In fact, the history of telescopes, whether ordinary small-magnification telescopes or astronomical telescopes, began in the seventeenth century. Glasses were invented as early as the late 13th or early 14th century. One day in 1600, in a place called Middelburg in the Netherlands, an inconspicuous man named Hans. A major incident occurred in the shop of Lippoch's mirror maker. The two children were playing with his lenses at him, inadvertently stacking the two lenses on top of each other, and looking through them at the windscreen of the church in the far side of the town, which was wonderfully magnified. Lipper himself saw it, and he had an inspiration to start building a telescope and submitted an application for a patent for his invention to the Dutch Parliament. But Lipper was unlucky, because there were others who were also demanding the honor and benefit of inventing the telescope at this time. One of them was a man named James. Métius's men, who claimed that he had made a telescope as good as Lipperch's, and said that he knew the secret of making a telescope, and that he could build a better telescope if the council supported it.

In the midst of this confusion, the Dutch parliament did not approve Lippoch's application. No honour or prize will be awarded to any applicant for the new invention. Since then, telescopes have become known. A series of coincidences made Galileo. Galileo was associated with telescopes.

At that time, Galileo was a professor of mathematics at a university near Padua, Italy, and he often visited the Venetian Arsenal and opened a small factory in Padua himself. There he built measuring instruments, compasses, and other mathematical instruments, and had a reputation as a genius instrument maker at the time. Thanks to the information about the telescope provided by a friend. At the end of August 1609, he built a telescope with a magnification of nine times and presented it as a gift to the Senate of the Republic of Venice. In return, the Senate changed his professorship, which would end in the following year, to a tenure appointment, and raised his annual salary from five hundred and twenty florins to one thousand florins. Galileo continued to refine the telescope manufacturing process, and by the end of the year he had built a telescope capable of 30 times magnification, the largest magnification of the time.

Regarding the invention of the telescope, Galileo himself wrote in 1623, "We can be sure. The first inventor of the telescope was simply a man who made glasses. He invented this device by chance, by chance, by looking through both concave and convex lenses at different distances, and seeing and noticing unexpected results. "Visible. Galileo first became famous as a telescope maker. And this fame spread far and wide with the widespread use of telescopes in navigation.

But. This history can be put into the "small class teaching" of the firearms research institute to popularize, children must be able to accept new things faster and more effectively than adults. And once their interest is mobilized, they may step by step ask questions such as: What is a concave mirror or a convex mirror? What are the materials used to make concave-convex mirrors? What is glass? How is it manufactured? Why can't Daqing produce its own glass...... Until then. The indoctrination of basic science will make things come naturally. And all this, Comrade Yuri and the help of Tang Lao Mafa will definitely be captured!

But for Du Duhu's group of ministers, now they are specifically told that they can't understand it for a day, so there is no need to repeat it. So, Hongyi continued to speak:

"And Tang Lao Marfa told me that the telescope he brought into China back then was built by this Galileo! You say, 'Is this man a strange man?' At this time, it was Hongyi's turn to be arrogant.

John Tong became inseparable from the telescope when he entered the Academy of Rome in 1613. During his four years at the Academy of Rome, John studied not only religion, but also mathematics, astronomy, geography, mechanical mechanics, chemistry, and other subjects. Galileo himself served as a teacher at the academy and displayed his improved telescope in the academy's lecture hall, which was warmly welcomed and admired. John Tong listened to his lectures and became interested in Galileo's theories, especially his astronomical telescope, the Galilean telescope.

Therefore, when John Tong entered China, he carried a small Galilean telescope with him, which played an irreplaceable role in the popularization of telescopes in China. In that year, with the help of Li Zubai,[1] an official of the Qin Heavenly Prison, John Tang wrote a book in Chinese about the Galilean telescope, "Telescope Theory", which was the first to introduce the latest European inventions to China, and played a considerable role in the later calendar reform.

The Telescope Theory was printed in 1629. The book is preceded by a preface by John Tong, and the text is divided into four parts: 1. The use of the telescope, which is divided into upward and flat vision, 2. The separate use of the lenses that make up the telescope, such as solving the problems of patients with myopia and hyperopia; 3. Optical principle, 4. Manufacturing method, instructions for use and maintenance instructions for telescopes. The Theory of Telescopes introduces the Galilean telescope in detail in terms of principle, structure, function and usage methods, and the whole book is clearly organized, easy to understand, and full of pictures and texts. It became a foundational work on communication optics and telescope manufacturing technology, and had an important impact on later generations.

"Yes—"

Du Duhu was a little angry. He had read the book "The Theory of Telescopes", and although he did not know much about those very professional scientific terms, he at least understood the function of the so-called "telescope", which is why he made the previous statement. But if he had known this, he would not have said that a "clairvoyant" was so miraculous.

"Now, fifty years have passed, and it is impossible for the technology of the Taixi countries to continue to move forward, and even advance by leaps and bounds. In the apocalypse of the previous Ming Dynasty, Galileo had already seen the moon with his astrological telescope! Hongyi deliberately showed a flaw.

"Hehe, sir. Westerners are ignorant, hehe. If you don't use this thing, can't you see the Moon Palace? Won't their necks bend to the sky? Zhu Changzuo, who has always been "proud of his talents" and "ha" ......, couldn't hold back and laughed out loud. However, although Du Duhu on the side endured it, he was old and silent.

"The moon of the Westerners may not be as round as ours, but do you know the way? Galileo used his telescope to see the Moon Palace! Hongyi simply repeated. But it worked wonders! He even waited for the two below to ask himself - did he see the moon rabbit?

"Moon Palace? Guanghan Palace? Did he really see the Guanghan Palace? Du Duhu couldn't help it, his mouth opened wider than his face.

"Not bad! John Tang said that Galileo found that there was a circular mountain pass above the moon, and there was a haze in it, and it is estimated that our Chang'e Fairy's Guanghan Palace is hidden in it! ”

Hiroi was based on Galileo's own arguments, not fabrications, and before Galileo turned his telescope to the sky for the first time in early January 1610, he seemed to be defending Aristotle-Ptolemy's geocentric system, both in a series of lectures at the university and in his ongoing book A Treatise on the Universe, and he had no doubts about the traditional cosmology. When that night. He used the eastward direction he made, known as the "Dutch column" or "perspective mirror", to trace the majestic, sacred celestial bodies. He was shocked by what he saw:

"Countless other stars that have never been seen before are in front of us, more than ten times more than previously known", and "the surface of the moon is not as smooth and bright as we perceive, but rough and uneven." Just like the surface of the earth. The surface of the moon is full of huge protrusions. deep canyons and countless winding and winding things".

Telescopes have also settled the debate about the Milky Way, or the Milky Way, "The Milky Way is nothing more than a group of countless stars gathered together." No matter where you turn your telescope, you'll see a large group of stars. Galileo declared: "What amazes me the most, and indeed compels me in particular, to remind all astronomers and philosophers is this." I discovered four planets that no astronomer had known or observed before me, orbiting a bright star in its own orbit. "What Galileo discovered was actually the four Sanitary of Jupiter. In March 1610, he quickly published a book that was a true account of what he had witnessed, but the twenty-four-page pamphlet, The Messenger of the Stars, threw the academic world into great shock and bewilderment.

But at this time, Hongyi had to hold back and not laugh. What he was thinking at this time was not Galileo's argument for Copernicus's heliocentric theory, but that in 2014 AD, the Chinese people's own "Jade Rabbit" lunar rover ran a long circle on the moon, and his legs were broken, and he saw other rabbits! However, this is definitely a well-deserved Chinese Jade Rabbit! The first rabbit on the moon!

"......" Du Duhu and Zhu Changzuo looked at each other and were speechless.

"If you use today's clairvoyance, I wonder if you can see this situation? Yuri, what do you say? Hongyi knew that it would be in vain to ask if he asked again, so he turned to Yuri, who was standing on the side.

Yuri had already admired this young master in the conversation just now, and naturally replied generously:

"Ye is right, perhaps the greatest astrologer in Tessie has discovered the ...... on the moon Rabbits don't have to be! The slave thought that the telescope that Master Tang brought into China could not be said to be the same as Galileo's astronomical telescope! Because, the lunar crater he observed should be a 40x binocular telescope. The telescopes used in the military today cannot be multiplied. ”

"Multiples?" Du Duhu didn't understand.

"Oh, my lord, it means that what you see with a telescope is several times magnified than what you can see with the naked eye." Yuri was smug, but still replied respectfully.

"Oh...... Forty times? Doesn't that see ants as elephants? Du Duhu suddenly realized.

"Ha Luha, Lord Du is so knowledgeable! Yes, that's exactly what it means! You say, is this Galileo great? Hongyi asked again.

"Awesome! Admire the lower officials! It's a pity that he passed away......" This time, Du Duhu really showed his sympathy for talents in the face of facts.

(Chapter to be continued)

"A limerick poem. Hidden Head

Reading literature and reading history is only a long breath

I was saying that there was an opportunity back then

The layout is a long-cherished wish

It's hard to come and go

Get up and spend a hundred years

Point out the suffering and diseases of the world

The edge of the town was razed to the sea

Wen'an Wuding tears of joy

[1] Li Zubai (-1665), Chinese astronomer and Catholic from the end of the Ming Dynasty to the beginning of the Qing Dynasty. In his early years, Li Zubai was taught by the Western missionary John Tang and served in the Qintianjian. In the sixth year of the Ming Dynasty's Apocalypse (1626), Li Zubai assisted John Tang in writing the book "The Theory of Telescopes", introducing the modern telescope making method invented by Galileo to China. During the Shunzhi period of the Qing Dynasty, Li Zubai and Li Zhisi co-authored the "Introduction to Tianxue Biography", in which they proposed that Chinese culture should be Western, which attracted fierce opposition from Yang Guangxian and others. In the third year of Kangxi, Li Zubai, who was then the head of the Qintian Prison Calendar Section, was sentenced to death by Ling Chi in Kangxi Prison, and later commuted his sentence to hanging under the mediation of Xiaozhuang, and was executed together with his son Li Shi and five others. (To be continued......)