With Reiner's opening, there was a buzzing sound in the electron generation circle, and in places that Reiner's naked eye could not capture, there was an indescribable interaction between atoms, and the invisible force tore at the atoms, but could not shake the rock-solid atomic structure, only the electrons on the outside of the atoms, because of the ups and downs of the tides, and finally broke free from the shackles of the atoms and became free free electrons.

As soon as the electron escaped from its bondage, it felt an inexplicable gravitational pull that made it move in one direction, and the speed of the electron was unconsciously controlled, and it rushed out of the circle, only to immediately face a double slit.

This double slit is just right for the electron, it hesitates which slit to pass through, but its own speed does not allow it to think too much, and passes through the double slit at a relatively high speed, and finally falls on the receiving screen, becoming a small point of light.

There are many, many more of them, and they fly out one by one, through double slits, to the receiving screen.

According to the current theory of magic, these electrons will appear in a chaotic landing point on the receiving screen, because each electron randomly passes through one of the gaps between the double slits, and a single particle cannot produce interference phenomena, even if the electron has wave-particle duality, it should produce diffraction fringes when it passes through the gap, not interference fringes that require multiple particles.

However, as Reiner's experiment proceeded, interference streaks appeared on the acceptance screen!

He repeated the experiment several times, making sure that only one electron passed through the double slit each time, and still got a clear interference fringe.

This cannot be explained by current theories.

First of all, the current theory of magic is a causal theory, that is, the phenomenon must have a cause, and after the cause is generated, the result will appear, simply put, if the electron appears interference fringe, then it means that it has produced interference at the moment when it passes through the double slit, but a single particle obviously will not produce such a situation, contrary to the status quo.

It's as if every electron has realized that it knows that it will pass through the double slit in turn, and that it knows where the previous particle will fall, so that an interference fringe will be formed, which is obviously incredible.

"Or ......"

Reiner came up with a hypothesis.

That is, before the electron comes into contact with the double slit, it is still the characteristic of the particle, and when it encounters the double slit, it becomes a wave, according to the interference rules of the wave, the electron that becomes the wave passes through the double slit and interferes with itself, but at the moment of contact with the receiving screen, it becomes a converging particle again, becoming a point.

This assumption is beyond common sense, but it implies an even more astonishing explanation.

Reiner wondered if the electrons that exhibited wave properties when passing through the double slit would have always existed in the form of waves if the receiving screen had not been set up, and would the presence of the receiving screen change the properties of the electrons?

If the electron really becomes an independent wave when it passes through the double slit, resulting in self-interference, and returns to the state of a particle when it encounters the receiving screen, it means that the existence of the receiving screen changes the properties of the electron.

This means that the observation will have an effect on the target particle.

Beside Reiner, the quill pen is constantly writing his experimental conclusions and speculations, although human beings cannot directly observe the changes in the microscopic world, but can rely on imagination to explore, Reiner is now using human wisdom to try the laws of the unknown world.

The experiment was completed, but Reiner didn't finish his work this time, and he recorded some more conjectures.

This is a hypothetical experiment, because in the electron double-slit interference experiment, the process of the electrons in question coming out of the formation circle until they interfere through the double slit and come to the receiving screen is difficult to observe with the current means.

So, Reiner came up with the idea of using a third type of ray, an electromagnetic wave with a very short wavelength, to measure electrons, which could theoretically be done.

Now that the measurements were made, it was necessary to determine the velocity and trajectory of the electrons, but soon, Reiner discovered a problem.

Obviously, for the third type of ray, the shorter the wavelength, the higher the measurement accuracy, and the more precisely the position of the electrons can be measured.

But at the same time, according to Stein's formula and wave theory, the shorter the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave, the higher its frequency, the higher the energy, and the behavior of detecting the electron trajectory through the third type of ray will cause the electromagnetic wave to collide with the electron, thereby increasing the momentum of the electron.

The same happens when using optical phenomena, such as a microscope, to measure a particle.

The principle of optical measurement of particles is that when the light hits the particles, part of the light will be scattered by the particles, so as to determine the position of the particles, and the mages cannot determine the position of the particles to a degree smaller than the distance between the two peaks of light, so the shorter the wavelength of the light, the shorter the interval between its scattering, and the more accurate the determination of the position of the particles.

But in the same way, due to the energy discontinuity theory of Stein's formula, the smallest unit of light is the light quantum, which cannot be smaller than the light quantum, so the measurement of the position of the particle has its limit.

At the same time, at this scale, the particle properties of light quanta will be extremely significant, which will have a great impact on the particles, thus changing the momentum of the particles.

To put it simply, if you want to accurately measure the momentum of a particle, you must use a wave with a longer wavelength, but a wave with a longer wavelength cannot accurately measure the position of the particle, and conversely, a wave with a shorter wavelength can measure the position of the particle relatively accurately, but it will affect the momentum of the particle.

This means that mages cannot accurately measure the momentum and position of a particle at the same time.

This is Reiner's Ian Gray uncertainty principle.

Rather than merely imaginary of these experiments, Reiner performed a series of calculations, and finally found that the uncertainty of the particle's position must be greater than or equal to the Stein constant divided by 4π, which is determined by the theory of energy discontinuity.

Based on the experimental results of Ian Gray's uncertainty principle and electron double-slit interference experiment, Reiner boldly hypothesized and proposed a new concept.

That is, the microscopic particle, including the electron, is not a specific particle in itself, but a cloud of electrons that presents a probability distribution, and through observation, this probability cloud will collapse, thus reflecting the characteristics of the particle.

This is Reiner's explanation of this series of experimental phenomena.