If the clans are regarded as small kingdoms, then these small kingdoms, like the Ming Dynasty, have two binding norms: "law" and "example".

Among them, the "Law" mainly comes from three books:

The first is the Northern Qi Yan Zhitui "Yan's Family Motto". This person is the thirty-fifth generation grandson of Fusheng Yanhui, and he has little influence on the era in which he lives, but this book has a great impact on later generations, and it truly carries forward the study of governing the family, and it is also the guidebook and evaluation standard of "family education" in later generations.

The second is Sima Guang's "Family Fan", which is widely circulated in the house of the eunuch and has a far-reaching influence. Zhao Ding, the prime minister of the Southern Song Dynasty, once ordered his children and grandchildren to record a copy, thinking that it was the law of eternity.

The most famous collection is Zhu Xi's "Family Rites". On the basis of Sima Guang's "Family Style", he formulated a set of family etiquette and etiquette norms, which were basically consistent with the rules of life and labor in civilian homes, and were very detailed, and eventually became the method of tutoring in civilian homes.

Even in the Mengyuan and Yuan dynasties, these three books were the family norms of the Han people (including Han and Nanren). After the sun and moon reopened the Great Song Dynasty, science became a national science, and almost all the clans in the world used these three books, at best, they only changed their names.

It is precisely because of the extreme similarity of values, worldly outlook, and outlook on life that the various clans can maintain stability within and between clans, rely on public opinion to supervise each other, and finally form the universal value of Confucianism.

As new problems arise, some personalized requirements will be added to these family rules, such as requiring children and grandchildren to cultivate and read heirlooms and not be officials—a complaint that is often written into the family law by the frustrated in officialdom; There are also requirements that children and grandchildren would rather be beggars than advocates - this is a relic of the Tang and Song dynasties, because beggars are still good people, and advocates are untouchables; Others stipulate that children and grandchildren are not allowed to marry a certain clan - this is a personal grudge and family feud.

These personalized requirements do not contradict the universal values of Confucianism, so in general, they are still not within the scope of the three major books.

As for the "example", it is pertinent, and it is often an agreement between the own and the foreigner. It is more appropriate to the word "village rules". For example, there is an agreement between two clans on the development and utilization of a certain pond, or a certain forest is forbidden to be cut down, and there are also roads to take in and out in the morning and evening, and how to place the clothes for working in the field so as not to take them wrong - farmers who plough and read heirlooms are different from farmers who do not "only plow but do not read", they must change into brown clothes when they work in the field before going to work, and then change into regular clothes at home when they return home from work.

These do seem to have the flavor of local regulations in later generations, but what Zhu Cihong wants is the government to intervene.

"I came along the way. I also read a lot of township rules and regulations, and I only sighed that the land of Jifu was popular, and it was quite refreshing. Zhu Cihong said: "Therefore, I also think, if these family rules and clan covenants can be popularized in the world, wouldn't the whole world be able to bathe and educate?" ”

In an era with television and the Internet, when people hear these words, their first reaction is to question: Could it be that the family rules elsewhere are obscurant?

However, in this era when many people have never been to the county seat of this county in their lives, coupled with the pride of their clan. Everyone present took it for granted that the crown prince was right, and that we were the people at the feet of the Son of Heaven, different from those barbarians thousands of miles away.

After Zhu Cihong finished praising it, he said: "Therefore, I think that in the future, all clans will formulate clan rules and family laws, so that the pro-people officials will also participate." First, most of these pro-people officials are outsiders, and they don't know the local rules, so they read these township rules and regulations. will not force the rules of the hometown and ruin the customs of one party. ”

The old people present have experienced more than 20 county orders. Hearing this, they all nodded in agreement.

"Secondly, it also allows the pro-people officials to choose some important items, from one village to one township, and even to the whole county. This is the one who chooses the good and follows it. ”

Many old people grinned, who doesn't want to be a role model? If the whole county uses its own rules. Isn't it undoubtedly a sign that you are the most polite!

"Ladies and gentlemen, how did the rules of each family come out?" Zhu Cihong seemed to suddenly realize, and then turned around and asked.

The old people talked about how their own rules were made.

It is nothing more than the convening of a general assembly of kinship, under the auspices of the patriarch. The head of each room discussed, and the old man with status was the elder, and finally it was determined together to be written for future generations. Because the ancestors who originally formulated the family law could not cover everything, this kind of clan assembly was revised from time to time with changes in the environment and the status of the clan.

As for the village rules, they were formulated through friendly consultation between clans, and officials would have been present, and finally implemented into inscriptions that were passed down to future generations.

Zhu Cihong has already done his homework in this regard, saying: "This is similar to national legislation. The cabinet is like the patriarch, the six departments are like the head of the house, and the Fengxian platform is like the elders in the clan. ”

"This is the way for the family and the country to connect and the family to become a country. It is my great Ming and the ancient sage's march to govern the country! The patriarch of the Bian clan complimented Zhu Cihong's words, listening to the numbness of his heartfelt words - if it weren't for this crown prince, he would have to go to see the ancestors and ancestors with his bald head and braids.

Zhu Cihong smiled and continued: "But there is still one missing. ”

The crowd was whetted by him.

"Emperor." Zhu Cihong got up and bowed his hand, sat down again and said: "The court will decide the court and the court will ultimately rule by the emperor." However, the township rules and regulations, and the laws and regulations of all ethnic groups, are missing this layer. ”

Everyone was stunned: Is it necessary to make a clan covenant and send it to the Son of Heaven? No matter how diligent the Son of Heaven is, he can't see it, right?

"The Holy Son of Heaven is in charge of everything, so naturally he can't see it. And it comes and goes, delaying time, wasting manpower. Zhu Cihong turned to Renqiu County: "In my opinion, it will be up to the county officials to do this." Originally, it was also the meaning of the herdsmen on behalf of the sky! ”

Ren Qiu County didn't know about it in advance, so he reacted the most sincerely, and hurriedly said in surprise: "Weichen respectfully obeys the order!" ”

Before the patriarchs could react, the matter had already been decided. According to the general rules of this era, what can the crown prince and the court officials decide together? As far as Zhu Cihong and the imperial court are concerned, they are present but do not express their opinions, which is obviously a tacit acquiescence.

"Renqiu County," Zhu Cihong said, "This method is tried in Renqiu from the river, you have to set an example!" If you let Fengxian find out that you treat the people harshly, the country will not spare you! ”

"Wechen doesn't dare to defy the law!"

"You should keep in mind the precepts of the Taizu, but anything that does not contradict the national law in the patriarchal rules will be discussed by the sect himself." Zhu Cihong seemed to warn Ren Qiu Zhixian, but he made a decision: "Secondly, human life is a matter of heaven, so the law of the country is cautious about killing." If there is a person who provokes the anger of the people, you must intervene with the judicial department in time and inform the law of the land that you must not wrongfully take people's lives. ”

Renqiu County and all the old people knew what the prince meant, but there were few lynchings in the north, so they didn't care. Most of the heavier lynchings were in Fujian and Guangdong, and there were not only orders to commit suicide, but also stone-throwing and sinking pools.

"In addition, the expulsion clause should be clearly defined in the clan law, and those who commit expulsion must not be tolerated." Zhu Cihong said sharply.

"Wechen understands." Renqiu County really understood.

As a county official, what he hated most was the lack of manpower under his subordinates. When further excavating the people's power, they encountered clan obstacles.

The government issued a letter to the two levels of judicial divisions, which roughly means that it is hoped that the judge will favor the migrant workers who are going to come out when deciding, so that they will not be isolated by the clan. Nowadays, the herdsmen can directly intervene in the formulation of clan rules, and even have a certain amount of review power, and of course will not make concessions on the terms of expulsion.

"Also, I've heard that there are many people in the countryside nowadays who put the cart before the horse, and the support is strong and weak, but is there any?" Zhu Cihong asked with a smile on his face.

The large and small sects in the patriarchal system are not counted by the status of family wealth, but by the descendants of the family. The eldest son is the son of the clan, the great clan, and the patriarch. The concubine is a small sect and a clan. The big sect leads the small sect, and the small sect leads the group of disciples, this is the model formulated by the Duke of Zhou. After hundreds of years and generations in any family, there will always be good and bad, and the big sect may decline, while the small sect may rise.

Take the elder Jiang Dejing as an example, he was born in a small sect, even if he was the emperor's assistant pavilion, he was not qualified to be the patriarch of the Fuquan Jiang clan.

This phenomenon is already more common in the Ming Dynasty, and it is also an inevitable symptom of patriarchal society. At that time, the Zhou family ruled the small sect with a large sect, established the sixth division of the sect, became the eighth division of the Zhou Dynasty, and the eighth division of the three Yin, but the result was still unable to escape the tragedy of the princes sitting on the big and finally the destruction of the country.

Zhu Cihong was influenced by many literary works after the May Fourth Movement, and unconsciously unified clan power with secular power, believing that the patriarch had great power and oppressed the clan relatives. As a result, after walking all the way, I found that the small sects of many clans were more powerful than the big ones, and the patriarchs were not only generally emptied by each room, but some even had to look up to the small sects.

His most taboo "clan control over the property rights and personal rights of the clan" was also a mistake. This power is patriarchal rather than clannish. When the clan is small and the patriarchy and the clan are united, the two become one. After the clan branches out, clan power and paternal power are separated, but paternal power is higher than clan power.

In the great clans, the patriarchal representative is not the patriarch, but the head of each house. Even so, when the children and grandchildren are prosperous, or become rich in business, or become officials, the paternal control over personal rights and property rights is almost non-existent. Fan Zhongyan and Zhu Xi both hoped that the entire family's property would be distributed among the clan, but in fact, it was a utopia in the Datong world, almost utopian socialism, and even their own descendants did not do it.

"This kind of putting the cart before the horse is a sign of bad etiquette!" Zhu Cihong said loudly: "If the government can't come out to be right, how can the world be peaceful?" ”

He saw that several patriarchs nodded one after another, and he knew that he had found the right entry point, and immediately announced: "Therefore, in the future, the genealogy of each clan, and the names of the sons, people, and relatives of each clan will be archived in the official mansion." Whenever there is a clan meeting, the pro-people official should bring this sect file to the meeting, and the village elder, the farmer elder, the instructor, and the old man with a foreign surname are Dong Zheng, so as not to bully others! (To be continued......)

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