"Inner Mongolia Yikezhao League Sudden Anti-Reclamation Riot, Shilata Reclamation Bureau Attacked by Thugs - More than 10 people below the director were killed! 》

"The anti-reclamation riots of the Inner Mongolia Zhelimu League intensified, and the Mongolian people smashed three reclamation bureaus in three days - Tan MP of the House of Representatives angrily denounced the reclamation affairs as intended to accumulate wealth and disregard the people's livelihood. 》

"The anti-reclamation riot of the Yikezhao League has turned into a bandit! The bandit leader Dan Pier gathered people to build a fort, destroyed the situation and killed officials for several days - the minister of Inner Mongolia said that he would be severely punished. 》

"The Mongolian people of the Jelimu League were unbearable to be bullied by the princes, gathered crowds to attack the palace, and killed the prince in the grass hut - the arrested Mongolian people made a generous statement in the court. 》

"Since Mongolia and Tibet are the land of China, why don't they practice constitutionalism?" Zhang of the House of Representatives proposed that Mongolia and Tibet should be changed to a county system. 》

"Mongolian and Tibetan Commissioner Liang revealed that the Inner Mongolia Prefecture will be divided into three provinces - the committee's claim is purely his personal opinion"

……

A large stack of newspaper clippings was piled up on the imperial table in the living room of the Yangxin Palace, Liu Yun's face was expressionless, his fingers habitually flicked the tabletop, and the prime minister Zhang Zhigao, the minister of the interior Yang Zhengjin, the minister of reclamation Cheng Dequan, the minister of the feudal department Zhu Jiabao and other officials carefully lowered their heads, as if there was an active volcano that could erupt at any time under their feet.

"Mongolia has not been peaceful recently, and you Aiqing have to worry a lot."

There was no word of rebuke in the words, and at first glance it sounded like some encouraging warmth, but the ministers really felt an uncontrollable fear—from humble shame, from sincere respect, or from deep-seated fear.

"Cheng Aiqing, reclamation affairs are in your charge, tell me what the recent anti-reclamation riots are all about."

Cheng Dequan, Minister of Reclamation, hurriedly replied: "Your Majesty, it was agreed to start reclamation in Inner Mongolia and implement the policy of immigration to the border, in order to consolidate border defense, resettle displaced people, increase grain production, and relieve financial difficulties. ”

"Before the start of reclamation, many local princes privately leased their territories to mainland immigrants for farming, collected a certain amount of rent, and then collected annual land rent after reclamation, but did not pay the land tax to the Ministry of Finance. Reclamation is carried out, some pastures should be encircled, the land should be released, regardless of raw and cooked land, the land price must be collected once by acre, and the land is paid to the state every year after reclamation, which is actually to encircle the territory of the original Mongolian princes as state-owned. ”

"Although the land price received will be divided with the prince in order to appease the prince, there are still some disgruntled princes who are waiting for the opportunity to incite the Mongol people to rise up in trouble, which is an inevitable obstacle to the reclamation work, and must be broken by force."

Originally, the empire's rule over Mongolia inherited the Qing system, with the Lifan Yuan as the supreme administrative body governing Mongolia, and still divided Mongolia into Inner Mongolia and Outer Mongolia, and divided Outer Mongolia into Inner and Outer Mongolia.

Among them, Inner Mongolia refers to the Mongolian nomadic areas without the flag of Zasak, there is no alliance on the flag, the flag is under the jurisdiction of the generals, the capital and the ministers, etc., the officials are not hereditary, and the affairs are not allowed to be self-exclusive, and the flag is divided into the governor, deputy governor and other officials to manage, and the generals and others go directly to the Imperial Court, in fact, it is the Mongolian area directly ruled by the central government.

Qing system, generally known as the south of Hanhai or south of the desert, is Inner Mongolia, that is, Neizasak Mongolia, in terms of geography, east to Jilin, Heilongjiang provincial boundary, west of Alxa Erut Mongolia, south of Shaanxi, Shanxi and Chahar Eight Banners and pastures, north of Khalkha Mongolia, east and west more than 10,000 miles, the area is very vast.

The Nezasak Mongols have twenty-four tribes, forming six alliances and setting up forty-nine banners. The six leagues are: Zhelimu League, Zhuo Suotu League, Zhao Wuda League, Xilin Gol League, Ulanchabu League and Yikezhao League, each league in the Qing Dynasty was supervised and governed by local commanders and generals, after the Qing Dynasty reformed China, the Inner Mongolia Prefecture Office Minister was set up, and only the name of the commanders and generals of each jurisdiction was changed to military divisions and military district commanders, and the flags still maintained the practice of meeting the alliance once every three years, managing government affairs and inspecting armaments, and were ready to be requisitioned by the imperial court at any time.

The Transzasak Mongols are the opposite of the Nezazak Mongols. The Qing system, generally known as the north of Hanhai or the north of the desert, is Outer Mongolia, which is the main component of Outer Zasak Mongolia. Outer Mongolia, also known as Khalkha Mongolia, was initially divided into three departments, namely the Chechen Khanate, the Tushetu Khan and the Zasaktu Khan, and the Sainnoyan Department was added in the Yongzheng period. In addition, there are Dzungaria, Heshute, Dulbert and Turgot, Huite, Alxa, Erut, Erjina, Turgot, Qinghai and Mongolia.

Transzasak Mongolia is divided into regions, including Mongolia in another time and space, north of the Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang, China, Alxa and Ejina, and Qinghai Province. The soldiers and civilians of the Mongols were each commanded by generals or ministers. The soldiers of the four Khalkha divisions, originally under the command of the left deputy general of Dingbian, were changed to the commander of the Mongolian Special Military Region directly under the reorganization in 1896; After the establishment of Xinjiang Province in 1883, the alliance flags of Turhut and Heshuot and other ministries were merged into Xinjiang Province, and after 1896, the soldiers of each ministry were selected as regular armies and militia groups. The tribes of Qinghai were originally under the jurisdiction of the minister of Xining, and after the establishment of Qinghai Province, they were incorporated into the province and were managed by the provincial government and the provincial military district. The troops of Alxa and Erjina were not unified with generals and ministers, and were recruited and transferred to the same Nezasak Mongols.

According to the feudal hierarchy and titles of the Qing Dynasty, the feudal lords of Mongolia were divided into princes, county kings, beylors, beizi, zhenguo dukes and auxiliary dukes, as well as the first to fourth class taiji or tabu sang. These feudal nobles are in high positions, some of them are the head of the league, the deputy head of the league, and some are the head of the banner, that is, the head of a banner, this part of the people can be called the prince of the banner, the position of the zak, from the prince to Taiji, and it is hereditary. Those who do not hold public office can be called princes who are not in charge of the banner, although these people are princes and nobles, but they are not in power, and their treatment is different from that of the princes in charge of the banner.

In addition, the upper echelon of the monk group of the Gelug sect of Tibetan Buddhism (i.e., the Yellow Sect) is also an important ruling force in Mongolia, Outer Mongolia is represented by Jebzundan Bahutuktu, Inner Mongolia is represented by Zhangjia Hutuketu as the religious leader, * and * is the supreme leader of the Yellow Sect, each living Buddha and monastery have a large amount of land and pasture, because nearly half of the male population in Mongolia are monks, and the princes and nobles all worship the Yellow Religion, so the influence of the religious upper class is very strong, and the Qing Dynasty emperor usually takes canonization, reward, They were given tax exemptions and military privileges to control them, and religious rule over the Mongols was strengthened.

Since the 60s of the 19th century, Russia, the United States, Britain, Germany, France and other powerful forces have invaded the Mongolian region one after another. In 1880 (the sixth year of Guangxu), the former prime minister of the empire and Cheng'en Gong Zhang Zhidong, who was then the governor of Shanxi, put forward the opinion of reclamation of the Mengbian for the first time in the "Detailed Preparation of the Border Calculations" of the imperial court, and the successor Shanxi Governor Gangyi put forward a more detailed "Proposal for the Reclamation of the Outer Territory of Jin Province" in 1886 (the twelfth year of Guangxu), and the governor of Shanxi Province, Hu Pingzhi, in 1897 (the second year of Guangxing), put forward the "Settlement of the Reclamation of the Jinbian Border", which mentioned the need to deal with foreign enemies and consolidate the frontier through the method of immigrating to the real border.

In 1900 (the fifth year of Guangxing), Cen Chunxuan, the governor of Shanxi Province, wrote to the imperial court many times, requesting "preparations for the reclamation of Mongolian land", proposing to reclaim the land of Ulanqab and Yikezhao in advance, which was convenient for irrigation, which could not only develop Mongolia's economy, consolidate border defense, but also increase financial revenue.

In 1901, the Wenyi cabinet passed the Inner Mongolia Reclamation Order, appointing Earl Gangyi as the Minister of Reclamation of the Mongolian Banner and going to the western part of Inner Mongolia to supervise the reclamation affairs, and thus began the comprehensive reclamation of the Inner Mongolia region. In order to quickly carry out the reclamation work, he also specially assigned the posts of commander of the Suijun sub-district and minister of affairs in the Inner Mongolia Prefecture, and with the backing of force, set up a clearance bureau, a reclamation company, and a reclamation bureau in the areas scheduled for reclamation, and forced the local princes to reclaim the land, and within three years, more than 400 mu of land was reclaimed in the entire Inner Mongolia Prefecture, and a land price of more than 300 yuan was collected.

Due to the vital interests involved, some princes and herdsmen have a resistive attitude towards reclamation, and there is friction with the reclamation organs and garrisons from time to time.

After the outbreak of the Sino-Russian war in 1903, in order to stabilize the situation in Inner Mongolia, the Wenyi cabinet dismissed Gangyi in the name of corruption and abuse of power, suspended reclamation affairs, and focused on setting up prefectures and counties in areas that had been reclaimed, introducing training and government, and training local autonomy under the same constitutional government as in the mainland.

After the end of the war, Liu Yun's cabinet decided to restart reclamation for the second time, appointing Cheng Dequan, governor of Shanxi Province, as the minister of reclamation, and concurrently serving as the commander of the Suiyuan Military Division and the minister of Inner Mongolia, and it was planned to continue to reclaim more than 700,000 mu of land in the entire Inner Mongolia Prefecture for a period of six years, and resettle 15 to 200,000 households.

However, after the rebellion in Beijing in January 1905, due to the rapid suppression of the Manchurian imperial family, Liu Yun, as a subordinate, suddenly became the emperor, and the people in Mongolia were in turmoil. However, before that, more than 600,000 mu of land included in the second phase of the reclamation plan had been cleared by the local reclamation organs and were waiting to be reclaimed, and although Zhang Zhigao's cabinet announced the suspension of reclamation, it still insisted on reclaiming the 600,000 mu of land that had been cleared, which aroused strong dissatisfaction among the princes and herdsmen on these lands.

In August, the assistant Taiji of the Zhunger Banner of the Jelimu League (that is, the high-ranking nobleman who acted as the government affairs of the first banner) Dan Pier was the first to rise up and led the soldiers and civilians of the banner to destroy the Shilata Reclamation Bureau, and then the fourth-class Taiji (also known as "Maotaiji", that is, the fourth-class nobleman who had no retinue, family, and little property) of the former banner of the Yikezhao League, Tao Ketao, gathered people to rise up again, and smashed many reclamation bureaus in succession. After the incident between Dampier and Tao Ketao, the surrounding alliance flags corresponded, and some princes took the opportunity to propose to recover the land that had been reclaimed in the first phase, and the situation in Inner Mongolia suddenly became tense, and now it has reached the point where Emperor Liu Yun has to personally intervene.

Liu Yun naturally couldn't be satisfied with the one-line response of Minister Cheng Dequan, and after slightly enhancing the sense of majesty on his face, he said coldly: "What Minister Cheng means is that as long as you let go and use troops to suppress it?" ”

Cheng Dequan bowed his head and said: "The minister thinks that the imperial court must not condone the bandits. As far as the ministers know, since the uprising, Dampier and Tao Ketao have colluded with the steppe thief Baiyin Dalai to attack the Yamen, seize arms, extort rich merchants, build fortresses privately, and hoard ammunition. ”

Zhu Jiabao, the minister of the domain, had a different opinion: "Your Majesty, the use of troops can indeed be suppressed for a while, but it is bound to lose the hearts of the people, since the matter started from the second phase of the 600,000 acres of reclaimed land, you can declare Mengbian, return those land to the original owners, and then tell Dan and Tao to disarm and surrender, and the emperor will pardon their crimes, which can not only win the hearts of the people, but also avoid military disasters." ”

Cheng Dequan shook his head again and again: "Lord Zhu's words are wrong, the trip to reclamation is to declare that the imperial court has the right to dispose of the Mongolian land, and the prince's fiefdom is also the land of the empire, and the state can be rewarded to the prince or expropriated from the prince, and those who dare to resist are treason!" If you give in to the rebels, in the future, all those who are dissatisfied will follow suit and raise troops to make rebellion, where is the prestige of the country, the face of the government, and the majesty of the emperor? Reclamation is a major matter that strengthens the frontier and benefits all generations, and it is not the work of an aspiring government to disregard the future interests for the sake of the small peace of the present. ”

Cheng Dequan's words were right for Liu Yun's appetite, and he nodded with his palms and said: "It is the long-term national policy of the empire to change the land and return to the stream, and the real border is the long-term national policy of the empire, and the hereditary territories enjoyed by the princes in various places are retained by the protection of the empire, and the empire has the right to participate in the disposal, and the princes must also abide by the laws of the empire, and must not hinder the people under their rule from enjoying the rights of subjects stipulated in the imperial constitution." At present, in order to maintain domestic stability, the management of Mongolia and Tibet is mainly based on the old system for the time being, but this situation may continue to be maintained, and Mongolia and Tibet must be comprehensively developed and restructured, and all political, economic, and military aspects must be on the same track as the mainland, and the old aristocratic lord system is the fundamental obstacle to the restructuring, and depriving the noble lords of their hereditary territories is the first step that must be taken to carry out the restructuring. ”

Cheng Dequan was affirmed by the emperor and grateful: "The emperor is wise, the bandit leader Dan and Tao are the local noble lords, because the territory is circled and instigating the Mongolian people who do not know the truth to make trouble. ”

Yang Zhengjin, the Minister of the Interior next to him, said coldly: "Lord Cheng, have you ever thought about how the Mongolian herdsmen who have lost their pastures should make a living? ”

"This ...... They can farm too......"

"Will they farm? Is there capital? The price of the land sold was only divided among the lords, and the herdsmen did not get a penny, but they lost the pasture on which they had relied for a long time. As far as I know, there were very few princes who supported Dampier and Tauktau, and it was mainly ordinary herders who participated in the anti-reclamation rebellion. Your Majesty, if he could not point out the way of life to the vast number of herdsmen who depended on pastures for their livelihood, and suppressed the Dampier and Tauketao today, once the reclamation work was started again in the future, it would be difficult to guarantee that there would not be ten hundred Dampier and Tauketao. ”

Cheng Dequan frowned slightly: "Lord Yang, this is not like what an important minister of the imperial court should say......"

"How can we grasp the crux of the problem without putting ourselves in the shoes of others?"

For the ancient people who had an absolute generation gap in thinking, this sentence was probably enough.