Manchu is the language spoken by the Manchurian people. It belongs to the Manchu branch of the Tungusic language family of the Altaic language family. Manchu is a vertically written pinyin script based on the Mongolian script. At present, there is a Latinized Manchu script. According to the Manchurian record, in 1599, Hachi ordered Erdeni to borrow the Mongolian script to create the Manchu script. Despite the objections of the two advisors, Hachi continued to change the Mongolian script to the dotless script (電: tongkifukaakuuhergen), also known as the Old Manchu script (or Old Manchu). This new script was used in the founding of the state at that time, and had a profound impact on the establishment of the Later Jin State and the formation of the Manchus. Later, Da Jiuhai added 12 prefixes, and circled them next to the old Manchu characters, so that the Manchu script was more perfect, and this new script was called "New Manchu Script", and it was used in the Later Jin.

The word "Manchuria" (romanized: manju) is written in Manchu. In the early Qing Dynasty, most of the edicts and edicts were issued in Manchu, which became the main language used in newspapers, official documents, teaching, translation and daily life. In the Central Plains, since the late Kangxi period, there have been few Manchu twists and turns.

After Xinjiang was established as a province in 1884, the number of people who spoke Manchu reached more than 40,000, including not only the Manchus, but also the Xibe, Daur and other ethnic groups.

Manchu has 6 vowels and 19 consonants. The vowels are divided into yang, yin, and middle, and the vowels of the same sex are in harmony with each other, and the consonants are also harmonious. Manchu letters are written differently at the beginning, in and at the end of the word.

Similar to Turkic and Mongolian, which both belong to the Altaic language family, there is a phenomenon of "vowel harmony" in Manchu, that is, the stem vowel determines the affix vowel, and the stem ends with a, e, and o, then the affix also ends with the same vowel, such as sula-ha, mute-le; The stems end in i and u, and the affixes are mostly e, such as bi-he, ku-he, etc.

Manchu was originally based on the Jianzhou Jurchen dialect as the standard language, and after hundreds of years of development, after absorbing the languages of other Jurchen tribes and Xibe and other ethnic groups, the Manchu language underwent a phonetic change in Beijing, giving rise to a new dialect called "Jingyin". Its characteristics include the verb ending-MBI b is not pronounced, the vowels of ci and ji are pronounced very lightly, and ong and oi are pronounced as eng and ei. However, the spoken language of Manchu is the same as the written language, and when the sound changes, the written language also changes.

Manchu vocabulary includes nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, numerals, postpositions, conjunctions, onomatopoeia, mimetic words, interjections, and particles. Nouns and pronouns have accusative and number variations. Numerals are divided into cardinal numbers and ordinal numbers. Adjectives have degree and grade variations. Verbs are in the tense and the case, the tense is divided into the present, past, future, subjective, dynamic, enabled, declarative, imperative, conditional, etc. The phenomenon of borrowing words from other languages is more obvious in Manchu nouns.

Features of the Altaic language family

Manchu has developed master-subordinate complex sentences, and its grammar is very different from Chinese, close to Japanese and Korean, and some scholars list it in the Altaic language family. For example: Abkadedeyeregashabi (there are birds in the sky) This sentence is literally translated: sky, (positional particle), fly, bird, have; Japanese can be translated as "空で飛び鳥が有る", which is obviously similar in sentence structure.

Niyalmadetusaarambi (Convenience)

The literal translation of this sentence is: people, right, convenient, giving.

Influence on northern Chinese dialects

The influence of Manchu grammar on Chinese is mainly manifested in the influence of Beijing dialect and Northeast dialect, such as the expression of the past continuous tense "...... coming", which means "but ...... That's it" (from the Manchu particle dabala) and so on. In Dream of the Red Chamber, there are several examples of Manchu-influenced Chinese grammar (used by the Han people of the Eight Banners).

Manchu loanwords in Chinese dialects

Many words derived from Manchu still exist in northern Chinese, especially in the Northeast dialect and the Beijing dialect. In colloquial language, the last word is often changed to a soft voice.

Buried (dirty)

Rattle / Pimple (place)

Galaha (sheep crutch or pig crutch, used in games)

Enna (Yes, Yes, Good)

饽饽 (pastry, later also referred to as biscuits)

個語 (gèying) (to make disgusted)

Saqima: Derived from the Manchu word sacima, it originally means "dog milk sugar dipping (dog milk is the name of wild fruit)"

白 (bái): derived from the Manchu word baibi, which means "vain" or "empty"

Mama: Derived from the Manchu meme, which means "milk", "milk", and turns to mean "nursing mother"

克buckle (kēkòu): Derived from the Manchu word keike, which means the same as Chinese

Hala: Derived from the Manchu word har, meaning "pungent", today meaning edible oil spoilage

不骂 (hēchì): derived from the Manchu word hacihiyambi, meaning "to blame"

lēle: Beijing, Northeast dialect, derived from the Manchu language leolembi, meaning "to talk", now translated to "empty talk"

麻書 (māsà): The Beijing dialect is derived from the Manchu word macimbi, which means "stretch", and today means to smooth out something with folds

Mòcuo, a northeastern dialect of Beijing, is derived from the Manchu word moco, which originally meant "dull" and now means "cumbersome and slow"

Zhuāngke: Beijing dialect, derived from the Manchu word jangkulembi, meaning "to bump into evil spirits"

咋呼 (zhàhu): Beijing, Northeast dialect, derived from the Manchu word cahu, meaning "shrew", now meaning not calm, like to shout

Gézhi: Beijing, Northeast dialect, derived from the Manchu word gejihesembi, meaning "to scratch the armpit to make it itch"

邋遢 (lātā, pronounced lēte in Beijing dialect): Derived from the Manchu word lekdelakda, which originally meant "fat people accompanying him" and "drooping hems", describing people who are not neatly dressed and unfavorable

whistle 叨 (shàodao): Beijing dialect, derived from the Manchu language sodombi, originally meaning "horse walking unsteadily", translated as "frivolous, unstable"

挺 (tǐng): a northern dialect derived from the Manchu word ten, meaning "very" and "very"

剋 (kēi): Beijing, Northeast dialect, derived from the Manchu word koikasambi, originally meaning "fight", translated to "criticize"

Open (chǎngkār): Beijing dialect, derived from the Manchu word changkai, meaning "as much as possible", "arbitrary", "arbitrary"

Block child liang (kuàrliàng): Beijing dialect, derived from the Manchu word kuwarling, meaning "pretty" and "beautiful"

zhāiwai: Beijing, Northeast dialect, derived from the Manchu jailambi, meaning "to dodge", "to avoid", to "dodge away", "crooked", "oblique", "leaning".

The gáilou: Beijing dialect, derived from the Manchu word gaimbi, which means "to take", which translates to "rub oil"

Dèse: Northeast dialect, meaning frivolous, flirtatious

So-so: The northern dialect, from the Manchu word lalahuhu, which means not serious and rough

磨即 (mòji): Northeastern, Beijing dialect, i.e., grinding, from the Manchu word moji, moduo

個色 (géshǎi): The Northeast dialect, also known as gélu in Beijing, comes from the Manchu language, meaning special person

Forehead 吝 (élìn): Beijing dialect for stains on clothing or quilts, such as sweat stains on the collar. From the Manchu language, the meaning of ripple.