Historically, the Jurchens could be divided into two types: raw and cooked.

Nu ~ Erhachi to the Guanwai tribes have been unified, as today, at that time there were Jurchen, Evenki, Hezhe, Mongolian, Han, Hui and other ethnic villages and tribes outside the Guan, among which the Jurchen tribes are divided into Jurchen (such as Wanyanbu) and mature Jurchen according to the different degrees of sinicization, mature Jurchen refers to a higher degree of sinicization, Nu ~ Erhachi's tribe was originally a branch of Jianzhou Jurchen, but also a mature Jurchen. Historically, Mature Girl Zhen is Goguryeo during the Tang Dynasty, the Bohai Kingdom established later, and the border people of Bohai County during the Tang Dynasty. They are fully embraced by Sinicization.。 Note that Goguryeo is the ancestor of the mature women of the late Ming Dynasty, not the ancestor of the Goryeo stick, which appeared 200 years after the demise of Goguryeo.

And the birth of Jurchen, because the place of residence is far away from the Central Plains, so the degree of sinicization is low, the Wanyan Department in the birth of Jurchen, established the Jin Dynasty in history, and later the main body of the Wanyan Department was basically assimilated by the Han people and integrated into the Han people.

Nu ~ Erhachi first unified is the Jurchen, Evenki, Hezhe tribes near Manchuria, for military needs, the Eight Banners of the people are incorporated into the combat system, becoming the earliest Manchurian Eight Banners, at that time in the northeast still lived Mongolian tribes, as well as Han and ** villages, **Hachi unification of this part of the population has also been incorporated into the Eight Banners, from 13 pairs of armor, to 64,000 people until 200,000 people when entering the customs, the team expanded rapidly. The composition is very complicated, and there are Jurchens, Mongols, Hans, Hezhes, Evenks and even Russians among the banner people. In order to facilitate management, after entering the customs, Huang Taiji expanded the Eight Banners into the Eight Banners of Manchuria, the Eight Banners of Mongolia, and the Eight Banners of the Han Dynasty. There are only three flags, the yellow flag, and the white flag, which are unified by the emperor of the Qing Dynasty. It is called the three flags. The rest is called the Lower Five Flags.

The Qing royal family's sense of feudal imperial power is very strong, and the flag people are enslaved from hairstyles, clothing, words and deeds, and the flag people shave the front part of their hair and only leave the back part to comb and distinguish, the horseshoe sleeves are the work of dogs and horses, the pearl is the horse reins, the patch on the back is the saddle, and the flower feather on the head is the horse whip and so on. It means to serve the emperor with the power of dogs and horses. The development of the Manchu language was not long, and it was also founded by **Hachi by borrowing from the Mongolian language.

The Eight Banners are strictly hierarchical within the Eight Banners, divided into a small number of upper-class princes and nobles and the majority of lower-class bannermen, the lower-class bannermen have a strong dependence on the princes and nobles, and the families of the bannermen are also placed under the control of the leader. "The people under the management of the Fuzuo leader are no different from the state and county to the people." In terms of title, the flag man is called

"The eldest master of the leader, the second master of the Xiao Riding School"

Because the composition of the banner people themselves is complex, there are not only Manchurian tribesmen, but also Mongols and Han people, so the Qing Dynasty put forward the banner people system in the early years, "do not ask the Manchu Han, only ask the flag people", here "do not ask the Manchu Han", which means that whether you are from Manchuria or from Mongolia or from Han, no matter who you are, as long as you are a flag person, even if you are a flag person, even if you are a flag person, those who are not registered in the flag are people.

The banner man system itself is a kind of slavery, and the lower banner people are the slaves of the upper princes, and the princes and nobles are the servants of the emperor. The Eight Banners Army was the Emperor's Guard. The Qing Dynasty saw the Eight Banners Army as the core of maintaining imperial rule. In the early years of the Qing Dynasty, among the upper ruling class, the princes and nobles who commanded the Eight Banners occupied the main body. The princes and nobles of the upper class are mostly the leaders of the tribes who were subdued by the **Hachi, or the families of the army leaders who took refuge in the **Hachi, and the emperor's family formed a blood relationship through marriage with these families, constituting the upper aristocratic class. The ethnic composition of the princes and nobles themselves is also very complex, there are Mongols, Han Chinese, Jurchens, and Hui people, these aristocratic families are the leaders of the Eight Banners Army, and the ordinary bannermen are the slaves who belong to their respective leaders' families. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the iron hat monk Grinqin was born as a prince of the Eight Banners of Mongolia. Kangxi's mother was born in the nobility of the Han Banner.

In 1644, the Qing regime entered the customs and determined Yanjing as the capital, and implemented the measures of separating the banner and the people into the city in the capital: it is roughly equivalent to the inner city of the current east city and the west city, and only the soldiers and families of the Eight Banners are allowed to live, and the people who originally lived in the inner city were moved to the outer city of Beijing - roughly equivalent to the two districts of Chongwen and Xuanwu today. The inner city of Beijing is actually a large barracks, with the imperial city in the middle, surrounded by the Eight Banners stationed there.

The setting of the Eight Banners then became a system that was consistently implemented in the Qing Dynasty. It strictly delineates generations of banner men in the only life track of being a soldier and eating food and wages, prohibits them from engaging in all occupations other than being soldiers, and prohibits them from doing work, farming, business, and all other occupations.

Under the Eight Banners system, there are only two ways out for the banner people, the first is to pick up and become soldiers, and the second is to be educated to select and become political officials, and in addition, they become idle in the Eight Banners, relying on the salaries of their fathers and brothers to live a parasitic life.

Since the Qianlong period, the problem of the "livelihood of the Eight Banners" has become more and more intense, which has made all the rulers of the Qing Dynasty very troubled: the banner people "have an increase in population, and the soldiers have a fixed quota and a fixed number of salaries, and they can not increase their salaries without restrictions, nor can they relax the restrictions on the participation of the banner people in production and labor", so that more and more banner children who cannot make up for the shortage of soldiers have no choice but to become unemployed and become "idle flag men", which not only leads to the increasingly obvious impoverishment of many lower-class banner people, but also makes the Eight Banners strong force that was extremely elite and fierce at the beginning of entering the customs. Gradually, he lost his skills in agriculture and business, and bred the habit of being lazy in work and playing in a frenzy. By the end of the Qing Dynasty, the total number of people composed of nobles, officers, soldiers, suras, family members, etc., of the Eight Banners of the Beijing Division, had reached about 600,000, and it was customary to call them "banner clan" in society. Under the circumstance that the "banner clan" in the capital is becoming more and more prosperous, the problem of the "livelihood of the Eight Banners" has become serious to the point of being out of control for the poor banner people who have no way out.

After the middle of the Qing Dynasty, the average banner people lived in poverty day by day. Zhou Xun of the Qing Dynasty said that the Chengdu garrison banner people "have several descendants who eat a part of their ancestral vests, and they are ...... After the middle of the Qing Dynasty, most of the poor people were poor, because the houses were given by the government, and even the tiles were demolished, and the money was sold, and only one was kept to shelter from the wind and rain. In the eleventh year of Xianfeng, Chengdu General Chongshi even adopted the method of fundraising and soup soup to save the orphans and poor of the Eight Banners. Due to poverty, many of the Eight Banners have been idle all their lives without food and income, and they are too poor to marry wives and have children, which has seriously affected the growth of the population of the Banners. In the 183 years from the 60th year of Kangxi to the 30th year of Guangxu (1721-1904), the population of Chengdu Qiren increased by about 4.2 times, and the population of Sichuan Province increased by 24.1 times during the same period. At that time, the elite troops, the Eight Banners of the Jianrui Battalion, and the Eight Banners of the Guardian Army all felt increasingly difficult. A song of the flag soldiers that circulated is evidence: "Why is Yue'er so tall tonight, riding a white horse and straddle the waist knife." The waist knife is fast, chop cabbage, cabbage is old, chop the skin jacket, the leather jacket is thick, chop mutton, mutton fat, chop the hair thief, barefoot on the eight flags, no horse coat is in a hurry, when the pants buy a kang mat, the bean juice rice is radish skin, see if you are in a hurry. ”

At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the long-term intermarriage and coexistence between the flag people, the flag people gradually merged into a new nation, when someone put forward the concept of the flag family, after the death of the Qing Dynasty, there was no longer the difference between the flag people, the former flag people and the people of a large number of intermarriage fusion, and later the descendants of these flag people, were called Manchu.

This is the origin of the Manchus. A nation is always judged by a certain bond. Everyone knows that the Han Chinese are linked by culture, and the Jews are linked by maternal blood and religion. The bond of the Manchus is not culture or blood, and the Eight Banners, as long as they are the descendants of the former banner people, are Manchus. The Banner Nationality itself is a nation in which the Mongol, Han, Hui, and Jurchen ethnic elements are integrated within the Eight Banners, while the Manchus are the product of the further integration of the Banner Nationality with other people.

When I talk about this, I am aiming at some Han nationalists in China who have narrow historical and national prejudices. Some people say that the Qing Dynasty was national oppression, and the Manchus oppressed the Han people. I don't think that's accurate.

If we talk about national oppression, the four-class system of the Yuan Dynasty and the division system during the Japanese occupation of Korea and Taiwan are eligible, that is, the people are divided into different hierarchical groups based on ethnic affiliation, and the high-level ethnic groups have a bullying relationship with the low-level ethnic groups in their overall behavior. The higher ethnic groups enjoy more rights than the lower ethnic groups.

But the Qing Dynasty was different. There is no oppressive relationship between the banner group and the people as a whole. It is necessary to separate the upper group of bannermen from the lower group of bannermen who are slaves of the former. The status of the banner man himself does not enjoy privileges, only noble titles and high official ranks can enjoy privileges.

In the early Qing Dynasty, the upper rulers of the country consisted of princes and nobles among the upper-class bannermen and a small number of big bureaucrats from the people, who were the privileged class of the country. In the middle and later periods, the big bureaucrats from the people gradually occupied the main body of the upper ruling class, and more than 95% of the governors and governors appointed in the late Qing Dynasty were from the people.

In terms of the composition of the country's upper ruling stratum, at the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, there were more flags and fewer people, in the middle of the Qing Dynasty, there were half of the people, and at the end of the Qing Dynasty, there were fewer flags and more people. But at any time, the banner people who can be among the ruling class are only those who are born in the princes and nobles or a small number of banner people in the imperial examination high school, and most of the lower-level banner people are only the objects of rule.

The Qing Dynasty was a regime in which the upper aristocratic banner people + the big landlords and big bureaucrats among the people were jointly governed, and the core of this regime was the royal family and nobles. The broad masses of lower-class bannermen and people are the targets of their oppression.

Among the bannermen, only a very small number of princes and aristocratic families and those who became high-ranking officials in the imperial examinations were really privileged, and most of the lower-class bannermen were nothing more than their slaves. Their situation is not as good as that of ordinary people. The people have their own personal freedom, but the banner people do not, and the personal relationship of the banner people is limited to the noble families they serve. They were confined to their places of residence in terms of life, and there were only three choices in terms of occupation: being a soldier, taking the imperial examination, and being unemployed, and the bannermen did not have the right to engage in agriculture, business, or handicrafts, nor did they have the right to freely choose their ancestral residence and the right to move. Regarding the criminal law, in the early Qing Dynasty, the criminal responsibility obtained by the banner people for breaking the law was lighter than that of the people, so it stimulated the contradictions between the banner people, so the reform from the Yongzheng Dynasty increased the criminal law of the banner people, and the legal advantage of the banner people was gone.

The lower class of poor citizens in the old Beijing city were basically banner people. In addition to the big officials and princes and nobles, there were rich people in the city of Beijing, who were merchants from Shanxi and Shandong. The soldiers of the Eight Banners are fixed, the amount is limited, and the people who go to the banner in the imperial examination do not have the privilege of being higher than the people, most of the banner people are out of a state of perennial unemployment, and the ordinary people can also engage in handicrafts, agriculture, or business if they are not soldiers or do not pass the imperial examination, while the banner people can only stare dryly. Banner people can only secretly do a little business, or rely on relatives and friends to help, or they can only do lamas, China's famous calligrapher Qi Gong, his ancestor is Qianlong's brother and prince, he is the eighth generation of grandchildren, because of the Qing Dynasty's title reduction system, passed to his grandfather when he has not had enough to eat, the Qing Dynasty stipulates that people with titles can not take the imperial examination, his grandfather gave up the title, and the imperial examination obtained a position, but to the Qigong generation, his father died early, and the Qigong family went bankrupt, when Qigong was young, I had to go to be a lama and eat a bowl of rice.

In the Qing Dynasty, there was a very ironic phenomenon, that is, the banner people relied on the relatives of the people to receive help. Many of the banner people are Han Baqi, and most of these Han people are Shandong people who immigrated to the Northeast in the early years, and they have many relatives in Shandong. Because of the intermarriage within the banner people, many flag people and Shandong people can be related. At that time, many Shandong people relied on their relationship with the relatives of the banner people to do business in Beijing, and their relatives of the banner people could not do business, so once they had economic difficulties, they could only rely on the relatives of the people for relief.

According to the provisions of the Eight Banners system, when the country needs to fight, the people can flee, but the banner people cannot flee. Until the end of the Qing Dynasty, in the hearts of the officers and soldiers of the Eighth Banner, the spirit of sacrificing everything for the patriotism and protecting the people, and the concept of "not sacrificing one's life to die under the window for shame" formed in the early years were still quite firm. Until the Opium War in the mid-19th century and the following decades, the deeds of the soldiers of the Eight Banners who fought against the enemy one after another are still recorded in various historical books. Even if the flag people are surrounded by walls, they have to buy weapons and horses at their own expense, do not forget the country's trust, go to the battlefield to fight, and the verbal words they often hang on their lips are still such a hard sentence that has a sound on the ground: "All the belongings of the flag soldiers are the guys used in the war and the pimple meat all over the body!" "They have always been loyal and courageous, and hunger, cold and hardship have not worn away their patriotism and devotion to the country that have been passed down from generation to generation. In the twenty-sixth year of Guangxu (1900), that is, in the year of Gengzi, in order to resist the crazy invasion of the Eight-Nation Alliance, the soldiers of the Eight Banners fought bloodily to defend the capital of the motherland, and there were many tragic scenes that could be sung and cried. The father of the famous writer Lao She, Yongshou, was loyal and martyred in this battle.

The Qing Dynasty was an imperial society with both feudalism and slavery, and it was the princes, nobles, and big landlords and bureaucrats who rode on the heads of the people. Most of the lower-class bannermen in the bannermen, like the vast number of ordinary people, are the objects of oppression. Moreover, the slave status of the lower-class bannermen is more certain, and their situation and rights are not as good as those of the people. The Manchu aristocracy took the vast number of lower-class banner people as their slaves to fight, and the suffering they carried was even deeper, they were the slaves of the princes and nobles for generations, they could not move freely, they could not choose their jobs freely, they could not marry freely, they were also the domestic slaves of the nobles in their personal relations, they were economically poor, and the worst thing was that they did not even have the right to run and get rich, except to fight as cannon fodder in wars, or to go to the imperial examination, they could not do anything.

It is very unjust for the Manchu compatriots to describe the oppression of the people by a small number of arrogant and lascivious banner people and the Han people's big landlord clique as the oppression of the Han nation by the entire Manchu nation. I want to cry out for the Manchus, most of the lower bannermen have not oppressed anyone, they themselves are oppressed slaves. The corruption of the upper nobility and bureaucracy in the late Qing Dynasty cannot be attributed simply to the heads of the Manchus, let alone to the heads of all the bannermen. The officers and soldiers of the Eight Banners made tragic sacrifices for the country in the Opium War and the fight against the Eight ~ ~ National~ Coalition Army.

Nationalism is a thing that is caused by a nation's sense of identity, and a nation's self-esteem, self-love, and self-improvement are a kind of good nationalism. But if it turns into general xenophobia or hatred, it's bad. It's not just that today's Han nationalism or Pai Manism is bad.

The lack of clarity about the relationship of responsibility and the person responsible, and the implication of the entire innocent group because of some things and some people, is a manifestation of ignorance and barbarism, and I call this barbaric obscurity a general and blind liquidation theory.

The general and blind liquidation theory is very marketable in history, and the nine clans in history represent that if a person commits a crime, his sons, family, descendants, and friends and neighbors will be affected by Zhulian.

In ancient times, if a person committed some serious crime, his descendants would be sent to the frontier for generations to be enslaved, or beheaded all over the house. In the eyes of our modern people, this is very barbaric, and if a person's crime is to be borne by himself, how can he delay the disaster of his descendants? How can an innocent child be held accountable for the sins of his predecessors? How can a man be held responsible for the crime of one of his friends? This is truly a barbaric atrocity. That is the embodiment of the ignorance of the low-level barbaric era of our human beings, and it is something that is unacceptable to a modern civilized society governed by the rule of law. Therefore, Hongyi must rescue Sun Gouzi and must keep Xingbao.

Zhulian Nine Clans are now gone, and then the current Shijie, the general and blind liquidation theory still continues to exist. There are still people who deal with things with this barbaric and ignorant general reckoning theory.

Can the incompetence of the late Qing government be counted as the incompetence of the Manchus? So can the corruption and incompetence of the late Ming Dynasty be seen as the incompetence of the entire Han nationality? Should this account be placed on the head of the incompetent ruler, or on the head of the nation to which the ruler belongs? The Qing Dynasty was ruled by a small number of banner nobles and Han Chinese landlords and bureaucrats, not the Manchus, and some unjustly shifted the blame to the Manchus.

Some people say that the Manchus are a backward nation and culturally backward. I would say that this is also bias. It is true that the culture of the nomadic tribes is not as good as that of the intellectuals of the Central Plains. Then the Manchus could not be equated with nomadic tribes. Manchu is a Han Mongolian Jurchen fusion of the nation, itself absorbed a lot of Han people, after the establishment of the Qing Dynasty is more rapid sinicization, the Qing Dynasty the entire system is mainly to follow the system of the Central Plains Dynasty, the inheritance of Confucian culture, the appointment of the Han people in the intellectuals ~ intellectuals, the imperial examination is to learn the Confucian classics, the emperor to learn the four books and five classics, the entire Qing Dynasty is still culturally inherited from the Central Plains cultural system. During the Qianlong Dynasty, there were already eight or nine out of ten banner generals who did not know Manchu and Manchu, but they were like a few treasures for Liutao Wuluo.

The history of the Qing Dynasty, the politics of the Qing Dynasty, and the social development of the Qing Dynasty were written by all ethnic groups together. The incompetence of the late Qing court, the corruption of the bureaucratic system, the fragility of China's agricultural civilization in the face of Western industrial civilization, and the constraints of feudal patriarchy and Confucian etiquette on people are things worthy of deep reflection by all Chinese.

The Xinhai Revolution destroyed the Qing regime and ended China's feudal monarchy for more than 2,000 years. However, due to the limitations of the subsequent rulers, for a long time, the ethnic policy of Han nationalism was promoted. The "anti-Manchu" sentiment was rampant in the city, and the Manchu masses were subjected to unprecedented discrimination, abuse, insults, ridicule, and even victims. The Manchus could not hold their heads up, and in order to escape ethnic discrimination, many of them concealed their ethnic composition, and some were forced to change their names and surnames. How unjust this is.

We must face up to our weaknesses. Narrow-minded and arrogant big ~ Han ~ clan ~ ism is unacceptable.