(This chapter belongs to the introduction, mainly introducing Cao Cao's situation and ancient politics, and the 4,000-word chapter is presented!) )

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The emperor appointed a hundred officials, and the hundred officials assisted the emperor and herdsmen.

Since the emergence of feudal dynasties, the emperor and the hundred officials, the imperial power and the vassal power, have complemented each other and restrained each other.

In Cao Cao's personal eyes, the struggle between imperial power and vassal power began after the emergence of the two major classes of monarchs and ministers in the pre-Qin era.

In the tenth year of Qin Shi Huang, Qin Wang Yingzheng poisoned Qin Prime Minister Lü Buwei and began to govern in person, although Yingzheng was not called the emperor at this time, but in the case of the decline of the Zhou Dynasty, the princes and kings themselves were already equivalent to the emperor, and the Qin king's power began to suppress the vassal power.

In the following ten years, Qin Wangzheng swept the six eastern countries, completely replaced the 800-year-old Zhou Dynasty, called the emperor to build the country, in order to share the pressure of the emperor, but also in order to be able to assist the emperor, for the first time in history there was a position - prime minister, the appearance of the prime minister represents the confrontation between the subject power and the imperial power, but the Qin Shi Huang's achievements and the influence of the Legalist is very great, although the prime minister appeared in the Qin Dynasty, but did not confront the imperial power.

Emperor Liu Bang of the Han Dynasty, three years to destroy Qin, five years to die in Chu, said that after the emperor founded the country, the first thing was to suppress the vassal power and strengthen the imperial power, "there is no seal, there is no reward" Han Xin was the first to bear the brunt, first changed Han Xin's King of Qi to the King of Chu, intending to use Xiang Yu's remnants in Chu to sharpen Han Xin, but to Liu Bang's surprise, Han Xin changed his previous approach, not only did not send troops to suppress, but appeased Xiang Yu's remnants in Chu, and Chu was quickly mastered by Han Xin.

Liu Bang had no choice but to use Zhang Liang's strategy, pretending to visit Yunmengze, forcibly deposing Han Xin's King of Chu and changing the title of Marquis of Huaiyin.

In the tenth year of the Han Dynasty, Empress Lu summoned Han Xin to Changle Palace, intending to kill Han Xin.

But when Liu Bang and Xiang Yu confronted each other, in order to gain Han Xin's trust, Liu Bang once said that he would not kill Han Xin three times, what is the three no-kills? "Don't kill when you see the sky, don't kill when you see the ground, don't kill when you see iron",

So Empress Lu designed to deceive Han Xin to the three-story embroidery floor of Changle Palace (this so-called seeing the ground does not kill), and tightly sealed the windows on the rusty flower floor (this so-called seeing the sky does not kill), and then put Han Xin into a cloth bag, pocketed him, and strangled him to death with a rope, and it is also said that the bamboo was inserted alive (this so-called seeing iron does not kill).

After Han Xin's death, Zhang Liang resigned and retired, although Xiao He was still an official, but he was old, Liu Bang let him go for various considerations, with the end of the three major heroes, in the early years of the Han Dynasty, the imperial power was unprecedentedly strengthened, and the power of the ministers was suppressed again.

Han Xin was killed, Zhang Liang retired, Xiao He died soon after, and the prime minister was succeeded by Cao Shen.

When Empress Lu established Zhu Lu as king, Prime Minister Wang Ling protested vigorously, Empress Lu was very tricky, so he had to move him as the "Emperor Taifu", and Chen Ping, the right prime minister who inherited the royal tomb, was forced by the pressure of Empress Lu to do everything. But after Zhou Bo punished Zhu Lu'an and Liu, the situation changed greatly. Zhou Bo and Chen Ping revered Mobi as the fathers.

Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty only entered the unification as a concubine, and he was humble in everything, which made the prime minister powerless for a while. Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty and Emperor Jing were both humble emperors, and they did not easily veto the prime minister's decision, and the prime minister's power reached a peak at this point.

In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, the imperial historian approached the emperor in terms of duties and became the emperor's confidant.

At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, the imperial historian as the prince gradually became the rule during the reign of Emperor Wen and Jing. The prime minister before Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty truly reached the status of "under one person, above ten thousand". Most of the prime ministers of the early Han Dynasty were born as liehous. When the power of the prime minister reached an incomprehensible level, the contradiction between the imperial power and the vassal power intensified.

The Han Dynasty inherited the system of the Qin Dynasty, "Hanshu Baiguan Gongqing Table": "Prime Minister...... In charge of the son of heaven, the assistant is ten thousand machines", and the prime minister responsibility system is implemented in the power mechanism. The prime minister assists the emperor, oversees the government, and has the greatest power and the most respectful status among the civil and military officials. In the early Han Dynasty, the prime minister had decision-making, judicial, and administrative powers, and was in charge of hundreds of bureaucrats, with the right to appoint and dismiss officials, examine officials, and even kill criminals; Directly participate in the decision-making of the imperial court, formulate laws and decrees, and even refuse to implement the decisions made by the emperor.

"Historical Records: The Biography of Prime Minister Zhang Cheng": "Cang Weixiang for more than ten years, when the Lu Gongsun Chen wrote about the Han Tude, his symbol was seen by the Yellow Dragon. Under the edict of Zhang Cang, Zhang Cang thought it was wrong and gave up. ”

Prime Minister Shen Tujia couldn't get used to Deng Tong's pampering and no prime minister, and despite the persuasion of Emperor Wen of Han, he beat Deng Tong severely. The emperor generally did not object to the decision of the prime minister. The power of the prime minister has reached the point of no return, which is difficult for future generations to match. The strengthening of the power of the prime minister in the middle of the Han Dynasty was determined by the special circumstances of the time.

After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty succeeded to the throne, he once again strengthened the imperial power, implemented the Tui En Order to reduce the feudal domains in the local area, and suppressed the vassal power headed by the prime minister in the central government, and the prime minister bore the brunt.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty transferred the real power of the prime minister by elevating the status of the attendant Lang Guan, and frequently deposed the prime minister, appointing people of low status as prime ministers, such as Gongsun Hong; The shortening of the prime minister's term of office made it impossible for the prime minister to form a big party, and the power of the civil and military officials represented by the prime minister was drastically reduced. Kill the prime minister by violent means, and order the successor to seek only in everything.

"Historical Records: The Biography of Prime Minister Zhang Cheng": "In the present day, Bai Zhihou Xuchang, Pingjian Hou Xue Ze, Wuqiang Hou Zhuang Qingzhai, Gaoling Hou Zhao Zhou and others are prime ministers. They are all heirs of the princes, who are honest and honest, and are just members of the prime minister, and they are not able to make a name for themselves in future generations. ”

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also made the officials of the inner dynasty perform some of the duties of the outer dynasty, and the emperor's Shangshutai assumed part of the power.

In the last years of Emperor Wu, Huo Guang assisted the government with the great Sima and the general, and he and Jin Riyan and Shangguan Ji jointly led the Shangshu affairs, which shows that the central government's decision-making has been inseparable from the support of Shang Shutai.

Huo Guang and Zhang Anshi agreed to abolish the king of Changyi, "Guang and Anshi have agreed to make Tian Yan report to Prime Minister Yang Chang." Frightened, not knowing what to say, sweating and backing, in vain. The dignified prime minister of the Han Dynasty actually sweated on his back, indicating that the prime minister was already "ready to take the position" at this time.

In the later period of the Western Han Dynasty, the great Sima and the great general who appeared during the time of Emperor Wu replaced the prime minister and assumed administrative responsibilities through Shangshutai.

When Emperor Yuan of the Han Dynasty, the prime minister changed his name to "Situ", and the prime minister since the beginning of the Han Dynasty was responsible for the existence of the system. The power of the vassal power reached its lowest point.

In the late Han Dynasty, the politics of foreign relatives sprouted in the last years of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and was formed in the Zhao and Xuan dynasties.

During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the imperial power was unprecedentedly improved, and the imperial power was achieved by cutting down foreign officials and then eliminating the other's strengths, and the emperor's ability played a key role in it. The problem is that not every emperor is as capable as Emperor Wu and Emperor Xuan, and many successive emperors themselves are very cowardly, but the emperor will no longer return power to foreign officials, only with the help of internal officials to maintain the situation, and the most convenient means is to maintain it with the help of cronies or eunuchs.

In the early years of Emperor Yuan of the Han Dynasty, "Zhongshu Ling Honggong and servant Shi Xian, since Emperor Xuan, he was a cardinal for a long time, and he learned grammar clearly." The emperor ascended the throne and had many diseases, in order to show the long-term ceremony, the Chinese people had no foreign party, the elite and the trustworthy, so he entrusted the government, no matter how big or small, because of the white decision, the noble fortune leaned towards the dynasty, and the hundred bureaucrats were respectful. ”

The eunuch's mastery of Shangshutai can make hundreds of bureaucrats "respectful", which shows the importance of Shangshutai in central politics. Fortunately, the power of the eunuchs was controlled after Emperor Yuan, but the rulers of the Western Han Dynasty did not make amends, and it was the politics of foreign relatives that replaced the eunuch politics.

After Emperor Xuan of the Han Dynasty, the title of Da Sima gradually became a real position, with higher power than the prime minister, and he was in charge of national government affairs.

Emperor Cheng of the Han Dynasty changed the prime minister to "Da Situ", and the imperial historian to "Da Sikong", and officially included "Da Sima" in the ranks of the three dukes. "Hanshu Wang Mang Biography": The family of Emperor Wang Zhengjun of the Han Yuan Emperor and Empress "father and brother are all marquis of the Yuan and Cheng generations, and they are auxiliary politicians, and the family has nine marquis and five major Simas".

Such a situation directly led to the development and growth of the vassal power, and directly confronted the imperial power, and finally the vassal power represented by Wang Mang usurped the throne, and the vassal power reached the highest peak.

After Emperor Guangwu of the Han Dynasty pacified the world and rebuilt the Han regime, he reformed the politics of foreign relatives and reformed the prime minister system.

Emperor Guangwu of the Han Dynasty solved the difficult problem of how to eliminate the threat to the imperial power from the important ministers who had outstanding achievements and were eyeing the emperor, and treated the heroes well, but never allowed the heroes to interfere in politics, and at the same time restricted the relatives from sitting on the throne.

After Emperor Guangwu stabilized the situation, he carried out major reforms in the administrative system, cutting the power of the three princes who were "all-encompassing", and handling the daily government affairs of the original three princes with Shangshutai, showing respect for the three princes externally and seizing real power internally.

The three princes originally had the responsibility of "regulating yin and yang", but now they use this responsibility to make the three princes take the initiative to take the blame and retire due to the unfavorable weather.

Hu Guang of the Eastern Han Dynasty did the Three Princes over and over again, but he made no achievements, and the Three Princes were not in office, and the power was gradually transferred to Shangshutai.

Shang Shu's left and right servants, and Si Li's lieutenant sat alone and became the actual administrative head.

Emperor Guangwu of the Han Dynasty probably did not expect that: he treated the heroes well, made the heroes sit big, and eventually led to the warlord secession in the late Eastern Han Dynasty; What has not been achieved by the reduction of the power of his subjects is that his descendants, except for the two emperors of Ming and Zhang, are all short-lived and mediocre.

After the death of Emperor Zhang, the foreign relative Dou took the stage to govern, and the young emperor could not get used to the fandom of the relatives, so he united with the eunuchs to kill the relatives, so it was the turn of the eunuch dictatorship, in the later period of the dynasty, the contradiction between the outer and the inner dynasty intensified, and finally the eunuchs controlled the power and launched the "disaster of the party", which made the central politics of the dynasty out of control.

At the end of the Han Dynasty, Cao Cao "dismissed the three public officials, put the prime minister and the imperial historian", and regarded himself as the prime minister. Expanding the rights of civil and military officials, and the imperial power represented by the Han Emperor Liu Xie began to confront, in this confrontation, because of his own military power, and at the same time the external environment is extremely critical, the vassal power has won the imperial power several times.

Before the Battle of Chibi, Confucius's direct descendant Kong Rong fought to the death, severely reprimanded the vassals represented by Cao Cao, and tried his best to prevent Cao Cao from going south to level Liu and destroy his grandson, to prevent the power of his ministers from expanding again, but he was unable to return to the sky, Cao Cao himself was of course furious, and the direct descendants of Confucius were cut off, and the death of the last loyal minister of the Han Dynasty represented that the imperial power had no chance to turn over.

Now the vassal power represented by the Sima clan has begun to gradually encroach on this imperial power.

And unlike in the past, this time he represents the imperial power!