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Fang Yizhi (1611-1671) was a famous philosopher and scientist in the Ming Dynasty. The word is dense, called Mangong, and called Luqi, Longmian Fool, etc., Han nationality, Anhui Tongcheng people. Chongzhen 13 years of jinshi, official review. Hongguang was slandered by Ma Shiying and Ruan Dacheng, and fled to Guangdong to sell medicine for self-sufficiency. Yongli was appointed as Zuo Zhongyun at the time and was falsely impeached. After the Qing soldiers entered Guangdong, they became a monk in Wuzhou, their legal name was Hongzhi, and at the same time, they secretly organized anti-Qing and Ming restoration activities. In March of the 1o year of Kangxi, he was arrested for "Guangdong difficulty", and in October, he sank himself in Wan'an, Jiangxi Province and died on the way to the escort. Academically, it is based on the origin of wisdom and learning, absorbing the strengths of others, advocating the combination of Chinese and Western, and the unity of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. He wrote more than 4oo words in his lifetime, many of which are scattered, and dozens of surviving works with a wide range of contents, including literature, history, philosophy, geography, medicine, and physics.

Fang Yizhi has been educated in the Confucian tradition since he was a child, and he was raised by his mother and aunt together. Aunt Fang Weiyi is the daughter of Fang Dazhen, Shaoqing of Ming Dali, the wife of Yao Sundi, and a widow of a young man. Fang Weiyi was quite talented and was a famous female poet at that time. He once traveled with his father to Jiading, Sichuan, Funing, Fujian, Hebei, Beijing and other places, saw famous mountains and rivers, went through Beijing and Chinese resorts, read Western books, and had a long insight. In addition to his family studies, he was taught by famous scholars of the time. Bai Yu is long in the history of words and scriptures, and advocates practical learning. Wang Xuanze, who specialized in the exegesis of famous objects and the study of "River" and "Luo", was rigorous in his studies, and was the master of "Spring and Autumn" at that time. Fu Haifeng was a famous doctor at that time. In addition, there is a rich collection of books in the house, known as "the two are the sea of words, the end of the Emperor Xi" Jigutang. In such an environment, Fang Yizhi was influenced by a strong academic atmosphere when he was a teenager. Because his ancestors were directly or indirectly related to the Donglin Party.

Fang Yizhi loves natural science knowledge, and in addition to reading in the school since childhood, he is good and poor in physics. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, Western learning spread eastward, Fang Yizhi adhered to his family education on the one hand, and passed on the learning of "Yi" to the world, and on the other hand, he had extensive contact with missionaries and learned Western learning. After tireless efforts, he finally achieved great things in both philosophy and science, and reached considerable heights.

Fang Yizhi is knowledgeable, and the legend of the "Qing History Manuscript" is: "With wisdom, there are different Bing, and the history of the fifteen-year-old group of scriptures can be recited." Extensive and multi-faceted, from astronomy, public opinion, ritual music, law, sound, writing, calligraphy and painting, medicine, technology and bravery, can test its source and analyze its purpose. This is not an overstatement, and he has his own unique views in many areas. For example, on the issue of academic classification, he divides scholarship into three categories, saying:

"Examining the home of heaven and earth, the theory of numbers, legal calendars, sounds, and medicine are all qualitative and physical. If you specialize in governing religion, you will also be judged. If you talk a few words, it is the most reasonable thing to do. ("Tongya Article")

Among these three types of academics, he talked more about general statistics and quality testing. He said:

"The connotation of loneliness, delving into its origin, is said to be a few times; Things have their own reasons, they are really exquisite, big and Yuanhui, small and stupid worms, similar to their temperament, levy their likes and dislikes, and push their constant changes, which is called quality testing. (Physics Knowledge: Self-Order)

It can be seen that the so-called general number is the discussion of the root causes of things, while quality testing requires a down-to-earth investigation of the causes of changes in things, sorting and classifying them according to their characteristics, summarizing and verifying the known laws, and predicting future changes. Obviously, the classification of academic activities is based on the purpose and method of research. In China, this classification is Fang Yizhi's originality.

In terms of astronomy, Fang Yizhi combined traditional Chinese astronomy with Western astronomy introduced by missionaries at that time, and discussed the geocentric theory, the ninefold heavenly theory, the yellow equator, precession, constellations,

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Astronomical issues such as eclipses and calendars. For example, when he was discussing the orbit of celestial bodies, he once put forward a correct guess about the orbit of Venus and Mercury around the sun based on the fact that the stars in the sky are observed by telescopes in the West.

Fang Yizhi accepted Western scientific and technological knowledge, not blindly, but through his own serious thinking and digestion. For example, he first examined the observational evidence on which the theory of the circle of the earth was based before accepting it. He refuted the missionaries' false claims. For example, the missionary once said that the radius of the sun is more than 16o times the radius of the earth, and the sun is only more than 16oo miles from the earth, Fang Yizhi pointed out that this is wrong, because according to this calculation (the circumference of the earth is about 90,000 li), the diameter of the sun is nearly one-third of the distance between the sun and the earth, which is obviously impossible. He explained this problem using his theory of "light fat shadow thinness", pointing out that the circle of the sun as seen by the human eye is larger than the actual body of light, so the geometric measurement is not accurate. This theory was later accepted by the author of the Calendar Examination.

In physics, Fang Yizhi has many creative ideas. He derived from the natural view of qi monism and put forward a simple theory of light fluctuations, saying: "Qi is condensed into form, as light and sound, and there is still uncondensed air with it." Therefore, the use of form stops at its part, and the use of light and sound often overflows with the rest: there is no gap in qi, and it responds to each other. (Physics Facts, Vol. 1)

Obviously, Fang Yizhi believes that the generation of light is due to the stimulation of qi. Since the qi is diffused and distributed in all spaces, without any gaps between them, the excited qi will inevitably interact with the surrounding static qi, "rubbing and sucking", and transmitting the excitation, which forms the propagation of light. Thus, what Fang Yizhi describes is a simple theory of light waves. In order to distinguish it from the electromagnetic wave theory of light in modern times, it can be called the air-light wave theory.

From the perspective of the fluctuation theory of qi and light, Fang Yizhi further put forward the proposition that light does not go in a straight line, he called it light fat shadow thin, think

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In the process of propagation, the light always invades into the shadow range of geometric optics, so that the light area expands and the shadow area decreases. He also pointed out that the results of measurements based on the direct nature of light are inaccurate due to the existence of light fat and shadow thinness. He said:

"Objects are hindered by form, their shadows are easy to end, sound and light often overflow in the number of things, sound is invisible, light is visible, and measurement is not accurate." (Physics Knowledge, Vol. 1)

In order to prove his point, he also made small hole imaging and tried to explain common optical phenomena with his own theory. All of this is very new in the history of physics exhibitions.

In addition, he was ahead of his contemporaries in his descriptions of the reflection and refraction of light, the generation, propagation, reflection, and sound insulation effects of sound, the dispersion, and the coking, specific gravity, and magnetic effects.

In terms of biomedicine, Fang Yizhi also has many points worth mentioning. In his book "Physics Knowledge", he described a large number of ecological contents of animals and plants, as well as knowledge of cultivation and management. He quoted the missionaries' theory of "brain-dominated thinking", introduced their knowledge of human bones, muscles, etc., and believed that Chinese and Western studies have their own strengths, and that Western medicine is "detailed in quality measurement and clumsy in words", so he quoted the anatomy of Chinese and Western medicine in John Tong's "The Heroes of the Masses" and introduced it to the Chinese people, but eliminated the content that the missionaries said "Almighty God created the world". He himself has studied traditional medicine and has written a number of medical books. Unfortunately, there are not many of these writings in circulation, and it is difficult for us to get a full picture of them. Fang Yizhi can be regarded as one of the early Huitong thought physicians in China, and has a certain influence in the history of modern medical exhibitions in China.

Fang Yizhi wrote a lot in his life, totaling more than 100 kinds. The most popular of these are Tongya, a comprehensive glossary, and Physics Knowledge, the latter a notebook in which his scientific insights are concentrated. His later masterpieces are "Yaodi Pao Zhuang" and "East and West", both of which are philosophical works, in which some very important philosophical propositions are put forward. Other important works include Fushan Anthology, Boyi Collection, Yi Yu, Consistent Questions and Answers, Cutting Rhyme Origins, Liuyu Grass, Zhou Yi Image Tables, Sex Story, Xue Yi Gangzong, Zhuzi Burnt Disease, Four Rhyme Definitive Edition, Inner Meridian Meridians, Medical Association Tong, etc. There are more than 20 species in total.

Fang Yizhi is a philosopher with progressive social ideas and materialist views during the Ming and Qing dynasties. In his book "East and West", he put forward the proposition of "one and two, two and one", summarized the contradictions and contradictory movements of things, and believed that things are "mutually victorious and mutually beneficial", reflecting the materialist and naïve dialectical viewpoint. Fang Yizhi described and examined the traditional Chinese natural sciences and the Western sciences introduced by Matteo Ricci and Xu Guangqi, and divided the entire science and technology into three categories: "quality measurement" (natural science), "Zai Li" (social science), and "Daoji" (philosophy) according to their objects. He also set out to bring in experts to compile a comprehensive encyclopedia, but this ambition was not realized.