolia can be separated from China and become two principalities under the protection of Russia, even if we do not emigrate for the time being, it will not be harmed." "It is clear that the Tsarist government is only waiting for the right moment to separate Outer Mongolia from China and turn it into a protectorate of Tsarist Russia.

In order to invade and occupy Outer Mongolia, Tsarist Russia also diplomatically forced the Qing court to sign a series of unequal treaties. For example, the Treaty of Tientsin in 5 years, the Treaty of Beijing in 60 years, the Overland Trade Statute in 62 years, the Revised Overland Trade Statute in 69 years, the Sino-Russian Revised Treaty and its annex to the Trade Charter, and the Karen List for Russian Merchants Crossing the Border with China. These treaties contained political and economic provisions for the occupation of the Mongol region.

In addition to sending caravans, the Tsarist government also used culture to engage in political, economic, military, and religious agitation and propaganda, so that the Mongolian feudal upper class trusted Russia and won the hearts of the Mongols. Tsarist Russia opened a Mongolian language translation school in Kulen and Mongolian language studies majors at Petersburg University and Kazan Religious University to train professionals in the study of Mongolian issues. In order to annex Outer Mongolia, Tsarist Russia also used the consulate in Kulun and the "Kulen Office of the Badmayev Commercial Company" as their "political center of insurrection". In the name of doing business, this "center" traveled to and from Kyakhta, Uriya, Sutai, and the main trade routes and post roads, and engaged in conspiracy activities. Their main activity was "to devote their energies to the use of the Mongols." At the same time, the Russian consulate in Kulun was located in Kyakhta-Kulun-Zhangjiakou and Kulun-Kobdo-Uriya Sutai, and each station of these two post roads sent a spy called "Learning Mongolian Language", who often contacted Qing officials and Mongolian princes to spy on intelligence.

An important means adopted by Tsarist Russia in plotting the "**" of Outer Mongolia was to take advantage of various opportunities to win over and buy the Mongol princes, and to maliciously sow discord between the upper echelons of the Mongol princes and the Qing court, and to vigorously incite national separatism, cultivate pro-Russian forces, and make them trust Russia. For example, the Kulun Living Buddha Jebtsundamba is the supreme political and religious leader of Outer Mongolia. He became the eighth living Buddha at the age of four, and in the second year he went from Simon to Kulen, and by the age of twelve, he began to be influenced by the invading forces of Tsarist Russia. At that time, the Russian consul in Kulen, Shishmalev, took advantage of the young age of the living Buddha to "gift" European-style toys, paintings and dozens of rare animals. After the living Buddha grew up, Tsarist Russia "used foxy means to carry out its wolf-devouring heart", that is, "the female disciple (living Buddha woman) gave birth to a little Buddha, and the Russians also offered a woman, and the living Buddha was called a nursing mother, thinking that it was a means to contact the living Buddha". In 900, the Russian consul in Kulen, Shishmalev, on behalf of the Russian government, presented Jebtsundamba with golden chairs, elephants and other treasures. In the same year, the Russian Korad seized the gold mining rights near Kulen, which attracted the opposition of the Mongol princes of the Tushetu Khan tribe. In order to reconcile the dissatisfaction of the Mongol princes, Shishmalev bribed the Mongol princes on the spot with 00,000 rubles in the name of "compensation". And at the meeting of the Mongol princes, it was openly spread that the Han people wanted to "destroy Mongolia economically and politically" and that Russia was "hoping to save the Mongol princes from this embarrassing state." Only "Russian-Mongolian trade and gold mining" could "increase the prosperity of the kings, people, and princes of Mongolia." He also secretly co-opted and bribed the head of the Tushetu Khan League, Chakdurzab, Prince Hangda Dorji, and Zasak First Taijin Namu Saray and others to bring them close to Russia.

The northernmost city in Mongolia rose to prominence mainly because of the trade between China and Russia. To the north of the city of buying and selling is the Russian city of Kyakhta. After the Mongols returned to the Empire, a cavalry battalion of the squadron was stationed here, both to guard the territory and maintain the commercial trade here. There are tens of thousands of people in the entire trading city, which can be regarded as a large city in Mongolia except for Kulen, Uriya Sutai, and Kobdo.

Although the opening of the Suez Canal has reduced the trade status here, the most important tea trade has not been greatly affected. Commerce here is still very prosperous, and the people who do business here, in addition to the Russians, there are also Mongolians and Han people in Guannai, which can be described as a mixture of fish and dragons.

In an inn in the city of Buying, a Russian and a young lama wrapped in monk's robes sat opposite each other. Outside their rooms, guarded by a few tall Russians and Mongols, the entire floor was devoid of any other guests.

"Your Excellency, with the opening of the railway from Kulen to Beijing, more and more Chinese soldiers have entered the Mongolian region by train. They subverted the traditions of the Mongols and posed a great threat to the rule of the lamas and nobles. Said the middle-aged Russian man, who had a shaggy Russian beard and looked very rugged. He was none other than Koled, a Russian merchant who was active in Mongolia. On the surface, he was a merchant engaged in trade between China and Russia and the development of mineral resources in Mongolia, but in reality, he was indeed the governor of Eastern Siberia, Muravyov, who was engaged in plotting the separation of Mongolia from China.

The lama opposite Klede, named Chelin Zimid, was an important figure in Mongolian politics and religion after the 8th Living Buddha Jebtsundampa, especially when all his energy was devoted to indulging in pleasures and messing with the living Buddha women, and the entire Mongolian political and religious affairs were in charge of the Grand Lama Chelin Zimit and other great lamas and Mongolian princes. In fact, the 8th Living Buddha Jebtsundampa has become a puppet, and it is these people who are hiding in the shadows who are in power.

"What's the solution? The army of the Han people has entered the steppe. They were well-armed, outnumbered, and had the support of lowly herders. How can we stand up to them? Chelin Zimit said with a bitter face.

"Your Excellency, this is not the most dangerous time. I heard that the Chinese are preparing to send a large army into Mongolia next year to end your rule once and for all. When the time comes, that's the most troublesome thing! Collard said.

Sure enough, after listening to Kelled's words, a trace of horror flashed in Chelin Zimit's eyes.

PS: The third update is here! Depressed, Xiaoyu is sick, tonsil suppuration, this chapter is written after a drip, citing some information, I hope you understand. Tomorrow's fourth watch, there is an update in the early morning! Finally, ask for a subscription, ask for a monthly pass! (To be continued.) Please search, the novel is better and faster!)