In the summer of the eighth year of Guangxing, Aihui City, a key border place in the north of Heilongjiang Province, suddenly ushered in three big people.

The place name Aihui has had a tortuous experience. Aihui is also known as Aihu, Aihu, Aihu, Aihun and Aihui, all of which are different Chinese counterwords of some minority languages. In Chinese, it is called Heilongjiang City, and in Manchu, it is called Sakhalian Ullahhotun. After 1858, the word "Aihui" began to appear. Aihui has two old and new cities, one is the old Aihui in Jiangdong [Note 1], the city is on the left bank of the Heilongjiang River, northeast of Aihui Town, Heihe City, Heilongjiang Province, near the village of Weixiaoleyi (translated as Happy Village) in the Soviet Union. The Ming Dynasty had built a flat village here, which belonged to the Nuer Gandu Division. At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, this place was already known as "Aihu". In the middle of the 17th century, Tsarist Russia invaded the Heilongjiang River valley and burned the village. In the twenty-second year of Kangxi (1683), Emperor Kangxi ordered Sabusu to build a city in Aihui and place Heilongjiang generals here. In the twenty-fourth year, in view of the fact that the old Aihui was located in Jiangdong and the contact was inconvenient, the Qing government moved the Heilongjiang general to the former site of the Toljia village of the Daur nationality on the right bank of the lower reaches. The original place was left to guard the deputy capital, and it was abolished in 29 years. After the signing of the Treaty of Aihui in the eighth year of Xianfeng (1858), the city was still under the jurisdiction of the Qing Dynasty because it was located in the area of Jiangdong 64tun [Note 2]. The other is Jiangxi Xinaihui [Note 3], on the right bank of the Heilongjiang River, after the Heilongjiang General Station was moved, on the ruins of Torga Village, the new city was rebuilt, and it is still called Aihui. In the 29th year of Kangxi, after the Heilongjiang general moved to Morgan (now Nenjiang, Heilongjiang), the city was guarded by the deputy capital. The Treaty of Aihui was signed here.

Speaking of Aihui, we cannot fail to mention the "Aihui Treaty", an unequal treaty signed in the new Aihui city in the eighth year of Xianfeng, which caused Russia to swallow more than 600,000 square kilometers of land north of Heilongjiang and south of the Outer Xing'an Mountains on the Chinese side, and then the "Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty" in the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860) ceded more than 400,000 square kilometers of land east of the Ussuri River (including Sakhalin Island), which was originally under the jurisdiction of the three surnames of the Qing Empire (now Yilan County, Heilongjiang Province). The Qing Empire lost more than 1 million square kilometers of land in two years in the northeast of the Qing Empire, and future generations will scold the Qing government for its incompetence, and incompetence must be a fact, but if you do not refer to the internal and external troubles faced by the Qing Empire at that time and the historical situation of the Qing Dynasty's management of the northeast, then the scolding can only become a pure vent without thinking.

The reign of Xianfeng Tongzhi was an era of rebellion and domestic turmoil, and it was also the peak period of peasant uprisings in Chinese history. The Taiping Rebellion, which originated in Jintian Village in Guiping, Guangxi, in 1850 almost overwhelmed the rule of the Qing Empire. The Taiping army led by Hong Xiuquan occupied the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the richest part of the empire, for a long time, and launched a protracted tug-of-war with various armed forces loyal to the empire in this area.

In 1865, the cavalry corps led by the Mongolian prince monk Grinqin was encircled and annihilated by the high-rise village of Heze, Shandong, and then raided out from the elite Hunan army led by Zeng Guofan, a famous general who exterminated the Taiping army, until another famous imperial general, Li Hongzhang, forced him to divide his troops with the strategy of "strangling and suppressing", and was completely annihilated in 1868.

At the same time, Guangxi, the birthplace of the Taiping Rebellion, successively saw the incident of the Guangdong Tiandihui rebel army entering Guangxi to establish the Dacheng Kingdom, as well as the Yongchun Uprising led by Li Wencai, a tenant farmer of the Zhuang nationality, the Xinningzhou Uprising led by Wu Lingyun, a Zhuang person, and the Guixian Uprising led by Huang Dingfeng, a Zhuang people, and so on. By the way, Wu Lingyun's subordinate Liu Yongfu led his troops into Lu'an, Vietnam, after the general trend of the rebel army was gone, with the black flag as the banner, and was later reused by the king of Vietnam, showing his skills in the War of Resistance against France, and was the famous "Black Flag Army". Liu Yongfu, who had rebelled against the empire, returned to the imperial court after the Sino-French War, first served as a general soldier in Guangdong, and later stationed in Taiwan, in real history, Liu Yongfu led the war of resistance against Japanese aggression between Taiwan's military and civilians, killing and wounding more than 32,000 Japanese soldiers, as the commander-in-chief, Liu Yongfu did not escape by British steamer until the fall of the most retiring fortress - Tainan, such a legendary figure, is also the product of troubled times! In addition to the above-mentioned uprisings, the Qing Empire also had to deal with the Miao, Jiao, and Trumpet uprisings in Guizhou, the * uprisings in Yunnan, and the * major uprisings in Shaanxi, Gansu, Ning, and Qingdao.

Just when the civil strife was still unsettled, Britain, France and other countries launched an expedition known as the "Second Opium War" in order to further open up the Chinese market and expand their political and economic privileges in China. The expeditionary force landed in Tanggu, defeated the cavalry corps of the Mongol prince Seng Lingqin with advanced firearms, and attacked the suburbs of Beijing all the way, burned down the world-famous imperial imperial garden Yuanmingyuan, and forced the Qing Empire to sign the "Beijing Treaty".

It was during this period that Russia ignored the Sino-Russian Treaty of Nebuchu, which had existed more than 100 years ago, and intensified its infiltration and invasion of the territory of China south of the Khing'an Mountains. Already before 1854, Russia occupied the Chinese town of Miaojie at the mouth of the Heilongjiang River and renamed it Nikolaevsk, and then occupied Sakhalin Island, which was renamed Sakhalin. At the end of 1856, Tsarist Russia designated the occupied lower reaches of China's Heilongjiang River and Sakhalin Island as its "Coastal Province", with its capital in Miaojie. In May 1858, when the British and French forces invaded Tianjin and threatened Beijing, the Russian governor of Eastern Siberia, Muravyov, led a military ship to Aihui and proposed a draft treaty unilaterally drawn up by Russia to Yishan, the general of Heilongjiang in the Qing Dynasty, claiming that the Heilongjiang River was the border, and the Chinese territory north of the Heilongjiang River belonged to Russia, and threatened that if it could not be satisfied, Russia would unite with Britain to fight against China. As a general defending the territory, Yishan naturally had to fight on the basis of reason, and took out the "Treaty of Nebuchu" as a reference, but Yishan did not have the strength of the armed forces in his hands to resist the Russian military threat, and he could not get any support from the interior, because the Beijing division was threatened by the British and French forces, and the rest of the region was caught in the melee between the rebel army and the imperial army, and his own strength was pitifully weak, and his subordinates were only equipped with iron cannons and arquebuses from the Sino-Russian Yaksa Battle more than a hundred years ago, and he retreated under the threat of advanced Russians with guns. Picked up a pen and signed the treaty. In fact, from a legal point of view, the Russians only wanted to legitimize the land they had already seized through treaties, not because they signed the treaties that they swallowed so much land in one go. However, the Qing government did not ratify this treaty at the beginning, and punished Yishan and others, after all, such a serious and sensitive matter as land cession is not a last resort, and it is impossible to make a decision easily. However, the Qing Empire could not change the fait accompli, and the Russians continued to emigrate to the left bank of the Heilongjiang River, and renamed Hailan Pao on the north bank of Aihui as Blagoveshchensvik (meaning "Annunciation City"), and built it into a key military fortress and industrial and commercial center in the middle reaches of the Heilongjiang River. Tsar Alexander II did not care about the illegality of the Treaty of Aihun at that time, and he was eager to award a special award and make Muravyov Count of Amursky (the Russian name is the Amur River). In 1860, the Anglo-French forces attacked the outskirts of Beijing under the leadership of the Russian minister, and the Russians turned to mediate between China and Britain and France, and the British and French withdrew from the expeditionary force after achieving their goal. Russian Minister Ignatiev claimed that he had "meritorious service in mediation" and used his help to suppress the Taiping Army as a bait to propose to the Qing government a new draft Sino-Russian treaty and a map of the eastern border unilaterally drawn by Russia, forcing the Qing government to accept "not a word of it." At this time, the Qing government had no choice, and the rebels of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom in the south won a series of great victories, breaking through the key stronghold of the Qing army, the camp in Jiangnan, sweeping through the south of the Yangtze River, and entering Shanghai. As a result, the Sino-Russian Treaty of Beijing was formally signed on November 14, 1860, which not only legalized the originally illegal Treaty of Aihui, but also provided for the cession of more than 400,000 square kilometers of land east of the Ussuri River to Russia, or in other words, the reality of this area being occupied by Russia. Four years later, by means of military threat and diplomatic intimidation,* through the Sino-Russian Treaty on the Survey and Demarcation of the Northwest Boundary, Russia seized more than 440,000 square kilometers of Chinese territory east and south of Lake Balkhash, including Lake Zaisan and Temur Tuur. The British and French forces spent a lot of effort to attack the city of Beijing, but they looted and burned the Old Summer Palace, and jointly divided the indemnity of more than 8 million taels of silver, the British got the small Nine Dragons, the French got the privilege of the missionaries to rent and buy the fields, and the Russians, who almost did not pay any price, only took advantage of the situation to seize more than 1.44 million square kilometers of land in the Qing Empire, which can not help but make people doubt the relationship between God and the bear.

Naturally, internal and external troubles and the decline of the country were the main reasons for the Qing Empire's loss of vast territory, however, the way in which the Qing Dynasty governed the northeastern frontier is also worth considering, after all, one million square kilometers of the territory annexed by Russia is in the northeast.

When it comes to the Qing Dynasty's governance of the Northeast, the most prominent thing should be the setting of "wicker edges". The Qing Dynasty regarded the northeast of the rise of the Manchus as the forbidden area of the "land of Longxing", and repaired the border trenches in the forbidden areas, and planted willows along the trenches, which was called the wicker edge. It is also known as Shengjing side wall, Liucheng, and strip side. During the reign of Shunzhi Kangxi (1644~1722), wicker edges were built successively in the Liaohe River valley and some areas of present-day Jilin. It is forbidden for people to hunt, graze and collect ginseng over the border walls. The wicker side of the Liaohe River Basin, south from the south of Fengcheng, Liaoning, northeast through Xinbin east and northwest to the Weiyuan Fort in the north of Kaiyuan, and southwest to Shanhaiguan north to the Great Wall, the circumference of more than 1,900 li, named "old side", also called "Shengjing side wall". From the northeast of Weiyuan Fort to the north of Jilin City, it is 690 miles long, and is called "Xinbian". The western section of the old border from Weiyuan Fort to Shanhaiguan is under the jurisdiction of General Shengjing; The eastern section from Weiyuan Fort to Fengcheng South is under the jurisdiction of the Shengjing Military Department and is under the command of General Shengjing. Xinbian was placed under the jurisdiction of General Ningguta (later General Jilin). At the beginning of the traffic artery, there were 21 side gates, which were later reduced to 20. Among them, the more famous ones are the side gate of Jiuguantai, the side gate of Weiyuan Fort, the side gate of Phoenix City, etc. Dozens of officers and soldiers are stationed at each side gate to inspect the entry and exit of pedestrians. The purpose of the Qing Dynasty to set up wicker borders was to maintain the traditional customs of the Manchus and monopolize economic interests such as Northeast specialties. Abandoned after the Opium War. Even so, the lockdown method of setting up wicker edges caused the scarcity of the population of the Northeast for a long time, which dragged down the economy and the military, and allowed the Russians to take advantage of it. On the other hand, the Russians not only sent armed forces to continuously infiltrate and invade the northeast, but also organized and encouraged the people from the interior to move to the Far East, invest capital to develop local resources, and build a capitalist economy, so that the army could be replenished nearby. In the era of great conquest when the great powers did not hesitate to fight each other for the coral reefs on several oceans, the Qing government was bound to be punished for governing the northeast region, which was so vast and so abundant, in a way that did not use land ineffectively.

After the Sino-Japanese War, the Imperial Government of China strengthened the security of the Northeast and launched an organized large-scale migration to the Northeast, with more than 500,000 people moving in each year, far exceeding the rate of natural population migration in the last century. By the beginning of the eighth year of Guangxing (1903), the three northeastern provinces had deployed four standing infantry divisions, two cavalry brigades, and one independent infantry brigade, totaling 153,000 standing troops, and more than 150,000 combat reserve troops, which could be assembled and fought in the local area in only three to seven days of mobilization time, and these troops were unified under the jurisdiction of the Northeast Military Region Command in Shengjing.

According to the Imperial Decree promulgated in the 21st year of Guangxu, Northeast China was organized into three provinces: Heilongjiang [Note 4], Jilin [Note 5] and Fengtian [Note 6], and their capitals were located in Qiqihar [Note 7], Jilin and Shengjing respectively.

In the first year of Guangxing, in 1896, the Chinese Imperial Government changed the old Aihui to Dingyuan, as the township government of Jiangdong 64 Tun, and the new Aihui as the newly established county seat of Aihui County, the former under the jurisdiction of the latter. After eight or nine years of development, Aihui has become the largest city on the right bank of the Heilongjiang River, with a population of more than 60,000, with shipbuilding and logging as the pillars, and the headquarters of the Heilongjiang Detachment of the Navy is also located in the city. However, the commander of the Heilongjiang detachment, thirty-three-year-old Rear Admiral Yi Mingxuan, was not qualified to be included in the list of the three big men mentioned at the beginning, although their professions were the same. In the high-walled compound of the fleet headquarters, Yi Mingxuan, who was dressed in a full white navy uniform, respectfully received three military elders who were two levels higher than him in rank but had a small difference in age. Standing in front of him were these three men:

Army General Yang Zhengjin, chief of the General Staff of the General Staff, is 39 years old.

Army General Deng Jian, commander of the Northeast Military Region, was 37 years old.

Army General Zhong Xiahuo, commander of the Praetorian Guard, was thirty-nine years old.

The three of them came here together, of course, not to enjoy the summer scenery on the Heilongjiang River, as senior generals of the empire, they shoulder the mission of defending the country, but also shoulder the mission of achieving the national strategic goals, what is the main mission of this visit? According to the "Shiwen Bao" sponsored by the Republic of China Party, this time the three generals inspected the northeastern border together, signaling the imperial government's weariness of the endless border negotiations between China and Russia, and the imminent war. The Chinese People's Party newspaper "Current Affairs Commentary," which is the core of the ruling coalition, sternly refuted the "Shiwen Bao" claim, stating that Premier Wen Yi hoped to continue negotiations with Russia and resolve all disputes between the two countries through peaceful means, and proposed to Tsar Nicholas II that the two sides convene a joint disarmament conference to jointly reduce the troops deployed on the border between the two countries.

Because of the presence of the commander of the Heilongjiang Military Division, Yi Mingxuan did not feel a lot of pressure on such a reception, and his only uneasiness came from the legendary irascible general Zhong Xiahuo, the middle-aged man with a strong face who used his entire lungs to speak loudly.

"Commander Yi, we need to know the current strength of the Heilongjiang Fleet!" Without waiting for the polite words to end, Zhong Xiahuo made a big request.

Yi Mingxuan didn't dare to slack off, and immediately showed a humble look, bowed his head and replied: "Report to the commanders, the Heilongjiang Detachment of the Imperial Navy has four 480-ton Jiangzi-class gunboats, 6 190-ton Kunzi-class patrol gunboats, 15 patrol speedboats of 50 to 100 tons, and 36 small motor boats of less than 50 tons. A total of 4,136 officers and men. ”

"What about the strength of the Russian river defense fleet opposite you?" Zhong Xiahuo then asked.

"The Russian river defense fleet currently has three patrol ships of 300 tons, four patrol gunboats of 150 tons, and more than 30 speedboats of less than 100 tons, but the destroyer unit of the Russian army stationed at Temple Street has one light cruiser and six small destroyers, and they can go up the river at any time."

"It can be suppressed with shore artillery...... Besides, as long as the Russian fleet can be defeated quickly, or the Russian fleet can be blocked in the port for a long time, then the Russian detachment in Temple Street will not be able to exert its ......"

Deng Jian whispered in Yang Zhengjin's ear, Yang Zhengjin nodded slightly, turned to Yi Mingxuan and said, "We want to see the situation of the troops, you can arrange it, start in ten minutes, retreat first." ”

Yi Mingxuan and the accompanying commander of the Heilongjiang Military Division left the hall backwards, Zhong Xiahuo walked over, closed the door with his own hands, and returned to the table of the Eight Immortals where the refreshments were placed.

"It depends on the situation, it will start at the beginning of spring next year." Zhong Xiahuo picked up a peanut and threw it into his huge mouth.

Yang Zhengjin sipped his tea and said slowly: "When the fight will start, no one can tell." We are not ready, and neither are the Russians, and as for when they will be ready, no one knows, and perhaps both sides are waiting for an excuse, a pretext sufficient to declare war. ”

"There is nothing strange about undeclared war, in our time, those who declare war are fools." Zhong Xiahuo said disapprerovingly.

Deng Jian interjected and said: "I think Premier Wen has no intention of fighting at all, if it weren't for our Wuwei Gong as the Minister of Defense in the cabinet, I am afraid he would really make peace with Russia." Fortunately, the Russians are so arrogant that they don't intend to talk to us at all, and they are constantly increasing their troops in the Far East, obviously trying to make a big deal with us. ”

Yang Zhengjin said: "Judging from the current deployment of the Russians, they are more like attacking than defending, but their troops are not the minimum required for the attack. ”

"I heard that Russian generals openly talked about whether a Russian soldier could stand up to two or three Chinese soldiers at a formal military meeting, and they looked down on the yellow race at all, and the official Russian newspapers disparaged the Sino-Japanese War as a tribal brawl between barbarians."

Yang Zhengjin shook his head: "You can't underestimate the Russian Empire, their national strength is strong, the army is well-disciplined, they have excellent military traditions, and the brave spirit and physical condition of the lower-level officers and soldiers are also in the forefront of Europe, their key problem is politics, and an overly corrupt political system can only give birth to incompetent decision-makers, and incompetent decision-makers can easily bury infinitely many infinitely strong armies." ”

Zhong Xiahuo snorted, raised his voice and said: "Look at my Praetorian Guards coming to bury them, look, I will cross the river from this place in a few days, kill into Hailan Pao, and sweep the north and south of the Waixing Mountains......"

"An overly optimistic decision-maker can easily bury his army." Mr. Yang said, his tone remained calm.

Deng Jian suddenly put down the teacup: "By the way, I just received a bad news before entering here." ”

"What's the matter?" Yang Zhengjin said lightly, he was not very eager to know the meaning of Lu Dao.

"One of my intelligence staff officers, together with two intelligence officers, smuggled from Heihe to Hailanpao two weeks ago, preparing to draw a defense map of the Russian army's Hailanpao fortress area, and just now an intelligence officer returned and reported that the captain's staff officer was captured by the Russian army, and the intelligence agency lurking in Hailanpao was also destroyed......

"Just an intelligence staff officer, has he ever been exposed to anything classified in your headquarters?"

"He's just in charge of collecting intelligence, and he hasn't taken over sorting it out, so he shouldn't have touched on confidential things."

"Then don't worry." Yang Zhengjin said, without much expression on his face.

Suddenly, a noise in the courtyard came into the hall, Zhong Xiahuo just remembered to ask, Yi Mingxuan pushed open the door in a panic and rushed in and shouted: "Oh no, my lords, there is a fire on the other side!" ”

Yang Zhengjin asked unhurriedly: "Where is the fire on the other side?" ”

"In the direction of Dingyuan City, there is smoke in several places, and two villages near the river are also on fire."

"In this case, there should be a telegram from Dingyuan City."

"The telegraph line seems to have been cut and cannot be contacted."

Before Yi Mingxuan and Yang Zhengjin's conversation ended, Zhong Xiahuo had already rushed out of the hall and climbed to the top of the courtyard wall neatly, and sure enough, he saw more than a dozen thick black smoke columns in the direction of Jiangdong spitting unburned charcoal ash into the blue sky.

"Declare war! War is declared! What more excuses! The Russians have already declared war with their actions! Lao Tzu will cross the river today and kill all the white-skinned dogs! ”

Listening to Zhong Xiahuo's roar echoing in the courtyard, Yang Zhengjin twisted his fingers, stared at the teacup and said softly: "Things are not so simple, this world is not dominated by madmen, let's investigate it clearly." Commander Yi, quickly send someone to check, what happened? ”

"Yes!" Yi Mingxuan hurriedly exited the hall and went to find his subordinates.

"It shouldn't be the Tsar's order, otherwise, the attack on the whole line should begin, and the first to be hit will be Commander Yi's river defense fleet." Deng Jian said.

Yang Zhengjin nodded happily, and added: "If it is a full-scale attack, our intelligence agencies will not be so incompetent that they will not even be able to see the slightest sign, besides, attacking Jiangdong 64tun at the beginning will only reduce the suddenness of the all-out attack, and soldiers with basic understanding will not do such a thing." ”

"Then, go and pull down the Janissary Commander on the courtyard wall, he is really detrimental to the image of the Imperial General standing there."

After the Chief of the General Staff said this, he twisted the dregs from the teacup, put it in his mouth and chewed it with relish.

[Note 1] In real history, in the 26th year of Guangxu (1900), Tsarist Russia created the Jiangdong 64 Tun Massacre and occupied the old city of Aihui by force.

[Note 2] The Sino-Russian Treaty of Aihui stipulated that a small area south of the Jingqili River (present-day Jieya River in Russia) on the other side of the Aihui River (later known as Jiangdong 64 Tun) would retain permanent residency and jurisdiction over the Chinese side. In real history, in the 26th year of Guangxu, Tsarist Russia invaded Jiangdong 64 Tun and massacred civilians, causing at least 10,000 deaths.

[Note 3] Xinaihui is the real Aihui Town, 70 miles south of Heihe City, in real history, the 26th year of Guangxu Tsarist Russian invading army conquered Aihui and set fire to the city. In 1909, the Qing government changed the deputy capital of Aihui to the military preparation road, and set up the Aihui Zhili Hall. In 1913, it was changed to a county.

[Note 4] Heilongjiang. In the twenty-second year of Kangxi (1683), in order to resist Tsarist Russia, generals were set up to guard Heilongjiang and other places. At the beginning of the old city of Aihui on the left side of the river (later moved to the new city on the right side of the river), it is also called General Aihui. It has jurisdiction over the Hadawula River in the upper reaches of the Hengluo River, the Bizhan River on the left bank of the Heilongjiang River, the east flowing Songhua River and the vast area east of Nebuchu under the former Jilin General. The general set up a deputy capital, the initial one, the name of Aihui deputy capital, also known as Heilongjiang deputy capital, and the general stationed in the old city of Jiangzuo Aihui. In the twenty-fifth year of Kangxi, he moved to Jiangyou New Town (also known as "Heilongjiang City") with the general Yamen with "living in Jiangzuo, coming and going with official documents, and all the inconveniences". In the twenty-ninth year, the general was stationed in the station and moved to Morgan (now Nenjiang County); In the thirty-eighth year, he moved to Qiqihar City. At that time, the Sino-Russian "Nebuchu Treaty" had been signed, so the jurisdiction was changed: with Qiqihar as the center, north to the Outer Khing'an Mountains, and connected to the Russian border; It is connected to the Jilin General Boundary by the Hada Ula River in the east and the Songhua River in the south; More than 800 miles to the west to the Khalkha River, connecting the Khalkha Mongol Chechen Khan border; It is bordered by the Erguna River and the Gelbiqi River in the northwest.

According to the "Unification Chronicles of the Great Qing Dynasty", the Aihui deputy capital was under the jurisdiction of "2,600 miles east to the Xing'an River in the Outer Xing'an Mountains, 150 miles to the Inner Xing'an Mountains in the west, 700 miles to the Kamoni Peak in the south to the Inner Xing'an Mountains (now the Little Xing'an Mountains), and 2,500 miles to the Outer Xing'an Mountains in the north." The Vice-Governor of Morgan has jurisdiction over the Ilagul Mountains (Ilhuri) in the north, the Namur River in the south, and the Nomin River in the southwest. Qiqihar City Deputy Capital, Kangxi 37 years moved from Mergen, the initial jurisdiction to the east to the three surnames of the deputy capital of the border, west to the Great Xing'an Mountains and other vast areas, later changed. Hulunbuir deputy capital, Yongzheng ten years (1732) initial chief, Qianlong eight years (1743) changed to deputy capital commander, Guangxu seven years (1881) promoted to deputy capital. Stationed on the left bank of the Hailar River, there was no city at the beginning, and gradually became a market town, with jurisdiction over the military and civilian affairs of the Eight Banners such as Dahur, Solon (Evenki), Oroqen, and Chen Baerhu in the east to the Great Khingan Mountains, the Erguna River in the west, and the Buyuer (Bell) Lake in the south. At the beginning of the thirtieth year of Kangxi, Butha (Manchu means "beating livestock", that is, the general name of the tribe of beating cattle) set up a Manchurian governor, and two Sauron (Evenki) and Daur governors. The government office is located in the north of Qiqihar City, and is stationed in Yiwoqitun on the west bank of the Nenjiang River (now Wuerke Township, Molidawa Banner). The former jurisdiction of the Guangxu Dynasty was staggered in the territory of Heilongjiang, Murgen, and Qiqihar. Buteha has exclusive jurisdiction over cattle, and "wherever the cattle go, the governor of Buteha shall inspect them"; After Guangxu, "the six cities were divided into land, and there was a slight demarcation". In the twentieth year of Guangxu, the general manager was promoted to deputy capital. In addition, in order to control the three roads of Hulan, Bayan and Beituanlin (now Suihua), Guangxu placed the deputy capital of Hulan in the fifth year and stationed in Hulan City. In eight years, in order to appease the Oroqen people who hunted for the Oroqen, he built a city on the Xing'an Mountains in the northeast of Qiqihar more than 580 miles, and placed a member of the deputy capital of Xing'an. In the twenty-fourth year of Guangxu, he set up the deputy capital of Tongken and stationed in Helen City. By the end of the Qing Dynasty, the Heilongjiang General had seven deputy commanders, including Heilongjiang (Aihui), Morgen, Qiqihar, Hulan, Buteha, Hulunbuir and Tongken, as well as the deputy governors of Xing'an City.

Heilongjiang administrative divisions were set up relatively late. After Xianfeng, due to the great increase in Han immigrants from the mainland, in the second year of Tongzhi (1863), the Council Tongzhi Hall was set up in the Hulan River Basin. For three years, he moved to Bayan Susu to manage the punishment and negotiation of the territory to which Hulan belonged, which was the beginning of the civil affairs system in Heilongjiang. In the eighth year of Guangxu, Suihua Hall was set up in Beitian Linzi (now Suihua). In the thirtieth year of Guangxu, the Helen Hall was placed in the Tongken Helen River Reclamation Area; Hulan Hall moved to Hulan City to Shengfu, Suihua Hall was also promoted to Mansion, Bayan was changed to Zhou, and Dajiao Hall was placed in Mole Honggangzi Reclamation Land in Zhagaite Banner; and Lanxi, Mulan, Qinggang, Yuqing and other counties. In the following year, the Heishui Hall was set up in Qiqihar, the Zhaozhou Hall was placed in the Houqi Reclamation Land of Guoerluo, the Anda Hall was placed in the land reclaimed by the Mongolian people in Dulbert, and the three counties of Baiquan, Tangyuan and Datong were set up. In the same year, Hulan and Tongken were cut to be the deputy capital, and the Suilan Sea Branch was added to patrol the road and stationed in Suihua. to the thirty-third year of Guangxu general, Jianxing Province; The governor was replaced, and the administrative system was successively re-established, so the administrative regional system became more and more perfect. In the 34th year of Guangxu, Hailun Hall was promoted to the mansion, leading Qinggang and Baiquan counties. Heishui Hall Thang Long Jiang Mansion. In the same year, the city of Morgan was changed to Nenjiang Mansion, and then the Heihe Mansion was placed in the Great Black River, the Heilongjiang City was changed to the Aihui Zhili Hall, the Hulunbuir City was changed to the Hulun Zhili Hall, and the Manchuria Mansion was set up. In the first year of Xuantong (1909), Hulun was set up to prepare for the road, stationed in Hulun Hall, and governed Hulun Hall and Yubin Mansion; Set up the Aihui military road, stationed in the Aihui Hall, and govern the Aihui Hall and Heihe Mansion. In addition, in the 32nd year of Guangxu, Suilan Haidao of Suihua City was stationed in the east of Xing'an Lingdong, renamed Xing'an Bingbei Road, specializing in reclamation, forestry and mining. Thirty-four years of construction in the north of the Toro Mountain, for the Taoist governance, leading the two counties of Tangyuan and Datong. In the second year of Xuantong, he set up the Nahe Zhili Hall in East Buteha.

[Note 5] Mukden. In the first year of Shunzhi (1644), Shengjing (now Shenyang, Liaoning) was the remaining capital, and the minister of the interior ruled the entire northeast. In three years, the Minister of the Interior was changed to Aung Bang Jang-kyung. In the first year of Kangxi (1662), he changed his name to Han and called the local general who guarded Liaodong and other places. In four years, he changed the town to guard Fengtian and other local generals. In the twelfth year of Qianlong (1747), he was named General Shengjing, mainly responsible for local military and political affairs (see General Qing Dynasty), and concurrently in charge of the Minister of Fengtian Mansion Yin Affairs, supervising the Mansion Yin. After Kangxi, General Shengjing administered the territory, east to the Xingjing border 280 miles Jilin Wula boundary, west to the Shanhaiguan more than 800 miles of Shanhaiguan boundary, south to Jinzhou (now Dalian, Liaoning) south of more than 730 miles of sea boundary, north to Kaiyuan border more than 260 li.

Under the general, there are two deputy commanders (originally named Meler Zhangjing). In the fifth year of Yongzheng (1727), it was increased to three members, and they were stationed in the three cities of Shengjing, Jinzhou and Xiongyue. At the same time, at the same time, city guards, defense captains, assistant leaders, assistant leaders, and defense officers were stationed in important cities, forts, and closed places. Later, due to the urgency of coastal defense, in the twenty-third year of Daoguang (1843), the deputy capital of Xiongyue was moved to Jinzhou and renamed the deputy capital of Jinzhou. In the first year of Guangxu (1875), in order to protect Yongling, the deputy capital of Xingjing was newly established. In five years, the head of the paddock sea dragon was added, and the head of the paddock was added to the deputy commander for six years.

In addition, along the side of Fengtian, Jilin, Inner Mongolia wicker set up more than 10 border gates such as Weiyuan Fort, and also sent officers and soldiers to garrison, which belonged to the Shengjing Military Department and the deputy commanders of various places, and belonged to the generals. At the same time, General Sheng Jing was also responsible for supervising the Horqin Six Banners of the Jelimu League.

After the Qing Dynasty unified the whole country, the Fengtian region followed the example of Shuntianfu and set up civil officials to manage the affairs of the Han people. In terms of time, it can be divided into two periods:

Lockdown period. From the tenth year of Shunzhi to the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860), except for a short time, it was mainly the "ban" period, and the Liaoyang Mansion (now Liaoyang) was set up in the tenth year of Shunzhi, and the two counties of Liaoyang (attached to Guo) and Haicheng were governed. In the fourteenth year, Liaoyang Mansion was dismissed, Fengtian Mansion was placed in Shengjing, and Fu Yin (in charge of local people's affairs in Shengjing) was set up. In the third year of Kangxi, Chengde (attached to Guo), Gaiping (now Gai County), Kaiyuan, and Tieling were added, and Liaoyang County was promoted to a state. A little earlier, in the first year of Kangxi, Jin County was placed in Jinzhou, western Liaoning, and in the third year, Guangning Mansion was set up in Guangning (now Beizhen, Liaoning), and Guangning County and Ningyuan Prefecture were placed separately, and Guangning Mansion was subordinated to Guangning Mansion. In four years, Guangning Mansion was dismissed, Jinzhou Mansion was reestablished, and Jinxian County was moved. Jinzhou Prefecture and its subordinate prefectures and counties are under the jurisdiction of Fengtianfu Yin. In the fourth year of Yongzheng, the territory of Fengtianfu was expanded, and Yongji Prefecture was placed in Wula, Jilin, Ningguta (now Ning'an, Heilongjiang Province) was placed in Taining County, and Bodune (now Fuyu, Jilin) was placed in Changning County. At this time, the territory under the jurisdiction of Fengtianfu reached the Mongolian boundary of 870 li of Songhua River in Changning County in the north, and the boundary of Ningguta in the northeast of Muliang River in Yongji Prefecture of more than 2,040 li. Northwest to Yixian Daning Fort more than 450 miles boundary. Seven years of dismissal of Taining County. In the first year of Qianlong, Changning County was dismissed and merged into Yongji Prefecture. In the twelfth year, Yongji Prefecture was changed to Jilin Hall, and it was subordinate to Jilin General. So far, the territory under the jurisdiction of Fengtianfu has been reduced, and it only covers the Liaoshen and Peninsula areas south of the Northeast Kaiyuan. In the tenth year of Xianfeng, Fengtian Mansion Yin governed Fengtian, Jinzhou Erfu, Liaoyang and other four prefectures, as well as five halls and eight counties. These prefectures, departments, prefectures, and counties are mainly located on both sides of the Liao River and coastal areas.

Relaxation of the open period. Ten years after Xianfeng, according to the Sino-British "Tianjin Treaty", the first Niuzhuang in the lower reaches of the Liao River was opened as a commercial port, and then due to the siltation of the Liao River, it was changed to Yingkou in 11 years, so Yingkou became the first treaty port in Northeast China to open to foreign countries. After that, in view of the situation, the Qing government abolished the "ban" and adopted the policy of "immigrating to the real border". After the Sino-Japanese War, the Northeast was banned in the 31st year of Guangxu. At the same time, the construction of the Eastern Qing Dynasty (later changed to the Middle East) railway, so a large number of peasants in the Qilu, Yan and Jin areas of Guannei moved to the northeast. The civil administration system and regional division system in Northeast China have been gradually completed. In order to consolidate coastal defense and strengthen border governance, in the fifth year of Tongzhi (1866), the supervision of Shanhaiguan was changed to Fengjinshan Customs, and the rank of inspector was added, and it had jurisdiction over the coastal Jinzhou Department, Xiuyan Prefecture, Fuzhou, Haicheng and Gaiping. In the same year, Yingkou Haiphong Tongzhi was set up to strengthen customs management. In the second year of Guangxu, General Shengjing was also in charge of Fengtianfu Yin, and the military department was still in charge of the right capital of the imperial history, and the governor of Fengtian Banner was responsible for local military affairs and food and security. Add the second rank of Tianfu Yin, and serve as the governor of the right deputy capital imperial history. All states and counties are used both Manchu and Han. In the thirty-third year, General Shengjing was reinstated, and Fengtian Province was reestablished as a governor. In the third year of Xuantong (1911), Fengtian Province received a total of four provinces, eight prefectures, five Zhili halls, three scattered halls, six prefectures, and thirty-two counties. In the last years of Guangxu, Fengtian (Shenyang), Andong, Dadonggou, Liaoyang, Fengcheng, Xinmin, Tieling, Tongjiangzi, Fakumen, Dalian and other ten places were opened up as commercial ports. With the completion of the branch line of the East Qing and South Manchurian Railway (1903), Gyeongbong (1907), and Anbong (1910), the transportation and geography of Mukden Province have undergone great changes. With its superior geographical location and natural harbor conditions, Dalian has replaced Yingkou and become the largest port in Northeast China. The water transportation of the Liaohe, Songhua and Yalu rivers in the past is declining, and the old post station traffic is being replaced; A number of new economic and transportation centers soon converged along the railway line.

[Note 6] Jilin. In the tenth year of Shunzhi of the Qing Dynasty (1653), Ningguta Angbang Zhangjing (meaning military governor) was placed, and Hailin (now Hailin, Heilongjiang) was first governed, and then moved to Ningguta (now Ning'an). In the first year of Kangxi (1662), he changed his name to Han and called the general of Zhenshou Ningguta and other places. In the twelfth year, Jilin Ula City was built, and the deputy capital was moved to unify the people, leading the flag offices of Jilin Wula, Wuchang Fort, Dazhu Wula, Yitong, etc., and guarding and managing the affairs of the flag people. In the fifteenth year, General Ningguta moved to Wula, Jilin (now Jilin City). In the twenty-second year of Qianlong (1757), he was renamed as the general of Zhenshou Jilin and other places, and was responsible for the military and political affairs of Jilin and other places. In the 31st year of Kangxi's reign, the confluence of the Songhua River and the Nenjiang River in the place of Bodune (now Fuyu), he set up the deputy capital of Bodune, and governed the affairs of the Eight Banners in Bedune, Changchun and other places. In the third year of Yongzheng (1725), he set up a deputy capital in Alchuka (now Acheng) in the middle reaches of the Songhua River to manage the affairs of the Eight Banners in the Lalin River, Muling River, Ant River and other river basins; In the fifth year of Yongzheng, the three surnames of the city (now Yilan), which was injected into the mouth of the Songhua River by the Mudanjiang River, set up the deputy capital of the three surnames, and governed the lower reaches of the Heilongjiang River, including Sakhalin Island and the coastal islands, the Eight Banners and the 56 surnames of various ethnic minorities. In the seventh year of Guangxu (1881), the Hunchun sub-capital was established in Hunchun, north of the lower reaches of the Tumen River, to govern and guard the border areas north of the Tumen River. The above six deputy capital commanders, commonly known as the "Jilin Six Cities" deputy capital commanders, are under the jurisdiction of Jilin generals. The territory under the jurisdiction of the Jilin general has undergone repeated changes, reaching more than 2,000 li from the north to the outer Xing'an Mountains, more than 4,400 li to Miaojie in the northeast, more than 3,000 li to the sea in the east, and the vast area east of Lake Baikal in the northwest. Twenty-two years after Kangxi, the south of the Xing'an Mountains, the upper reaches of the Hengluo River, the Hadawula River, the Bizhan River on the left bank of the Heilongjiang River and the vast area west of the Songhua River flowing eastward, and the Heilongjiang general. Before the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860), the territory under the jurisdiction of the general of Jilin was centered on Jilin Wula, more than 3,000 li to the sea in the east, 595 li to the Kaiyuan county boundary in the west to Weiyuan Baomen, 1,300 li to the Korean border in the south of Changbai Mountain, more than 600 li to the Inner Mongolia boundary in the north, and the vast area in the lower reaches of the Heilongjiang River south of the Wudi River in the northeast. After that, according to the Sino-Russian "Beijing Treaty", a large area of territory east of the Ussuri River to the sea was invaded and occupied by Tsarist Russia. Its boundary is from the mouth of the Ussuri River to the Songatsa River, the Xingkai Lake, the west to the mouth of the Bailiang River, and the Da Suifen River, south to the mouth of the Hubutu River, and south to the mouth of the Tumen River. Edom belongs to Russia. In addition to directly administering the deputy capital of the six cities, the Jilin general also commanded the five city leaders such as Jilin, the two leaders such as Yitong, the four gates such as Hersu, as well as the twenty-two post stations, the twenty-seven border platforms, and the one hundred and six Karen, and managed the sailor battalion, the shotgun battalion, and the official village.

Jilin has been known as the "Homeland of Manchuria" for a long time, so the administrative division is relatively late. In the fourth year of Yongzheng, Yongji Prefecture was first established in Jilin and was subordinate to Tianfu. In the twelfth year of Qianlong, Jilin Zhili Hall was set up, which was subordinate to Jilin General. This is the first civil affairs institution in Jilin in the Qing Dynasty, governing Jilin City. In the fifth year of Jiaqing (1800), Changchun Hall was placed. In the fourth year of Guangxu (1878), the Reclamation Bureau was set up to release the land for reclamation, so the Han population increased sharply. Eight years after Guangxu, it successively placed governments, halls, prefectures, and counties.

In the real history, in the 33rd year of Guangxu, the Jilin generals were cut, the governors were placed, the provinces were built, and the deputy capital was abolished, so a large number of prefectures and counties were added, and the civil affairs and administrative institutions were united. By the third year of Xuantong (1911), Jilin Province had four roads in the southwest, northwest, southeast and northeast, and eleven prefectures such as Jilin, as well as the subordinate halls, scattered halls, three prefectures and eighteen counties. The provincial capital governs Jilin City. The territory is bordered by Yitong Prefecture, Changchun Prefecture and Fengtian Prefecture in the west; It is bounded by the Yalu River, the Tumen River and North Korea in the south; In the east, it flows from the mouth of the Ussuri River to the Songatsa River, crosses the Xingkai Lake to the mouth of the Bailiang River in the west, crosses the Dasuifen River and reaches the mouth of the Hubutu River in the south, and reaches the Tumen River estuary in the south and west to the 30-mile "Tu" character tablet in the mouth of the Tumen River, and is bounded by the East Coastal Province of Russia; It is bounded by the Songhua River and Heilongjiang Province in the northwest. The important towns of Jilin in the Qing Dynasty include Jilin, Changchun, Ningguta, Sanxing, Xincheng, Alchuka, etc., among which Jilin, Ningguta, Sanxing, and Xincheng belong to the famous "Seven Towns Outside the Border" in the Qing Dynasty, which is the post road and water transportation center. After the completion of the Dongqing and Nanman branch railways in the 29th year of Guangxu, the original Binjiang (Harbin) was located at the intersection of the Dongqing Railway and the Songhua River with its superior geographical location, and quickly became the water and land transportation hub and economic center in the northern part of Northeast China. Changchun has also developed rapidly. In the 32nd year, according to the Sino-Japanese Manchurian Aftermath Annex, Jilin, Changchun, Harbin, Ningguta, Hunchun, and the three surnames were opened up as commercial ports.

[Note 7] Qiqihar. and as a bulquoi and a bulqui. The transliteration of the Manchu "Bokeyi", which was later renamed Qiqihar. At the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, it was the fief of the king of Naiyan, and it belonged to the Tuntian Wanhu Mansion of Puyu Road in the middle of the Yuan. Ming is here to worship the bitter guard. At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, it was a nomadic land for the hunting and nomadic tribes of Daur, Xibe, and Fenglecha, and was garrisoned by the deputy commander of the cattle hunting department. In the thirteenth year of Kangxi (1674), in order to resist the invasion of Tsarist Russia, the Qing government organized the Qiqihar Water Division from Jilin Ula Water Diversion Division to the Qiqihar Water Division Battalion and set up a general manager. In the twenty-third year, a firearms battalion was set up in Qiqihartun, which was ten miles away from the city on the west bank of the Nenjiang River, and the staff leaders were stationed there. In the 30th year of Kangxi, the city was planned to be built in Qiqihar, in order to separate the Nenjiang River from the Mergen, and the city was built in the Berkeyi Village on the south bank of the Nenjiang River in the following year, which was still called Qiqihar, and the city was guarded. In the thirty-seventh year, the deputy capital of Morgan was stationed here. The following year, General Heilongjiang also moved to this city. It is now the seat of Qiqihar City, Heilongjiang Province.

Historical sources for this chapter: Qing Dynasty Net, Qing History Manuscript, Modern Chinese History (Zhonghua Book Company, 4th Edition)

Attached: A brief table of imperial political regions in the fifth year of Guangxing (1900).

Province:

Zhili - the capital of Baoding

Heilongjiang - the capital of Qiqihar

Jilin – the capital of Jilin

Mukden – the capital of Shengjing (Shenyang)

Shandong – the capital of Jinan

Shanxi - the capital of Taiyuan

Shaanxi - the capital of Chang'an (Xi'an)

Henan – the capital of Zhengzhou

Jiangsu - the capital of Jiangning (Nanjing)

Zhejiang – the capital of Hangzhou

Anhui - the capital of Hefei

Hubei – the capital of Wuchang

Hunan – the capital of Changsha

Jiangxi - the capital of Nanchang

Fujian – the capital of Fuzhou

Taiwan – Taipei, the capital

Guangdong – the capital of Guangzhou

Guangxi – the capital of Guilin

Guizhou - the capital of Guiyang

Yunnan - the capital of Kunming

Sichuan – the capital of Chengdu

Qinghai - the capital of Xining

Gansu - the capital of Lanzhou

Ningxia – the capital of Yinchuan

Xinjiang - Dihua (Urumqi)

Sar:

Mongolia Special Region - divided into Outer Mongolia Prefecture and Inner Mongolia Prefecture, the residence of the Minister of Outer Mongolia Prefecture is in Kulun (Ulaanbaatar), and the residence of the Minister of Inner Mongolia Prefecture is in Hohhot.

Tibet Special Administrative Region - The residence of the Minister of Affairs is in Lhasa

Jurisdiction:

Jingshi directly under the jurisdiction of the district

Tianjin Municipality

Shanghai Municipal Government