In the spring of 1911, with the plague epidemic in Harbin under control, the top leaders of the Republic focused on two things: first, the midterm elections to be held next year, and second, the land reform, which was gradually reaching a climax across the country.

Long Qian's first tour greatly promoted the implementation of the Land Law. As for the implementation of the military rank system in the national defense forces, the political circles and the common people have not paid much attention to it.

The surging public opinion focused on the promulgation of the "Law on the Organization of Political Parties" and the "Law on the Organization of the National Assembly". These two super-heavyweight laws basically laid the political structure and power framework of the republic.

The first National Assembly was convened in 1910, marking the basic formation of the state structure designed by Long Qian. The promulgation of the first Constitution legally defined the political and organizational structure of the State. However, there are still many shortcomings, in particular, the composition, powers and operation of the National Assembly are still difficult to carry out the functions entrusted to them by the Constitution. In the past year, the original propaganda bureau team headed by Hong Yuecheng and Song Jiaoren continued to work hard, and finally launched two indispensable "Organic Laws" after the Spring Festival of Xinhai New Year.

Liang Qichao had an incisive analysis of the political forces before the founding of the Republic. At that time, before the outbreak of the civil war, he wrote to Yuan Shikai, who had temporarily withdrawn from the political stage, saying that China's political forces could be divided into three factions, one was the powerful faction headed by Yuan Shikai and Long Qian, the second was the reformist faction transformed from the constitutionalist faction, and the third was the revolutionary faction headed by Sun Wen. The first faction should not form a party, the second faction must form a party, and the third faction should be transformed into a party.

The ban on the party was effectively lifted before the Manchus died. After the founding of the Republic, the first National Assembly promulgated the Regulations on the Registration of Political Parties, which initially regulated the organization and operation of political parties in law.

The political enthusiasm of the Chinese, which had been suppressed for thousands of years, seemed to be released all at once. By the spring of 1911, there were as many as 300 registered political parties! The complexity of the genealogy of the political party is comparable to that of the four major family genealogies in the Stone Chronicles.

The more famous political parties include the Scientific Democratic League, which is chaired by Hong Yuecheng, and the Peasants' and Workers' Party, which is headed by Chen Chao, and the two parties are the two most powerful parties, with the army standing behind them. The CDD has 2 million registered members, and the organization has gradually improved, and the general meeting has been held twice. The number of the Peasants' and Workers' Party is even larger, and there are more than one million official party members in Shandong Province alone, and the three eastern provinces, Shanxi, and Shaanxi are the strongholds of the Peasants' and Workers' Party. In terms of organization and publicity. The Peasants' and Workers' Party, on the other hand, was inferior to the NLD. The forces that remained in the country were divided and merged, and the Kuomintang United Party headed by Lin Senjuzheng and the Democratic Founding Party headed by Liu Kuiyi and Li Pingshu were established. Xu Shichang, Zhao Bingjun, and Lu Jianzhang of the Beiyang Department established the Republican Party based in Beijing and Tianjin. In addition, Song Jiaoren Tang Hualong Lin Changmin's republican construction seminar, Zhang Binglin, Xiong Xiling, Zhang Jian's unification party. Chen Jintao and Wang Chonghui's National Advancement Association. Cen Chunxuan's National Party. It can also be regarded as having a certain influence. However, it is worse than the previous four parties.

And Liang Qichao, who enjoys a big name, stayed out of the party and government when the political parties emerged one after another, and concentrated on learning. His proposal to Minister of Culture and Education Cai Yuanpei for the establishment of the Institute of Chinese Studies has been approved. Originally, the Ministry of Culture and Education had set up a collection of the world's talents as one of the Academia Sinica, but its research scope was not limited to literature, history and philosophy, Liang's report contributed to the early birth of the Academia Sinica, it is said that the Government Council has appointed Cai Yuanpei as the president of the Academia Sinica, and hired Liang Qichao as the president of the Historical and Linguistic Research Branch.

The promulgation of the "Law on the Organization of Political Parties" is a major event of epoch-making significance, which legally regulates the formation and operation of political parties. The aim is clearly to put an end to the chaos that has been going on for more than two years and to provide a legal guarantee for the realization of the political structures established in the Constitution.

The most important articles of the "Political Party Organization Law" are as follows: 1. All political parties in the country must abide by the "Constitution" and safeguard the national system as the premise, otherwise they will be banned as illegal organizations, and those who commit serious circumstances will be punished as traitors. 2. Personnel on active duty in the military and police are not allowed to join any political party. 3. Individuals are not allowed to cross the party, that is, they are not allowed to participate in several political parties at the same time. 4. Following the promulgation of the Organic Law, existing political parties shall be re-registered and reorganized for a period of three months.

Rumors that the National Assembly will introduce a "Political Party Organization Act" have been rumoured for a long time, after all, the status quo is too confusing. In such a situation, it is difficult to achieve true democracy. Song Jiaoren, deputy speaker of the National Assembly, who is keen on political party politics, is the drafter of the "Political Party Organization Law." After all, the birth of the first session of the National Assembly was the product of special circumstances, and there was a big gap between it and the political party and government in Song Jiaoren's mind. With Long Qian's support, Song Jiaoren immersed himself in this matter last year, and finally introduced this far-reaching law before the Spring Festival.

Not surprisingly, the promulgation of the "Law on the Organization of Political Parties" and the "Law on the Organization of the National Assembly" has caused a great uproar in domestic political circles and has also attracted international attention.

Observance of the Constitution and preservation of the national system is the proper meaning of the topic, and political parties must operate within the framework of the Constitution. This is not surprising. The fact that the active military and even the police are not allowed to join political parties is clearly aimed at keeping the armed forces and powerful organs of the country above political contention, and the vast majority of political parties applaud it. Only the ban on cross-party operations caused confusion. Because the current situation is that cross-party operations have become a common phenomenon.

According to statistics, among the currently well-known political figures, Liu Yuyi and Li Pingshu are four parties, Zhang Binglin is five parties, Liang Shiyi and Yang Du are six parties, Zhang Jian and Tang Shaoyi are seven parties, Xiong Xiling and Zhao Bingjun are eight parties, and the most is Wu Tingfang, who actually joined the eleventh party!

The promulgation of the stipulation that individuals can only choose one political policy will inevitably lead to the division and reorganization of the existing political parties. Political parties must have leaders, and leaders must have celebrities, otherwise it will be difficult to carry out their work, and this is the reason why Tang Shaoyi, Wu Tingfang, and others have joined a number of political parties. The promulgation of the "Law on the Organization of Political Parties" has made it necessary for the "big names" in the existing political arena to seriously consider it, because after the "Law on the Organization of Political Parties", there is also a revision of the "Law on the Organization of the National Assembly", which carries a heavier weight and will directly determine the composition of the Government Council.

The Organic Law on Political Parties merely regulates the formation and operation of political parties, and the Organic Law of the National Assembly will determine the power structure of the Republic.

The Organic Law of the National Assembly is divided into two houses, the Senate and the House of Representatives, with the Senate tentatively set at 90 seats. The reason why it is 90 seats is determined by three seats per province (including municipalities directly under the central government at the same level as the provincial government). At present, there are 26 provinces in the country: Zhili, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Jiangsu, Anhui, Shanxi, Shandong, Henan, Shaanxi, Gansu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou, Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Outer Mongolia, Qinghai and Tibet. There are also four municipalities directly under the central government: Beijing, Shanghai, Jinan and Guangzhou.

Liaoning is Fengtian. Back in October 1910. According to the president's suggestion, the Government Council changed Fengtian Province to Liaoning Province. Fengtian City is Shenyang City.

The House of Representatives has 460 seats. The amount varies from province to province and is determined on the basis of the population of each province. At the beginning of the founding of the Republic, the census was launched, led by the Ministry of Civil Affairs and cooperated by the Ministry of Police, which lasted one year and initially ascertained the population situation in the territory. Of course, it does not include the population of Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macao and other places that have been ceded. With a population of 460 million, there are 460 members of the House of Representatives according to the principle of one member per million people.

The Organic Law of the National Assembly provides for the election of 550 deputies to the House of Representatives by the provinces according to the number of seats. The House of Representatives then elects an additional 90 members from among the elected members of the House of Representatives to form the Senate, according to a quota of three from each province.

Members of the House of Representatives are elected by population. It embodies the basic meaning of democracy. In order to ensure the rights of provinces with a small population base, the Senate no longer considers the current situation of the population, but will have three people, regardless of the number.

The promulgation of the Organic Law of the National Assembly. The separation of executive, legislative and judicial powers in the Republic, as defined in the Constitution, has been largely achieved. The President, as Head of State, has executive power. He is the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of the Republic. The National Assembly, as the legislature of the Republic, has legislative power. The Supreme Court, as the independent judiciary of the Republic, has ultimate judicial power that is not bound by the Presidency, the Council and the National Assembly.

The Constitution makes it clear that the President, as the head of State, has the supreme executive power. He is the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of the Republic. On the executive side, the president nominates the prime minister to the National Assembly, and after separate deliberations by the Senate and the House of Representatives, a vote is held, and more than half of the votes take effect. The Prime Minister is accountable to the President and is mandated to form the Council of Ministers, which serves as the highest administrative organ of the country. The appointment and dismissal of ministers and governors of provinces shall take effect after being nominated by the Prime Minister and submitted to the President for approval. Among them, the Ministry of National Defense, the Ministry of Police and the Ministry of Justice are under the direct control of the President and are not under the leadership of the Government Council.

In terms of the armed forces, the active and reserve forces of the Defence Force are under the leadership of the President. The organization, transfer, and appointment of generals of the armed forces are the responsibility of the President or an agency authorized by the President.

In the case of Congress, power is not limited to legislation. On the face of it, Congress wields the most power.

The first is to decide on the presidency and vice presidents. In accordance with the provisions of the amendment to the Constitution and the Organic Law of the National Assembly, the election of the president in the future will be nominated by the majority party in the House of Representatives, and the number of seats will be two, that is, the first and second major parties in the House of Representatives will each propose their own presidential candidates, and after being approved by more than half of the members of the House of Representatives, they will be submitted to the Senate for a closed-door election to elect the president and vice president. The Vice President shall exercise the powers of the President in the event that the President is unable to act as a matter of time.

The second is the state's right to decide on important matters. The country's declaration of war on foreign countries, the establishment and severance of diplomatic relations, and the government's budget all require the approval of Congress.

The third is the right to know about national priorities. The President reports to Congress at least once a year and is subject to deliberation by Congress.

Not only that, but Congress also has the power of impeachment against the president, and can initiate impeachment proceedings if it believes that the president is unconstitutional or illegal, or that he is derelict in his duties. When more than two-thirds of the votes are cast, impeachment takes effect, and the president must step down and face a judicial investigation.

The Organic Law of the National Assembly also stipulates in detail the work and powers of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The powers of the Senate and the House of Representatives are not equal. The House of Representatives acts as a primary deliberative body, and matters are subject to the approval of the Senate. The Senate has the power to veto bills in the House of Representatives, but the House of Representatives does not have the power to veto decisions in the Senate.

Members of Congress, whether senators or representatives, enjoy judicial immunity. The powerful institutions of the Republic may not restrict the personal liberty of deputies without having been discharged from their status by statutory bodies.

The Speaker of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives are paid by the President, and the Vice-Chairmen of the House of Representatives are paid by the Prime Minister. Parliamentarians are paid more than ministers and governors.

The form of government established by the new China is different from any of the existing so-called democratic countries. Those who thought China would copy the U.S. polity found the difference enormous. It is also a presidential system rather than a cabinet system, but the political system determined by the new China does have special features.

The Organic Law of the National Assembly, after clarifying the rights and obligations of the Senate and the House of Representatives, also clarifies that no official at or above the department level in a government agency may serve as a member of the National Assembly. This is an extremely important one. The move "splits" the parliament and the government, with lawmakers not holding senior government positions. Moreover, they are not allowed to do business, sit and talk about the Tao, and concentrate on the discussion of national affairs. Senior government officials are not allowed to participate in the deliberations and decisions of the National Assembly on the country's priorities and concentrate on government affairs. If you want to exert influence on the country's major policies, then you can do it through your political party.

As a result, senior government officials in Congress, such as Soong, president of the Supreme Court, will have to make a choice.

Under this system, the role of political parties becomes prominent. Without an influential political party, it is difficult for politicians to get into the House of Representatives. Do not enter the House of Representatives. Naturally, it is impossible to enter the Senate, which has great power. Naturally, then, it is impossible to influence the major policies of the state through the enactment or repeal of laws, let alone the election of the Senate to determine the choice of the president, and thus the composition of the government.

So. The Law on the Organization of Political Parties was promulgated. Immediately let the existing political parties and political figures quarrel. After the Chinese New Year. Political parties across the country are in the process of splitting and reorganizing in order to actively prepare for the midterm elections that will start in the second half of next year, hoping to occupy more seats in both houses of Congress. Meantime. We are also stepping up consultations to determine the fate of those who have already entered the government for high-ranking posts, whether to enter the National Assembly or stay in the government.

"The world is in chaos." As soon as Chen Chaofu saw Long Qian, he said this.

"That's to be expected. Nothing remarkable. Long Qian returned to Beijing, and Chen Chao happened to be in Haiyan Hall. Long Qian thought about it instead, with Chen Chao's position, it was very easy for him to obtain his detailed whereabouts, and he didn't need to pass through Ouyang Zhong.

"I'm worried that the situation will get out of hand......"

"As long as the army and the police department are not chaotic, there will be no major incidents." Long Qian was very sure.

"There are voices in the military that you are delegating too much power to Congress. Now that everyone is eyeing the seats, those people have finally found a place to make a difference. Chen Chao was worried. Those people he was talking about were, of course, the Kuomintang Party, the Manchu Qing Dynasty, and the Beiyang lineage. As for the proto-constitutionalists, who are more scattered and do not form a joint force, they do not need to pay attention.

"Didn't you say that before? Since we can't wipe out the opposition, it is better to let them out into the light and give them a stage to show their strength than to let them make trouble in the dark. Don't worry, don't say that the Peasants' and Workers' Party and the CDL are both political parties formed by us, even without these two parties, they would not be able to turn the sky upside down! There has been no news of the Northeast Rebellion, has the General Staff reported it? Long Qian was worried about the Mongolian bandit rebellion in eastern Inner Mongolia.

"I don't know."

"This Shi Dashou, can't even a few bandits?" Long Qian was a little dissatisfied. On the way out of the patrol, they received two reports from the General Staff Headquarters and the Northeast Military Region, saying that serious progress had been made in counterinsurgency, but the bandit leader Tao Ke Taohu had never been caught.

"There is good news in Harbin. The plague has been completely controlled, and no infected people have been reported for three consecutive days. Chen Chao brought good news to Long Qian, "This time to prevent and control the plague, that is called British overseas Chinese Wu Liande has made great contributions, Zheng Shuangqing has a special report to the Government Council, and the National Security Bureau also has a similar report." ”

"I've heard that. Honor this person, big reward! In the past two years, more than 3,000 overseas Chinese have returned to China, and commending Wu Liande is of great significance. ”

"Oh, and also, Song Yuchu has decided to resign from the Congress."

"Okay. I'll keep the position of Vice Prime Minister for him. Mingao really needs a deputy. However, the Supreme Court needs a candidate, I wonder if Wang Chonghui has arrived in Beijing? ”

"It's here. Live with Song Yuchu. ”

"That's good. I'll see him when I have time. Long Qian had the intention of letting Song Jiaoren transfer to the government system and act as Fang Shengyuan's deputy. After more than a year of observation, Long Qian was satisfied with Song Jiaoren's character and ability, but this person always had some unrealistic illusions about political parties and political parties, and he always intentionally or unintentionally promoted the cabinet system, which made Long Qian not very reassured. If Wang Chonghui, who graduated from Yale and has profound knowledge in law and diplomacy, still likes it, then there is a candidate to replace Song Jiaoren. At present, the judiciary has not yet become truly independent, the Ministry of Justice is still the department under the jurisdiction of the president, and very few cases have actually been handed over to the Supreme Court, and it has been a year and a half since the national power was held, and it has been almost a year since the founding of the People's Republic of China, and the Supreme Court has only tried two major cases, Wang Zhaoming and Pu Wei. No one was sentenced to death (except for those who died in prison), and the main persons involved in the two cases, Wang Zhaoming and Pu Wei, were sentenced to 20 years in prison, Xu Chongzhi was sentenced to 10 years, and Chen Bijun and Zaitao were reprimanded and released after being released on bail, and they did not enjoy the right to vote or stand for election for 10 years. The heaviest was Jiang Zhiqing, who was sentenced to life imprisonment. The Supreme Court's hearing is final. For this reason, many forces are not satisfied, especially the Mengshan military system, which believes that the murder of the president is not punishable by death, which is simply child's play. The Kuomintang forces were hit hard, because of the influence of Xu Chongzhi, their already extremely weak forces in the army were wiped out.

"Are you going to reuse this person?"

"Well, you have to talk to each other in person. By the way, what has Yuan Shikai been doing lately? ”

"He's pretty honest. In addition to having close correspondence with Xu Shichang, Yang Du, Zhao Bingjun and several others, he basically has no contact with Cao Kun and Feng Guozhang, and he has not had much contact with Wang Shizhen. But his eldest son, Yuan Keding, is not very peaceful......"

"Lao Yuan is not a person who is willing to quit. Let Jiang Yun continue to keep an eye on it. Don't alarm him if he doesn't meddle in the army. By the way, how is he in health? ”

"I haven't heard of any illness. Jiang Yun's kid is really good, he even knows how many meals Yuan Weiting eats every day and what he eats. He is a large bowl of shredded chicken noodle soup every morning, he must eat duck liver and duck skin every day, fried leeks with shredded pork, braised pork is also a must, and even there are several kinds of porridge, which can be enjoyed more than you. ”

"Haha, it's good to be able to eat. When passing through Henan, I had the idea of going to Zhangde. After thinking about it, I didn't allow him to come out to do things anyway, and it was useless to meet. As long as he stops making trouble, it's okay to be a rich man. ”

"Retreat! I guess I'd better work in Congress. ”

Long Qian was taken aback, "Why?" ”

"I think that might be a better fit for me. Relying only on Nan Shao alone to support it, it is not very reliable. ”

That's a very thoughtful word. The Minister of Police is high and powerful, if it weren't for Long Qian's country, Chen Chao would not give up the high position of the Minister of Police.

"I don't think so. Some opposition in Congress is a good thing, not a bad thing. We need a group of overseers, we need them now, and we need them in the future. Moreover, there is no suitable person to replace you for the time being. Now I'm not worried about the upper echelons of Congress, but I'm a little worried about next year's grassroots elections. Don't move, take care of the Ministry of Police for me, especially the formation of the provincial police departments, you have to worry about it. Recently, I have always heard some news, which may be true or exaggerated, in the process of implementing the "Land Law", some provinces have gone in a hurry, so that the National Police Agency has been burdened with the black pot. The banning of gangs has also killed many people by mistake. You can take the time to go down and take a look, and the job change will be talked about in a few years. ”

"You're not going to talk to Congress?"

"But ask. Unless Hong Nanshao looks for me. There are two things to be done now, one is the military rank system, and the other is the transformation of Beijing. What did you hear about the rank system? ”

Mingyuan sat on the stove. It's okay to say that the admiral is above the general, but the lieutenant general will fight fiercely down. By the way, how many marshals are you going to award? ”

"How many of them can't sit still? Did Yan Bing look for you? ”

"You've wronged Yan Bing. He never looked for me. ”

"Except for Lu Shan, none of them will be awarded. There are still many battles ahead, and now that the marshal has been awarded, there will be no room for improvement in the future. Long Qian smiled, he could imagine the mood of several important generals, after the "Military Rank Regulations" were promulgated by the Ministry of National Defense, it was not in a hurry but wrong.

"It's a mess now, why do you have a military rank system at this time? Both Fang Minggao and Duan Zhiquan were worried that they would add a large amount of money. ”

"Of course, to increase the treatment of officers. You think, everyone has opinions on my reuse of a large number of generals and people, and their opinions are not unreasonable, so of course we must appease the army in this case. Mr. Yuezhi, you should remember that the ultimate strength we rely on is still the army, and the prosperity and strength of the country also depend on the army. After the implementation of the military rank system, it is time to start working on the police rank, you plan in advance. In the next two days, I will listen to the report of the Ministry of National Defense, and you will be present to listen to it when the time comes. (To be continued......)