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Time is like an arrow, the sun and the moon are like a shuttle. In the long river of history, decades, hundreds of years, seem to be just a flick of a finger. However, in the history of China, major events have been recorded with heavy pen and ink, so that future generations can remember the steps to glory.

In the second year of Zhaowu (1665), Emperor Zhaowu promulgated the Constitution of the Ming Empire, which clearly put forward the concepts of "hypocrisy" and "emperor under the law". As a sign of this, the independence of the judiciary was formalized, and the amount of taxes to be levied was subject to the approval of a majority of the Cabinet...... For the first time in thousands of years, the supreme imperial power was limited by law.

In October of the same year, Emperor Zhaowu worshiped Li Sixing, the son of the Jin dynasty, as the general of the expedition, and led 50,000 soldiers and horses to set out in Taiwan to conquer Luzon. By the end of December, the Ming army had won a decisive victory at sea and on land, besieging Manila. In October, the city was besieged, and all the men and Spanish adults were slaughtered, and the women and children of the captives were ransomed by the Spanish government. Subsequently, the Ming court sent civil officials to Luzon to rule.

In the third year of Zhaowu (1666), the commander-in-chief of the Kunming Military Region, Xia Guoxiang, visited the barbarian general, crusaded against Burma, tens of thousands of troops were like bamboos, and the Shan people responded to assist, and the coalition army reached the city of Ava, the capital of Burma, and the royal family of Burma fled south, and the city of Ava was easily captured. Subsequently, Burma ceded land and paid compensation, and the Ming army stopped its footsteps, exchanged land with the Shan, and instead stationed troops in northwest Burma. Take Myitkyina without a fight.

In September of the same year, the 1st Mixed Brigade of the Northeast Military Region, led by General Yu Qi of Heilongjiang, entered Yaksa from the garrison of Ningguta (now Aihui), and began to storm the city after besieging it. Although the Russian invading army resisted desperately, it was difficult to resist the heavy artillery fire of the Ming army, and suffered heavy casualties. Armistices and beggars were not accepted. Two days later, the Ming army broke through Yaksa and killed more than 300 Rakshasas. Subsequently, the Ming army crossed the Heilongjiang River and continued to build forts and forts, expanding northward at a rate of 100 miles per year.

In the fifth year of Zhaowu (1668), Li Dingguo, the commander-in-chief of the Lanzhou Military Region, sent his troops Gao Dejie and Wang Fuchen to garrison Guihua City and Jiayu Pass respectively. At this point, the Ming army already had the strength to carry out large-scale military operations in the northwest.

In the ninth year of Zhaowu (1671), the comprehensive management of the Yellow River and Huai River was completed. The middle river channel has also been excavated. Emperor Zhaowu personally went to the mouth of the Zhonghe River to preside over this unprecedented happy event. Subsequently, Zha Rulong entered the cabinet as deputy minister, Chen Huang took over as the secretary of the Ministry of Water Resources, and Zong Shouyi succeeded the elderly Zhang Huangyan as prime minister.

In the same year, the Central Bank of the Ming Empire issued 20 million yuan of banknotes with 10 million taels of silver coins as a reserve. Abolishing the two yuan and changing the yuan has been implemented on a large scale across the country.

In the tenth year of Zhaowu (1672), the Ming Empire promulgated the "Five-Year Compulsory Education Law", "Universal Military Service Law", and "Education Science and Technology Allocation Law". Thereinto. The Compulsory Education Law stipulates that children who have reached the age of seven must receive five years of education from this year, otherwise their families will be severely fined; The universal military service law stipulates that male citizens of appropriate age are divided into three levels of service according to their physical health, and must serve military service ranging from two years to half a year; The law of appropriation will take 5% of the annual fiscal revenue as a fixed investment in education technology, which will only increase, not decrease. Discretion is permanent.

In the same year, after the abdication of the Li clan in Annam, it was announced that the Ming Dynasty was annexed, and the Ming court then divided its land into three provinces and appointed officials. Exercise of authority.

In the same year, the powerful Ming Empire began to "change the land and return to the stream" on a large scale, and after crushing and suppressing the armed resistance of several local officials, this policy was implemented smoothly.

In the twelfth year of Zhaowu (1674), Liu Zhen, the king of Shu, rode 50,000 horses out of Zhangjiakou, marched all the way north, and defeated the ambitious Chahar tribes twice in Duolun County and Xilin Gol League.

In the fourteenth year of Zhaowu (1676), the Ming Dynasty opened up the land access to India, and the Ming army of the first brigade of the Kunming Military Region invaded the princely state of Naranga in India and forced its princely lords to submit.

In the fifteenth year of Zhaowu (1677), Shui Zhenla was attached, and the territory of the Ming Dynasty added three provinces.

In the nineteenth year of Zhaowu (1681), Zheng Jing and Chen Yonghua died one after another, and the important minister Feng Xifan and Zheng Jingcongdi and others launched a coup d'état, assassinated Zheng Kezang, the prison state, and Taiwan was in civil strife. The Guangzhou Military Region of the Ming Kingdom and the Taipei garrison immediately moved, and Liu Guoxuan of Penghu surrendered without a fight, and the Ming army entered Tainan.

At that time, natural floods and droughts had occurred in Taiwan for three consecutive years, the grain harvest had failed, the price of rice had skyrocketed, and people's hearts had returned. Zheng Dexiao, a member of Zhongshushe, Huang Liangji of Jianwei Town, Xiao Wu of Shuishi Town, Hong Gongzhu of Zhongzhen, and others conspired to return to the Ming Dynasty, kill Feng Xifan, and offer Zheng Keshuang, and Taiwan returned.

In the twentieth year of Zhaowu (1684), the Ming Empire implemented village and town-level elections, and the government handed over administrative power to elected officials, but the supervision system was strict.

In the twenty-first year of Zhaowu (1685), the Ming Luzon Navy landed on the island of New Guinea and opened up the route from Luzon to the island of New Guinea.

In the twenty-second year of Zhaowu (1686), the inland provinces of the Ming Empire had implemented the "Legalization of Civilian Firearms". At the same time, the government has introduced policies to support and encourage private individuals to form mercenary groups to go overseas to fight and develop. As soon as the government's stance became clear, wealthy businesses moved on with the big pockets, with Borneo and India being the most popular targets.

In the twenty-fifth year of Zhaowu (1686), after continuous operation and expansion, the Ming army finally advanced along the Lena River to Yakutsk. After three days of siege, the city was broken and slaughtered, and more than 800 people in Tsarist Russia were spared. At this point, the Ming destroyed the base of the invasion of the Tsarist East Road and expanded its power to the Arctic Circle. In the northeast, the Ming army had the advantage of being on the home field; And Moscow of Tsarist Russia is thousands of miles away, and it is difficult to effectively reinforce it.

In the twenty-ninth year of Zhaowu (1690), the total population of the Ming Dynasty exceeded 100 million; In the same year, the ships of the Ming Luzon Navy sailed to Australia and opened up shipping routes, making it a new place of exile for the Ming Dynasty.

In the thirtieth year of Zhaowu (1691), the Ming Empire upgraded the election to the county and government, and issued a notice that the imperial examination would be cancelled after ten years and replaced with civil servant recruitment.

In the thirty-first year of Zhaowu (1692), Galdan was rampant, and it was divided into two routes, north and south, to conquer Khalkha Mongolia. And threatened that the borrowed Russian soldiers were coming. The Khalkha Mongol tribes suffered an unprecedented catastrophe and moved inward; Shitu Shetu Khan sent his younger brother Sidishli to lead nearly 10,000 men to confront the Russian army in Selengsk, and the weak soldiers around him were also defeated and fled south.

In the thirty-second year of Zhaowu (1693), Emperor Zhaowu personally went to Duolun Nuoer (now Inner Mongolia Xilingrad League Duolun) to convene the Khalkha Mongolian left and right wings and the Inner Mongolia Forty-nine Banners Princes and Nobles Alliance. The Khalkha and other Mongol tribes were completely subjugated and became a strong force to defend the northern frontier, deterring and countering the invasion of Tsarist Russia along the middle of the Yenisei River.

In the 33rd year of Zhaowu (1694), Geldan continued to implement his "eastward expansion policy" with the support of Tsarist Russia and marched into Qinghai, on the grounds that Heshute was a part of the Oirat Mongols and should be under his control. Emperor Zhaowu was furious, worshiped the seventy-three-year-old Jin King Li Dingguo as the general king, and led an army of 100,000 people out of Yangguan.

Thirty years of life reunion. The Ming army was already staggeringly powerful, with hot air balloon observation and monitoring posts flying high in the air, thousands of large and small artillery pieces, and thousands of horsemen riding tall horses and tens of thousands of hussars in bright armor, which were enough to deter the four emperors. The Ozirtu Chechen Khan, Chagatai and other troops who were defeated by Geldan and fled to the border of Qinghai and Gansu all sent troops to help in the battle.

At the beginning of June, the Ming army arrived at the ancient city (now Qitai). On the 8th, he entered Zhafukang and attacked fiercely on the second day. The Ming army collapsed the city wall, broke into the city, and annihilated thousands of defenders. The next morning, the Ming army marched towards Urumqi with cavalry, and Geerdan's allies Hui Bu and Zhuo Daya Tulera abandoned the city and fled. After that, the coalition forces continued to advance westward. Liankechangji, Hutubi, Kemanas at the end of September. When winter approached, Li Dingguo, the king of Jin, suspended his offensive, stockpiled grain and reorganized his army, preparing to march into southern Xinjiang next year.

At the end of the year, it was learned that Geldan was supported by Russian arms from the Tsarist army. And after the news that Tsarist Russia promised Geldan that it would send troops to attack from Selengesk, Udinsk, Nerchensk and other cities, Emperor Zhaowu decided to send troops all the way and personally conquered the expedition.

In the spring of the 34th year of Zhaowu (1695), Emperor Zhaowu led a large army of 60,000 to Xifengkou and Gubeikou, and 30,000 allied troops of various Mongolian tribes attached to the church.

On 3 June, the Ming army and Gerdan's tens of thousands of men and horses fought a fierce battle at Ulan Butong (in present-day Inner Mongolia Keshiketeng Banner). The two sides began to bombard each other with artillery and muskets, and fought fiercely for half a day, and finally the Ming army's firepower was superior, and the direct fire artillery and curved fire artillery were overwhelming, and the "camel city" laid by Geldan was blasted. The allied forces then launched a fierce attack, and the battle lasted until dusk, when the Dzungar army was routed, and Geldan fled north with a thousand cavalry back to Kobdo (present-day Gilgelangtu, Mongolia).

On June 13, Emperor Zhaowu learned that Geldan was still ambitious, and threatened to gather troops in Kobdo for the winter, and next year he would borrow 60,000 Russian musketeers to commit another large-scale internal attack.

Heilongjiang General Yu Qi was ordered to command the cavalry brigade and the mixed brigade of more than 10,000 people, and the Horqin soldiers who surrendered to the army marched west along the Krulun River from the Xing'an Mountains to block the road to the east of Geerdan; The west road was divided by Li Dingguo, the king of the Jin Dynasty, and went north from Ningxia (now Yinchuan) to cut off the enemy's return route; Emperor Zhaowu's pro-unified army advanced to Kobdo, and the three-way army made an appointment to attack together, preparing to annihilate Geldan in one fell swoop and defeat the Tsarist Russian troops who might come to reinforce them.

On August 16, Emperor Zhaowu led the Middle Route Army and Changguo Gong Gao Wengui led the Western Route Army to join forces at Tula (southwest of present-day Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia) and joined forces to attack Geerdan. Geldan relied on the natural barrier of the desert, and the Ming army was helpless against him, never expected that the Ming army would really travel a long distance across the desert to attack, and he did not expect that Emperor Zhaowu would lead the army to conquer in person, and he was not prepared mentally and materially, and he fled in defeat under the haste to meet the battle. Thousands of elite cavalry of the Ming army pursued and killed, but Geldan escaped with only a few cavalry, and his wife Anu was also captured.

On July 18 before, Li Dingguo, the king of Jin, led the main force from Urumqi to attack Dabancheng; Gao Dejie and Wang Fuchen divided their troops out of Hami and Balikun, and after joining Yanchi, they assisted in attacking Turpan. After a series of fierce battles, by the seventh day of the eighth month, Daban City, Tuoxun, and Turpan were all conquered. At this point, the Ming army opened the gateway to southern Xinjiang, and militarily it has become a breakthrough.

After the victory of Kobdo, Emperor Zhaowu dispatched in the center of Kobdo, and the rest of the armies continued to advance north under the leadership of the prince Zhu Chongye and the Duke of Changguo, passing through Ulaanbaatar, and fighting fierce battles with the Cossack Don Army, a pawn of Tsarist Russia's invasion and expansion, at Selengsk (now the Ulan-Ude region of Russia).

The Cossacks who had milk and were mothers had no state, no political faith, and were not even an independent nation. They are both brave warriors and cold-blooded butchers. But in this battle, the Ming army, which was known for its firepower, also had brave cavalry, and the Mongol tribes and the Cossacks were mortal enemies. The coalition fought bravely. Relying on the superiority of firepower and numbers, they paid a great price, and finally defeated the Don Cossack army, which Tsarist Russia used to invade and defend the border, to almost all of its troops.

This was followed by the bloody massacre of the Cossack civilians by the Mongol tribes, in which the Ming army neither stopped nor participated, they had achieved their goal. Prove your bravery and combat power with iron and fire. If the Mongol tribes wanted to continue to resist the aggression of Tsarist Russia and its accomplices, they could only rely on the Ming army and attach themselves to the Ming court. The unforgiving Mongol allied forces pursued and killed them continuously, and went straight into Russian territory.

In August, Li Dingguo, the king of Jin, continued to advance his army in southern Xinjiang, and even the cities of Karasar, Kucha, Aksu, and Wushi, and the garrison of Kashgar were anyway, and at the end of October, all the cities in southern Xinjiang were recovered. The Ming army began to deploy to march into Ili. Under the strong military pressure of the Ming army, the Dzungar tribe was divided, and Geldan's nephew Turdain Alabu led more than 5,000 people to flee to the winter camp - Bortala, and asked the Ming army for peace and dismissal.

After the war, the situation of Galdan was very difficult, that is, the so-called "extreme poverty", "there was no grain and tents, and there was no way out in the four directions." The wolf bèi is unbearable, and the grass roots are dug for food". But its stubbornness. refused to give in, and finally committed suicide by taking medicine. The last generation of steppe wolf kings was finally defeated by Zhu Yongxing, the first emperor of the ages.

In the 35th year of Zhaowu (1696), Tsarist Russia sent an envoy to Kobdo to protest against the invasion of the Ming army and demand that the Ming army withdraw. Emperor Zhaowu counted the repeated invasions of Tsarist Russia in person. and supported the rebellion of the Dzungar tribe, severely condemned its envoys, and clamored for the complete defeat of Tsarist Russia by war, even if this war lasted for a hundred years, and would never give up.

Same. Heilongjiang General Yu Qi led the Han-Mongolian army and another Cossack army to fight again in Ali-Buryatia. In the era of cold weapons, the Cossack cavalry was terrifying with its speed, mobility, lethality, and bravery. However, they have poor discipline and are unwilling to dismount to fight, and they have to face a strong army with fierce firearms and already quite modern characteristics. Defeat was inevitable, and after this battle, the pace of Tsarist Russia's invasion in the center came to an abrupt end.

In the autumn of the 35th year of Zhaowu (1696), Emperor Zhaowu returned to the dynasty, leaving behind 20,000 troops scattered in the Mongolian steppe, as well as assistance agreements with the Mongolian tribes to build roads, post stations, and shopping malls. In the same year, Li Dingguo, the king of Jin, led a large army to recover Ili and completed the feat of unifying the northwest. Forced by the strength of the Ming army, he changed course, accumulated strength, and prepared to develop west and north to attack Kazakhstan.

In the same year, Emperor Zhaowu Yidiba? Sang Jiejia did not mourn the death of the Fifth Dalai Lama, as well as his collusion with Geerdan, and asked the teachers to ask for the guilt, transferred 20,000 troops from Yunnan, Sichuan, Chu, and Zhejiang, and marched to Lhasa from Dajian Lu (now Kangding), and sent Chen Zhong, a waiter of the Ministry of Rites, into Tibet to assist the Tibetan Khan in handling government affairs. At the same time, the Fifth Panchen Lobsang Yeshe was named "Panchen Erdeni". Since then, it has become a system for successive Panchen lamas to be canonized by the central government.

In the 39th year of Zhaowu (1700), the provincial assemblies were established one after another, and the members of the National Assembly were re-elected to form the National Assembly, and the first National Assembly was held in Beijing in the autumn of that year.

In the 40th year of Zhaowu, the Ming Empire, together with Britain and France, sent troops to attack the Dutch occupation in Asia, and the primary target was Malacca.

Although the Netherlands did not completely lose militarily to Britain in the Anglo-Dutch naval hegemony war, on the whole, the Netherlands' maritime strength was greatly weakened. The strength of the Dutch economy, trade, and shipping declined greatly, and the peak of the Golden Age came to an abrupt end in 1672.

The renewed French struggles from 1687 (including land threats, tariff warfare, and sea plunder) drained the patriotism of the Dutch. As a result, the Netherlands was forced to give up its only remaining maritime military position and become a second-rate country in Europe, while Britain began to become the dominant power at sea (some historians regard the Glorious Revolution of 1688 as a turning point in the transfer of Dutch hegemony to Britain).

But in Asia, the Ming Empire is a well-deserved hegemon, not only the army can be called invincible, but even the navy has begun to use thousand-ton warships as the capital ship. In Asia, Britain and France should also cater to each other with a low profile, so as to have a foothold in Asia. More importantly, the Ming Empire's home advantage, that is, the advantage of population, could be occupied and firmly possessed.

In the face of the fierce alliance of the three countries, the Dutch gave up Malacca after a little resistance, and China, Britain and France took control of the Strait of Malacca, and signed an agreement to form a joint fleet to combat piracy and maintain the safety of navigation in the Strait of Malacca. Of course, the three countries also have an equal share of tolls, and each has its own interests.

In the forty-first year of Zhaowu (1702), the Third National Assembly was convened in Beijing, and under the impetus of Emperor Zhaowu, the Great Council passed the "New Constitution of the Ming Empire" drafted by Emperor Zhaowu. According to the constitution, the emperor remained the head of state of the Ming Empire, but his powers were extremely limited. Moreover, the Great Council could impeach the emperor with the support of a three-quarters majority.

After 40 years of indoctrination and guidance, the translation and distribution of a large number of foreign books on science and technology, culture, and history, and the targeted education of new schools, the ideological concepts of the two generations have been constantly changed and updated, and they have a very deep understanding of the meaning of the hypocrite. Even so, the majority of the Chinese population expressed a preference for living under the rule of the emperor, Emperor Zhaowu.

"The best time to reform a political system is when the state is stable. Why wait until the revolution arrives to think of reforms? In this regard, Zhu Yongxing, Emperor Zhaowu, published an affectionate speech in the newspaper, "Fate has pushed me to this position. I have always tried to protect you like your father, care for you like your brother, and serve you like your son, and this is what a worthy emperor should do. So far, I've done a pretty poor job. But in the future, people may make mistakes, and instead of believing that I will not become old and confused, it is better to believe in the political system that I have established. Democracy is the last and best gift I have left you, and I hope that you will always preserve it, make it grow and perfect, and bring you lasting happiness......"

In the forty-fourth year of Zhaowu (1705), Emperor Zhaowu announced his abdication, and after the vote of the cabinet and the Great Council, in accordance with the "Imperial Succession Law", the prince Zhu Chongye, who ranked first in line of succession, ascended the throne, and the era name was Yongjin.

At that time, Emperor Zhaowu was seventy years old.

……………… (To be continued......)