The most learned Yuri. Preskun. Mojira is really rigorous, and seems to have figured out how to "teach a lesson" to Du Duhu, who just showed great disdain for Westerners.

In the many days since he was captured, Yuri had not been accustomed to being cautious and cautious about his errands, as his companions had been, but had his own thoughts - more than 300 rakshasas had surrendered to the Chinese emperor, but this was just the beginning. Indeed, in this ancient and mysterious country, there will be no worries about food and clothing. But what about the future? He was just an ordinary civilian in Russia, so he was sent to distant Eastern Siberia. Now in the Qing Dynasty, it is definitely an obvious opportunity for me.

If you want to get ahead, you have to excel. If you have the skills to rely on for your daily life, your knowledge of firearms is enough to deal with it, even in Russia, there are not many people who are familiar with the firing of smoothbore guns, and here it is the same. But if you limit yourself to this, won't you become a craftsman? At best, it can only be a "craftsman's head".

So, there has to be something really different! With questions in mind, Yuri observes and tries to find a fit between his strengths and the needs of the country. Finally, Yuri really found out, and that's today's topic - science!

Yuri found that the craftsmen of the Chinese firearms battalion have excellent production techniques, and many technical means and techniques may not be mastered by Russia, even the major powers of Europa! But when Yuri humbly asks for advice and asks this and that, he is surprised to find that all the craftsmen are polite and answer all questions. But the answer is not what is asked!

For example, Yuri often asks, "What are you doing this for?" On what basis? The artisans' answer was surprisingly unanimous: for what? Master Jun, this is a craft handed down from the ancestors, and it can't be done if you don't do it!

It's as simple as that? Is there no scientific basis, calculation formula, design sketch and so on? At first, Yuri thought that people were "secreting" themselves in the "core technique", but after a long time, he finally found out that this was not the case at all! Indeed, as those simple craftsmen say, their advanced skills are completely passed down by word of mouth and taught from generation to generation! What you do well is based on the absolute implementation of the ancestors' methods, combined with your own work experience! There is no scientific basis at all!

Yuri suddenly realized - this is a typical inheritance of experience! It's as if aliens have told the Chinese how to carry out these complex crafts. But he didn't tell them why they were doing it. Here's how it works!

As a result, Yuri saw the great difference between Eastern and Western civilizations, and he has been thinking about it for the past few days, and it happened that he was left by the master to participate today. And the opportunity to be "hand-picked" to give an opinion. What a rare opportunity!

Of course. The learned Yuri did not forget to explain very logically the example of Galileo, a European prodigy he had not finished talking about before, which can be regarded as "serving the master" and "teaching Du Duhu" with one stone.

"Lord Belle, the Galileo you mentioned earlier. It's extraordinary, indeed. Yuri opened the sect with a clear meaning, Hongyi smiled secretly in his heart, and Du Duhu had already abandoned his disdain at the beginning at this time and was listening carefully.

"Okay, let's talk about this Galileo, who was called Galilea in the previous dynasty." Hongyi slightly explained some of Galileo's translations in the Ming Dynasty, which can be regarded as reminding Du Duhu to pay attention. Sure enough, Du Duhu nodded happily, but did not speak, and waited for Yuri to continue.

"Huh! As Belle said, Galileo was brilliant in mathematics and celestial phenomena, but he could not have made a telescope. But in the West, there is also a story that proves that Galileo was different. That is, he became proficient at the age of six...... Master...... Belch...... This ......"

Yuri just started his opening remarks, but suddenly stopped abruptly, his face was embarrassed, and he didn't know how to say it! At this moment, everyone looked at each other, not knowing what to do. Hongyi was also anxious, thinking that Yuri had dropped the chain.

Suddenly, a flash of inspiration occurred in Hongyi's mind, and he gave full play to the advantages of crossing, so he hurriedly asked:

"Yuri, don't you know how to say a word in Manchu?"

"Yes, master, the slave is stupid, this word used in the West, the slave doesn't know how to translate it." Yuri bowed his head in shame.

"Ha Lu Ha, I see. Don't worry, Yuri, this kind of thing is normal, the language barrier does hinder communication! You might as well use ...... By the way, you go to a church school, and you always speak Greek, right? Hongyi found a breakthrough because he knew that Orthodox schools often pride themselves on translating religious scriptures into Greek.

"Yes! Galileo was able to do arithmetic at the age of six...... Belch...... γεωμετρ?α[1]！ Yuri finally uttered a Greek word with less confidence!

As soon as this word came out, Du Duhu and the others were really confused, let alone in awe of Galileo. Everyone stared wide-eyed, waiting for the following.

"This ...... Forehead! Explain in detail, how does he calculate? ”

Hongyi then realized, Greek, who has learned Greek? If only John Tang were there, you could ask him! Now that far water can't quench the thirst of the near, people still say how they manage the government and the like, they are all one lord and five positions, why can't you open your mouth and say: Go find me Tang Lao Marfa to help me!

"Huh!" Yuri seemed to have been hit hard, and he didn't have the ambition he had just now, so he continued:

"Galileo's father, a well-known luthier, composer and music theorist, was able to calculate exactly at the age of six the size of a piece of wood for making musical instruments, regardless of the shape of the material......"

"Hah! I know it! Plane geometry! Hongyi blurted out!

"Master, do you mean ......" Yuri was like a life-saving straw.

"Not bad, plane geometry! This word geometry was used for the first time by Xu Guangqi in the previous dynasty, Lord Du? Hongyi asked with a smile.

"Uh, yes, sir. Xu Guangqi has a copy of Geometric Originals, which is said to have been translated from the West. Du Duhu didn't know what geometry was, but he had some interesting stories about the previous dynasty.

"Huh. Master Du, this Galileo is really a genius, he will be geometry at the age of six. "Hongyi is ready to pass by.

"My lord, when I wait for the imperial court, I can naturally use this as proof. However, the Westerners have a single genius, and they are still not as endless as our people! Zhu Changzuo on the side added meaningfully.

"Lord Zhu, Xia Guan still knows that Lu Dao is also a Westerner, and he should still be alive now!" Encouraged, Yuri rose to the occasion.

"Really? Who else? The lower officials are also willing to hear about it! Zhu Changzuo was not convinced. Follow-up.

"This man's name is Bryce. Pascal. It's the French......" Yuri began to recount Pascal's childhood.

How could Hongyi not know about Pascal? Did you learn physics in junior high school? Pascal's Law, the pressure applied to the enclosed liquid, which is transmitted from the liquid in all directions invariably, was a great discovery by this man at the age of 23. But as for this Pascal's childhood, Hongyi also needs to supplement his knowledge.

However, Yuri's later arguments surprised Hongyi, because Yuri didn't mention any physical principles at all. It's about math!

"Pascal is recognized by Westerners as a mathematical prodigy. His father was also a mathematician. felt that the child was too young to know too much, and even hid all the math books. Unexpectedly, the more he was not allowed to learn, the more mysterious and curious little Pascal felt. At a young age, I discovered ...... Oh, and I discovered many theorems of 'plane geometry' that Xiao Ye said, such as the inner angles and theorems of triangles. Pascal's father was so surprised by this that he no longer had any restrictions on his studies. ”

"When Pascal was 14 years old, his father took him to a weekly gathering of French mathematicians, and the people who attended the meetings were famous people like Descartes, Fermat, Deschag, Mason, and so on." Yuri's long list of famous figures is nothing in Zhu Changzuo's eyes, but Hongyi listened to it with enthusiasm - these are all famous mathematicians of the "contemporary"! This Mason was later the first president of the French Academy of Sciences! By the way, wasn't the predecessor of the French Academy of Sciences the mathematical "salon" that Yuri called it?

Twenty years ago, in 1636, when Pascal was 16 years old, the child prodigy discovered a theorem that has gone down in history: if a hexagon is attached to a conic curve, then every two opposite sides intersect to give three points in the same straight line. According to my math teacher at Morris College in Kyiv, Pascal's discovery will inevitably open up a new science, the key point of the ......" theory, and Yuri has to stop and think.

"Well, this science can be called 'projective' geometry!" It was Hongyi's turn to mention. It turned out that Pascal invented this theorem! What a shame.

In fact, as a liberal arts student, Hongyi naturally didn't know how the sixteen-year-old Pascal thought about this theorem magically-

First of all, this theorem is true for the "circle" and can be fully proven. So, if you transform the circle into other conic curves, such as parabolas, ellipses, hyperbolas, wouldn't the problem be solved? Pascal does exactly that, and the method of transformation is "projection". To put it in layman's terms, it is to play slides.

If you are interested, you may wish to give it a try, draw a circle and an inner hexagon on a glass plate, and then use a point light source (that is, the luminous light source is more like a point, not an electric rod), and shine it behind the glass, then there will be a graphic projection on the wall. Now it's up to you to see how your screen (wall) relates to the glass block. If the two are parallel, then the projection is still circular; If it's not parallel, it's an ellipse, or some other conic curve. Of course, no matter how you irradiate the straight line, it will always be a straight line, and the points on the straight line will naturally not be shot out of the line. In this way, the hexagon is still a hexagon, but the shape has changed somewhat, and that conclusion is certainly true.

It's a very advanced idea of having a shape change from one shape to another continuously. And in this continuous transformation, what will and will not change is a very important question. For example, the projection transformation we just did is a straight line; It's a circle. In this transformation, the circle can only become some other conic curve.

This is how a new discipline was born, and it was called projective geometry.

However, Pascal's brilliant achievement has aroused the suspicion of many people, who do not believe that this is the thinking of a 16-year-old child, but think that Pascal's father is the pen and knife. But three years later, Pascal invented the first mechanical computer, which could automatically go from single digit to ten, and from low to high, a bit like the counting dial in today's electricity meters.

A series of achievements followed, which made people even more amazed. At the age of 31, he became interested in how two gamblers gamble when gambling. This issue of dividing the bet, which Kadang and Tartaria have also considered, has not progressed. That Kadang also wrote a book about it. Encouraged by his friends, Pascal decided to give his hand a try, and he told Ferma his solution, and the two were right. Another new discipline, "probability theory", took off.

(Chapter to be continued)

"A limerick poem. Hidden Head

Reading literature and reading history is only a long breath

I was saying that there was an opportunity back then

The layout is a long-cherished wish

It's hard to come and go

Get up and spend a hundred years

Point out the suffering and diseases of the world

The edge of the town was razed to the sea

Wen'an Wuding tears of joy -

[1] γεωμετρ?α is the word "geometry". The word "geometry" first comes from the Greek word "γεωμετρ?α", which is a combination of the words "γ?α" (land) and "μετρε?ν" (measurement), which refers to the measurement of land, that is, geodesy. Later it was Latinized as "geometria". The word "geometry" in Chinese was first coined by Xu Guangqi when Matteo Ricci and Xu Guangqi co-translated the Geometric Originals in the Ming Dynasty. At that time, no basis was given, but later generations believed that on the one hand, geometry may be a transliteration of the Latinized Greek word GEO, and on the other hand, because the "Geometry Original" also uses geometry to explain the content of number theory, and it may also be a paraphrase of magnitude (how much), so it is generally believed that geometry is a transliteration of geometria. It is expressed by the sound of "geometry", and about numbers and quantities, it is expressed by the meaning of "geometry". In other words, the "geometry" in Xu Guangqi's mind may be what we call "mathematics" today. So the name he gave to the translation, and it is translated again in today's terms: "Basic Mathematics." So if you understand that Geometry is Basic Mathematics, it will of course include topics like tossing and dividing. The Greek word GEO+METRY means "geographical measurement" according to the etymological meaning, so according to the literal meaning compared with the modern classification, it is equivalent to measurement, which is divided into plane measurement and three-dimensional measurement. The translation of geometry in the "Geometry Original" published in 1607 was not popular at that time, and there was another translation name in the same era, "metaphysics", such as the "Preparation of Metaphysics" compiled by Di Kaowen, Zou Liwen, and Liu Yongxi, which also had a certain influence at that time. In 1857, after the publication of the last 9 volumes of the "Geometry Original" translated by Li Shanlan and Wei Liyali, although the name of geometry received a certain amount of attention, it was not until the beginning of the 20th century that there was a more obvious trend of replacing the word metaphysics, such as the 11th printing of the Chengdu reprint of the "Metaphysical Preparations" in 1910, Xu Shuxun renamed it "Continued Geometry". Until the mid-20th century, there was little use of the word "metaphysics". (To be continued......)