Warsaw. Pen ~ fun ~ pavilion www.biquge.info

Victory in the war in 1945 gave the city some breather, and it took almost a full year since the uprising broke out in 1944 before the city was truly liberated. The year-long siege made the city hellish, with most of the buildings battered, piles of remains piled up in the streets, Warsaw's population plummeted to half of its pre-war level, and the vast majority of survivors were disrespectful. According to post-war statistics, about 79 per cent were malnourished.

Of course, there was not much sorrow for the Poles who survived, and they valued the liberation of the nation more than the great sacrifices. Especially with the liberation of the former Western Poland, the two Polands can finally become one, which is good news for the Poles that have been waiting for hundreds of years.

However, this is not without problems, the first of which is: what kind of merger is the merger of the two Polands into one? After all, the Polish Communist Party. East Poland, led by the Industrial Party, and West Poland, which was in exile in London, could not be in the same pot. Only one of the two can be left, whether it will stay in the Polish Communist Party or the Polish government-in-exile in Western Poland?

The Poles also have their own opinions on this. Naturally, the industrial party felt that it had fought all the way back from the Soviet Union and liberated the whole country, so it was natural to keep them. However, West Poland did not welcome the pro-Soviet Polish Communist Party because of its pro-British and American relations, and it is also said in the chapter of the Warsaw Uprising that the British and the government-in-exile of West Poland wanted to share power with East Poland and form a coalition government. To this end, there was the Warsaw Uprising and a series of uprisings in the former German-occupied areas of West Poland.

It's just a pity that these uprisings basically failed and didn't make much of a difference. This had two consequences: first, the pro-British and American forces in the former western Poland were dealt a heavy blow and were almost completely devastated in the region. Second, the pro-British and American forces in the region were extremely hostile to the Soviet Union, believing that it was the Soviets who deliberately "saw death and did not save themselves" that led to the success and failure of the uprising. Naturally, this region was even more hostile to the Soviet Union, and naturally hated the pro-Soviet Polish Communist Party. The party.

In other words, after the victory, the Polish nation was already invisibly divided, and neither faction was subordinate to the other, which made the problem very complicated. Truth be told, it's very dangerous.

Why? Because there is a lesson in history. Now when we talk about Poland, we will ironically call it the footcloth of Europe, as if it were a clown. But historically Poland was also once strong (punching Tsarist Russia, kicking Ottoman Turkey).

From 1025, when Bolesław I, Duke of Poland, known as the "Brave and the Great" from the Piast dynasty, founded the Kingdom of Poland, Poland was generally strong for the next 600 years. Among them, it is worth mentioning two points in time, the first is that in 1320, Duke Kuyawi and Grand Duke Władysław I of Poland was crowned King of Poland (please note that in the European tradition, those who build an independent state, such as the brave and the great mentioned above, do not necessarily enjoy the title of king). For two hundred years before Władysław I, there was a serious feudal division of the Principality in the Kingdom of Poland (there were many secession forces, and these separatist forces were one of the root causes of the later fall of Poland).

Later, in 1385, in order to contain their common enemy, the Teutonic Knights, the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (note that Lithuania at this time was much larger than Lithuania is today) entered into a dynastic union by royal marriage, creating a confederation of two countries, Poland and Lithuania, sharing a king. And this was the prototype of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, which later flourished. It was the source of Pilsudski's ambition later, and this prepared to build a great Poland was ready to restore the ancestral territory.

The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was indeed very strong, first destroying the formidable Teutonic Knights in 1410 (almost annihilating the Order), although the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth did not acquire any land for the Teutonic Knights, but it saddled the Teutonic Knights with huge debts and collapsed.

Then, in 1569, in response to the rise of the increasingly powerful Muscovy, the Union of Lublin, a combination of long-standing Polish-Lithuanian friendships, was born. The two countries united to form a closer federal republic, the first republic in Polish history. The territory of this republic has never reached a million square kilometers and is a force to be reckoned with in all of Central Europe.

But just as the so-called boom and bust came and went, tragedy struck just as the First Polish Republic was at its peak. In 1674, Jan. Sobieski was elected King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania. Ottoman Turkey, which had been weakened at the time, revived and expanded again in Central and Eastern Europe. In response to the pagan expansion, Jan. Sobieski signed an alliance with Leopold I, then Holy Roman Emperor, under which he agreed that if either side was invaded by the Ottoman Turks, the other side would immediately provide military assistance.

In 1683, Turkey, defeated by Austria 20 years earlier, invaded Central Europe and besieged Vienna, the capital of the Holy Roman Empire. In the midst of this great crisis, the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I behaved in a truly miserable manner, first of all, he abandoned Vienna and fled for his life on the pretext of protecting the blood of the Habsburgs, leaving only Charles, Duke of Lorraine (the same Lorraine in the last lesson), to hold on to Vienna.

At this moment, when the life and death of Christianity in Europe existed, Jan. Sobiesky stepped forward and led an army of 30,000 men to defeat the Turkish army in one fell swoop under the city of Vienna, becoming a hero known to Christendom. At that time, Young. Sobieski was called the Hero of Poland, and the Pope of Rome also gave the title of "Savior of Christendom" in a rare way. Sobiesky.

It looks like Poland is very good and strong, and the future is bright? If you really think so, you're wrong! Yang. Sobieski was the turning point for Poland, because of the unprecedented victory at Vienna, the conceited king was carried away and thought it was a good time to expand his territory. Yang. Sobiesky was ready to take advantage of the hot iron and continue the crusade against Ottoman Turkey, preparing to liberate Moldova and Wallachia from the control of Ottoman Turkey. But it's a pity that the victory in Vienna was really just a miracle and the next Jan. Sobiesky was defeated again and again, and was almost captured alive in the last battle!

Then the glory of Poland came to an abrupt end. After Sobieski's death, the Polish nobility fell into infighting, so much so that the position of Polish king was taken by an outsider, August, the Elector of Saxony mentioned in the previous lecture on Charles XII.

So what's going on with this infighting? Whoever speaks is the people. Woe to the Lord!

There may be comrades who are going to be surprised, this Guan Min. What's the matter with the Lord? People. Is the Lord bad? People. Of course the Lord is good, but the wonderful people. The Lord's system kills, too. Let's start at the beginning, remember what we said earlier about the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as a republic? Although the head of this republic is called the King of Poland, the Grand Duke of Lithuania, a republic is a republic. The First Polish Republic enjoyed a rare aristocracy in Europe at the time. Host. The so-called Polish-style aristocracy. The Lord summed it up as a system: the Polish parliament exercised a free veto.

Let's put it this way, we are now in this world, and the legislatures of various countries implement the people. The main system is basically the minority obeying the majority. However, the Polish parliament at that time did not follow this routine, and the so-called "free veto" was actually a strengthened version of the principle of unanimity of the major powers in the UN Security Council, and the major powers had the right of veto. The aristocratic members of the Polish Parliament all enjoyed this veto.

Now you know what the problem is, right? Why is the Council lackluster? It is nothing more than the principle of unanimity of the great powers, and the free veto in Poland is worse than the unanimity of the great powers, and all Polish noble parliamentarians have the right of veto, which means that as long as a noble parliamentarian is unhappy (whether out of public interest or selfish interests), he can veto a national policy.

Under this system, it is almost impossible for the Polish parliament to make any decisions, even if the enemy army is overwhelming, as long as there is a leading party in the Polish parliament, then the preparation for war is far away. What is even more terrible is that this system has existed in Poland for a hundred years!

Comrades, you can think about how many things can be delayed and how many opportunities can be missed in the past 100 years! What's even more ridiculous is to put an end to this terrible people. It turned out that the Lord was not the Poles themselves, but the enemies of Poland, and with the partition of Poland cleanly, this people. And the Lord was gone. From an objective point of view, Poland's long-term tragedy, on the one hand, is indeed a bad geopolitical environment, surrounded by a group of jackals, tigers and leopards, but more importantly, there are too many ghosts, every time it comes to a critical moment, the Polish nobles who only care about their own personal interests will stand up and cheat their fathers, not once or twice, but never tired of it. For the poor Poles, this is really the enemy in the first three rows.

Of course, the Polish people are not two hundred and five, and they have been cheated once, twice, or three times, and there will always be a time when they wake up. In 1791, faced with the harsh environment of internal and external difficulties, the Poles also began to reform and survive. The focus is on the May 3rd Constitution, the first constitution in Europe and the second in the world (only after the Constitution of the United States of America), the most important article of this constitution is to abolish the "free veto" of the sore egg, and replace it with the minority obeying the majority.

It's just that the Poles woke up too late, and the late eighteenth century was full of chaos and brutality. The French were too busy with the Revolution to care about Poland, and the British were "isolated" from the continent, busy dealing with the mess of the New World. The countries that could manage Poland's affairs were undoubtedly Poland's enemies, starting with Prussia, the Holy Roman Empire, and Russia. These three were the main forces that carved up Poland back then, especially the Russians, how could they watch Poland embark on the road of reform and strength, as Poland's "protectorate"?

So the Russians first stood up to give Poland a little color, because the "May 3rd Constitution" triggered the outbreak of the "Protectorate War". According to the situation at that time, the war involved four forces from the very beginning: the Polish aristocracy, who supported the constitution, the conservative aristocracy, Russia and Prussia, who opposed the constitution. The nobles who supported the constitution and Prussia were theoretically allied, but to the surprise of the Protectors, this ally was not at all reliable. Wilhelm II abandoned the Protectors at the outset. The natural outcome of the war is also clear at a glance.

However, it is interesting to vomit that the conservative aristocracy in Poland, in order to protect their own interests, chose to side with the Russians, believing that the Russians were only trying to restore their influence in Poland. But after the end of the war, a scene that stunned these cartoons happened: Russia and Prussia carried out a second partition of Poland, and Poland lost about 300,000 square kilometers of land and 3 million people. More importantly, from this date onwards, Poland was in exile for 123 years.

The conservative aristocracy is a joke worth spitting, but in fact, those reformers are not very smart. In the early days of the Protectorate War, the Poles actually achieved some victories, and a number of generals who were very capable of fighting emerged, such as Kosituszko, who did not lose a single battle in the Protectorate War, but was finally forced into exile in the United States because of the betrayal of the king, and this later participated in the American Revolutionary War, and was awarded the rank of brigadier general and American citizenship for his meritorious service. The other was even more famous, Prince Poniatowsky, the only foreign marshal under Napoleon.

Back to 1945, with the re-liberation of the country, the Poles were faced with the question of reunification, or who was orthodox. Historically, the Soviet Union's approach was naturally to support its own people and let Beirut take the lead in the Communist Party. The Industrial Party came to power.

On the one hand, the United Workers' Party (UWK) led by Beirut completely copied the Soviet model and engaged in a cult of personality, which led to extremely fierce domestic contradictions. The Poznan incident of 1956 was the most immediate response, and although the United Workers' Party did not lose power, the Soviet Union's control over Poland was greatly reduced.

As for Poland, Li Xiaofeng is determined to win, and the strategic needs of the Soviet Union in Western Europe determine that Poland must be firmly controlled as a channel, and once Poland makes a mistake, it will affect the overall layout. Especially at present, there seems to be a tendency for nationalist ideas in Poland to rise, and if allowed to spread, I am afraid that things will become out of control.

The Polish question was so intractable that the last administration. Because the controversy was too intense, no unanimous resolution was reached in the end. At that time, the government. The first was the old revolutionaries headed by Trotsky, who believed that the Polish question must be fully respectful of the national sentiments of the Polish people and should not be overly tough. On the other hand, the hardliners led by Li Xiaofeng and Sverdlov believed that Poland's strategy towards the Soviet Union in Western Europe was very important, that Poland must be completely controlled, and that nationalism must bow to the contradictions between the proletariat and imperialism.

Because the two sides are too evenly matched, it is naturally impossible to achieve anything in the end. However, this is the last term of government. After the change of office, the situation changed dramatically, and the departure of Trotsky deprived the "moderates" of a major pillar, while Li Xiaofeng and Sverdlov took power, which was naturally very beneficial to the hardliners.

But there is actually a difference among the mainstream hardliners, Sverdlov belongs to the extreme hardliners, who advocate turning Poland into a new republic of the Soviet Union, which translates to the direct annexation of Poland. If this proposition is realized, it will be a war for nothing, and the Poles will be considered to have returned to the pre-liberation period.

It's just that Li Xiaofeng opposes this kind of approach, firstly, the international impact is too bad, no matter how you explain it, people know that this is just a disguised annexation of Poland, and it is too ugly to eat. Do you think about how much negative impact the Soviet Union, which has always professed respect for the right of peoples to self-determination, completely violated this principle, and how much negative impact it would have on the CPSU? Second, the national sentiment in Poland has been rising for more than a century, and it has been engaged in a national independence and liberation movement, and its annexation at this time is tantamount to standing on the opposite side of all Poles. Li Xiaofeng did not want the energy of the Soviet Red Army to be completely consumed by these nasty terrorist activities.

Therefore, Li Xiaofeng believes that Polish independence cannot be shaken and should be respected, and all the Soviet Union needs to ensure is that the Poles agree to the Soviet Union's military privileges in Poland. This was ensured, and the rest of the economy, the Poles tossed as much as they liked, and the USSR was not thankless.

To put it bluntly, Li Xiaofeng has only one requirement for the so-called partners around him - not to get in the way. It can give you a certain degree of freedom, but the most basic military privileges must be given to the Soviet Union, the Soviet Union must be guaranteed to continue to exist in Western Europe, and once World War III breaks out, it must unconditionally join the alliance led by the Soviet Union. Beyond this, how do you develop the USSR without much interference.

It's just that even if it is Li Xiaofeng's "enlightened" policy, Poland will not necessarily accept it, they are eager for the Soviet Union to liberate them, so they will get out of here as soon as possible, and the farther they go, the better. Tell me how this is possible?

Because of the fundamental differences between Li Xiaofeng and Sverdlov, the matter was once again at an impasse, and Sverdlov wanted to take full control of Poland and build Poland into a strategic base for exporting revolution to Western Europe, and he had no possibility of backing down on this point.

So is the problem finally solved? Will it end in a compromise between Li Xiaofeng and Sverdlov or will it end in a happy breakup?

It's definitely the former point, but this compromise is a bit interesting, or rather unexpected. How is it unexpected? Because Li Xiaofeng put forward a special suggestion: "It is unshakable to guarantee Poland's independence and maintain its established international status, and this point does not contradict our strategy in Western Europe, and my suggestion is: Germany's war reparations to our country will be repaid in kind or in cash, and it is pointless to force Germany to repay its debts at this time, and its compensation payment in the future will inevitably be an extremely long cycle, and in order to safeguard China's national interests, we cannot wait so long." So I propose that Germany cede most of Pomerania and Silesia to our country as reparations......"

The suggestion was a bit unexpected, but even Sverdlov had to admit that it appealed to him. The reason why he demanded a tough annexation of Poland was nothing more than to penetrate deep into Western Europe. Since it was no longer possible to garrison troops in Germany (demilitarized zone), it was necessary to garrison troops in Poland to guarantee military pressure on Western Europe. But the Poles were not very obedient, and if they wanted to play the actual role of the army in Poland as commanded, they had to control the Polish government, and the best way to do so was to annex Poland.

And now, Li Xiaofeng's proposal has broken the framework of this derivation, not seeking to station troops in Poland, but to cut the flesh from the original Germany, once these territories adjacent to Germany are returned to the Soviet Union, it is reasonable for the Soviet Red Army to toss as much as they want, who let this be the territory of the Soviet Union? It has to be said that the practical effect of this proposal is no less than the annexation of Poland, but it will not have a bad international impact, which is the best of both worlds.

And even more malicious and black-bellied, when the Soviet Red Army caught Poland from both ends, did this somewhat funny country dare to toss casually? As soon as they were not honest, the Soviet Red Army would hang them from both eastern and western directions.

It's just that Sverdlov still has a little concern: "This method is good, but Pomerania and Silesia are enclaves, and once Poland gets in the way, the garrison there will be isolated from the sea!" ”

Li Xiaofeng immediately added: "So we also have to get Poland to agree to join the Commonwealth of Independent States, as long as they join the framework of the Commonwealth of Independent States, all this will not be a problem." ”

Sverdlov thought for a long time before he replied: "If Germany agrees to pay war reparations in this way, and Poland agrees to join the CIS, then I will support this proposal!" ”

It seems that Sverdlov agreed, but it was not so simple, because the matter involved another country - Germany. It should be said that the current situation in Germany is even more chaotic than in Poland, on the one hand, to liquidate the remnants of the Nazis, on the other hand, to restore order, and of course, the most important thing is to form a new government.

By this time Luxembourg and Lee Poker Nesty had basically completed the German total. The Industrial Party is "going home" and is actively preparing for a transitional provisional government in Germany. Whether these two can agree to the proposal of the Soviet Union with the temper of these two is really hard to say! (To be continued.) )